Interdisciplinary perspectives on coca and cocaine 2014

•

1 like•469 views

This document summarizes an interdisciplinary symposium on coca and cocaine. The symposium featured presentations on the environmental impacts of coca cultivation, the relationship between coca and land use change, and the effectiveness and unintended consequences of aerial eradication programs. Discussants addressed how coca cultivation is connected to issues of economic development, land tenure, and drug policy outcomes. The goal of the symposium was to advance understanding of the complex social and environmental issues related to coca production and the war on drugs in Latin America.

Science

Coca-Cocaine:
Interdisciplinary
Perspectives
Liliana M. Dávalos, Ecology and Evolution
Paul Gootenberg, History

Oh happy day! Two
specialists in one place!

Rees, D. 2001 Get Your War On
Drugs!
Much of the discussion centers on social issues in
consumer countries

Leonardo Correa/SIMCI
Drugs come from somewhere
Production, processing, trafficking, War on Drugs have
consequences

Environmental
consequences
are vast
Dávalos & Bejarano 2008 State of the Wild

Our research
Connects Andean
landscapes to global
markets
Links migration flows
Commodity chains
To ecosystems
Carbon storage
Biodiversity

Why do rainforests decline? Three hypotheses
Hamburger! (or steak)!
Kaimowitz et al. 2004 CIFOR
Coca!
Dávalos et al. 2011 Environ Sci
Technol
Land tenure and property!
Hecht 1993 BioScience
Drivers forest loss

Predictions
Hamburger! (or steak)!
Kaimowitz et al. 2004 CIFOR
Coca!
Dávalos et al. 2011 Environ Sci
Technol
Land tenure and property!
Hecht 1993 BioScience
+ demand beef !
+ beef, + cattle!
+ cattle, + pasture!
+ pasture, - forest!
+ demand cocaine !
+ cocaine, + coca!
+ coca, - forest!
+ demand land !
+ pasture, + cattle!
+ cattle, - forest!

Forest,
decrease coca nothing Eradication
becomes
Pasture
&
Cows
The real drivers of habitat loss
Urbanization
&
Development
property is
Dávalos et al. 2009 Int J Drug Pol
Dávalos et al. 2014 Biol Cons

Coca symposium!
a g e n d a :
1:30 Paul Gootenberg, Stony Brook University - Introductory remarks
1:45 Dolors Armenteras & Nelly Rodriguez, Universidad Nacional de
Colombia - Have the illicit crops changed our tropical landscapes? An
overlook of the land use dynamics in NWAmazonia.
2:15 Diana Bocarejo, Universidad del Rosario, Colombia - Alternative
approaches to forced eradication: State formation, Sovereignty, and
Legal Subjects.
2:45 Adriana Bejarano, University of South Carolina - The hidden
environmental costs of illicit crop cultivation in Colombia: an overview.
3:15 Daniel M. Rico, University of Maryland - The paradox of coca cultivation
on the Colombian Pacific Coast:More Efforts and More Coca?
3:45 coffee break
4:00 Jennifer S. Holmes, Denis J. Dean, University of Texas at Dallas & Liliana
M.Dávalos, Stony Brook University - The geographical signature of aerial
eradication: how effective has the eradication program been?
4:30 H. Leonardo Correa, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,
Colombia -The coca growing region: Change and stability.
5:00 Maria-Clara Torres, Stony Brook University - Coca and state formation
in Putumayo (Colombia).
5:30 Liliana M. Dávalos - Concluding remarks
5:45 reception
All coca, all the time
https://
www.youtube.com/
playlist?
list=PLBBwwo6ogoqCl
uyqFs6hxo7PWQpaR
muEG

Coca symposium results
Renewed understanding of forest fragmentation
process

Issues with eradication
Ultimately, coca is about human agents, not ecology

What is coca cultivation
about?
Economic development &
livelihoods (or their absence)
Modernization
Commodities
Land tenure
Drug policy:
intended
unintended

Similar to Interdisciplinary perspectives on coca and cocaine 2014

Environmentalracismfinalprojectpowerpoint 121213070002-phpapp01

Benny Mendoza

Environmental racism final project powerpoint

wallflower92

Lecture 1 1 ss-3

mobb2x

The origins of cocaine: Colonization and failed development in the Amazon Andes

Liliana Davalos

The importance of models —dynamics of extinction and their drivers from the M...

