The document summarizes key aspects of environmentalism including its roots in the 19th century conservation movement and influential events and publications that helped shape modern environmentalism such as Rachel Carson's Silent Spring. It also discusses concepts important to environmentalism such as sustainability, sustainable development, and humanity's varying interactions with and impacts on the natural environment throughout history.

1. Paper (research investigation) Abstract (summary of the contents of investigation and methodology used to investigate) 15% Key words (words that are important in the research) 10% Essay 1) Introductory paragraphs (to call attention of reader) 2) Body (developing ideas, presentation of details to support hypothesis) 3) Conclusion (closing, summarizing main ideas) = > 40% Conclusion (conclusion of research) 20% References (internet: who wrote it, date, page visited; books) at least 3 sources 15% Glossary (definitions of key words)

2. Environmentalism Environmental science = multidisciplinary field Environment = factors that affect living or nonliving organisms Ecology = study of interactions that determine the abundance and distribution of organisms

3. Human interactions with the environment South America: Amazon River, Peru’s rain forest, few small houses, no running water, electricity, phones, shops or markets. The river provide all needs. Tanzania: harsher life, women and girls must travel miles across eroded landscape each day to collect water for drinking, cooking & washing. United States & other more developed