Liliana Davalos

2016 Firestarter Panel Discussion: Advancing Education on Colorado's Most Pre...

COAllianceforEE

Chemical Pollution- prevention and awareness

Dr. Felicia Chinwe Mogo

Pierre Meulien Presentation: The Innovation Economy: How Genomics could chang...

CityAge

Sustainability

Rafa Luviano

Lecture 1ppt Multidisciplinary nature of Environmental studies

Somanath Sarvade

In #biodiversity, each species, no matter how big or small has an important role to play in ecosystem. Various plant and animal #species depend on each other for what each offers and these diverse species ensures natural sustainability for all life forms. This presentation encompasses the foundation of the #ecosystem to which human well-being is intimately linked. It explicates variability among living #organisms from all sources, including terrestrial, marine & other aquatic ecosystems, and the ecological complexes of which they are part. And how it all affect to globalisation.

Biodiversity

Pureheart Irikefe, MBA, MAPM, FIMC

What Is Environmental Degradation

Write My Paper One Day California Institute of the Arts

If Products Could Speak April 6

Jennifer van der Meer

The DENIN Dialogue Series is a semiannual lecture series sponsored by the Delaware Environmental Institute (DENIN) that brings experts of international renown in environmental research and policy to address the public at UD's Newark campus. Totten's presentation will be podcast on DENIN's iTunes U site following the lecture. Totten will address the topic “Water in an Uncertain Climate Future.” Billions of people around the world are mired in poverty, are chronically ill, and lack adequate drinking water and basic sanitation services. Efforts to ensure water security now also contend with the impacts of climate change and the uncertainty in water flow and availability. Water use is pervasive throughout the global economy but concentrated in agriculture (about 75 percent of water withdrawals worldwide) and thermal power plants (48 percent of off-stream use in the U.S.). A core concern is how to deliver water services for these needs at least cost and risk while addressing issues of social equity and ecological integrity. Totten will present the case that there are win-win-win pathways in addressing these multiple crises, and he will highlight some of the evidence and experience to date in using innovative practices, policies and regulations in delivering water and water-related services. He has nearly three decades of professional experience in promoting ecologically sustainable economic development at the local, national and international levels. At Conservation International's CELB, he engages corporations and public institutions in adopting strategies to shrink and offset the ecological footprints of goods and services throughout their lifecycle. He has given more than 1,500 presentations and written scores of publications. Totten is the principal co-author of the 2008 book, A Climate for Life: Meeting the Global Challenge, an interdisciplinary perspective on preventing catastrophic climate change and human-triggered species extinction while providing robust economic growth. He received the Lewis Mumford Prize for Environment in 2000 for pioneering the creation of interactive multimedia and Internet tools for spurring ecologically sustainable development. As senior adviser to U.S. Rep. Claudine Schneider (R-R.I.), he drafted the 1989 Global Warming Prevention Act, cosponsored by one-third of the House of Representatives.

Michael P Totten DENIN talk "Water in an Uncertain Climate Future" focusing o...

Michael P Totten

Analyzing and Nanaging Environmental Problems

Aadil Ahmed

With the largest extent of tropical forest in the world, the dynamics of forest loss and fragmentation in Brazil have been the focus of attention for over 50 years. Global shifts in trade to the Pacific and growing infrastructure, however, threaten the western end of the forests in the Andean region, including the Amazon. Research combining spatial and socioeconomic analyses, as well as exploring the 20th-century history of the region, reveals three surprising findings. First, wedges of deforestation are strongly associated with directed colonization projects more than 40 years old. Second, although pastures are the end state of much formerly forested land, demand for beef is a poor predictor of this process and urbanization following infrastructure upgrade is a better correlate. Finally, coca cultivation, widely believed to be a motor of forest loss, contributes little to the process both directly and indirectly. Instead, the clearing of these forests corresponds to the transformation of nominally state-owned forests into private properties, and occurs in tandem with local urbanization and despite overall rural depopulation.

Past, present, and future of deforestation in the northwestern Amazon

Liliana Davalos

History 3es3 heatherpilling

HeatherAlexandra

Critical Analysis Of Sustainability Principles

Tracy Berry

ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT.pptx

DareenVendero2

Chapt01 lecture

lschmidt1170

Similar to Interdisciplinary perspectives on coca and cocaine 2014 (20)

Environmentalracismfinalprojectpowerpoint 121213070002-phpapp01

Environmental racism final project powerpoint

Lecture 1 1 ss-3

The origins of cocaine: Colonization and failed development in the Amazon Andes

The importance of models —dynamics of extinction and their drivers from the M...

2016 Firestarter Panel Discussion: Advancing Education on Colorado's Most Pre...

Chemical Pollution- prevention and awareness

Pierre Meulien Presentation: The Innovation Economy: How Genomics could chang...

Sustainability

Lecture 1ppt Multidisciplinary nature of Environmental studies

Biodiversity

What Is Environmental Degradation

If Products Could Speak April 6

Michael P Totten DENIN talk "Water in an Uncertain Climate Future" focusing o...

Analyzing and Nanaging Environmental Problems

Past, present, and future of deforestation in the northwestern Amazon

History 3es3 heatherpilling

Critical Analysis Of Sustainability Principles

ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT.pptx

Chapt01 lecture

More from Liliana Davalos

Genomic methods have revolutionized current understanding of the evolution and ecology of bats worldwide. At the same time, air travel restrictions and concerns about emerging diseases have made transporting bat tissues an increasingly expensive and fraught pursuit. To both overcome these restrictions and build capacity in high biodiversity countries, we implemented field-based molecular protocols. First, we sequenced the prokaryotic microbiome of multiple individuals in the field using a standard centrifuge, mini-PCR and mini-gel rigs, and a MinIon sequencer. Modifications to lab protocols included: 1) centrifugation steps robust at high- or mini-centrifuge speed, 2) extending proteinase-K incubation at ambient temperature and evaluating the elimination of ethanol in clean-up during extraction, 3) using lyophilized mastermix in amplification, and 4) eluting in molecular-grade water in library prep. The lack of a high-sensitivity method for quantifying DNA, however, limited the efficiency of multiplexing and reduced the life of the cell in sequencing. Second, we generated mtDNA barcodes using a cheaper, hybrid approach of extracting and amplifying in the field, with subsequent lab-based Sanger sequencing. We added a temperature control ceramic mug and Qubit fluorometer to the kit. By modifying standard procedures, and substituting some equipment with modestly priced consumer products (e.g., the mug), our protocols make critical steps in molecular genetics field-accessible, and open possibilities for future research on genomics, transcriptomics, and disease surveillance in bats.

Labs without Borders: Methods for Extracting, Amplifying, and Sequencing in t...

Liliana Davalos

The genomics of why there are so many species of bats

Liliana Davalos

Genomic Insights into bat Senses

Liliana Davalos

Deforestación, Desarrollo y Política Pública

Liliana Davalos

A Sensory Journey among Hyper Diverse Bats v.2

Liliana Davalos

How to make peace better than war for Colombia's forests

Liliana Davalos

A Sensory Journey among Hyper Diverse Bats

Liliana Davalos

Taller de comunicación científica Sesión 2

Liliana Davalos

Taller de comunicación científica Sesión 1

Liliana Davalos

Using Genetics to Explain Acoustic Divergence in the Pteronotus parnellii Spe...

Liliana Davalos

Olfaction in Bats

Liliana Davalos

Dynamics of extinction and survival in the Caribbean and the future of biodiv...

Liliana Davalos

Talk given at Defenders of Wildlife event at the Patchogue-Medford Library

Liliana Davalos

The central question of our time is whether we can manage global ecosystems to support us today and into the future. While many current challenges, such as massive carbon dioxide emissions or nitrogen fixation, are unprecedented, others have in fact been unfolding for thousands of years. Here I show the results of studies combining the fossil record with DNA analyses and advanced statistical techniques to discover the footprint of human activities deep into the past. Using the islands of the Caribbean as a microcosm offers crucial lessons for the future: the signature of human landscape transformation on biodiversity is extinction, and it would take nature millions of years to restore what was lost over only a few hundred years.

Extinction, Extinction: How it Was and How to Stop it From the Miocene to Today

Liliana Davalos

Whether equilibrium dynamics between extinction and processes generating new species governs biodiversity, or instead stochastic changes shape diversity over time is one of the central questions in evolutionary biology. But tests of equilibrium dynamics since MacArthur and Wilson formulated their model have primarily involved colonization and extinction, neglecting speciation. Analyses using recently developed algorithms fitted to branching times for both extant and extinct bats from the Greater Antilles reveal a 20-40-million year equilibrium between high extinction rates offset by both colonization and speciation. Since at least 13 species have gone extinct over the last 20,000 years, however, this fauna is no longer in equilibrium. It would take millions of years for dynamics were to restore the lost diversity to their equilibrium preceding the Holocene. There is a longstanding debate on whether this pulse of mammalian extinction, which extended to all of North America, is linked to human colonization, or instead corresponds to the loss of island area and climate change at the end of the last glaciation. On the islands, however, humans only arrived a few thousand years ago, providing an opportunity to test these hypotheses. Bayesian models of the difference between faunal last appearance and human first appearance, together with the largest database of archaeological and paleontological radiocarbon dates reveal the majority of extinction events occurred after human arrival. While some large bodied species were lost soon after human colonization and may have been hunted, others may have been vulnerable to pre-Columbian agriculture, and many more to predators introduced during European colonization. The demise of the Caribbean mammal fauna as a result of increasing human transformation of local ecosystems provides lessons for our own time and the extinction events today and into the future.

Twenty million years of extinction and survival in the Caribbean (v.2)

Liliana Davalos

Twenty million years of extinction and survival in the Caribbean

Liliana Davalos

The forest frontier as the link between conflict risk, coca cultivation and h...

Liliana Davalos

Talk given at ICESI university in Cali, Colombia on 17 July. En las últimas décadas la deforestación en Colombia a menudo se explica como una consecuencia, directa o indirecta, de los cultivos ilícitos. Sin embargo, la influencia de los cultivos ilícitos y especialmente de los sembrados de coca sobre la deforestación requiere un contexto con otras actividades agrícolas, además de comparaciones entre los tres países productores: Colombia, Perú y Bolivia. Esta presentación examina los resultados de múltiples estudios sobre deforestación para evaluar el impacto de los ilícitos sobre la deforestación utilizando modelos cuantitativos. Aunque los cultivos de coca son responsables de una fracción importante de la deforestación directa, esta es mínima comparada con otras actividades, especialmente la praderización de todas las regiones forestales del país. Al mismo tiempo, la coca actúa como punta de lanza de la frontera agrícola en la Amazonía y puede tener consecuencias nefastas para la flora y fauna endémica de bosques andinos y del Chocó biogeográfico. Ya que el PIB de ganadería se desplomó al dispararse la pérdida de bosque, tampoco es el mercado del ganado el responsable de la deforestación, por lo menos en el departamento del Guaviare. Por tanto la praderización en Guaviare y probablemente en otras regiones está más ligada a la urbanización y desarrollo de mercados locales de tierras que a la ganadería. La principal conclusión de este análisis es que la causa última de buena parte de la deforestación es la conversión de la reserva forestal a propiedades privadas en zonas de rápido desarrollo. Paradójicamente, la coca es ancilar a este motor de deforestación.

¿De dónde viene y para dónde va la deforestación en Colombia?

Liliana Davalos

Nexos desarrollo - cultivos ilícitos y tres propuestas para el siguiente siglo

Liliana Davalos

So many different kinds of mistakes: Or why systematic error is the 21st cent...

Liliana Davalos

More from Liliana Davalos (20)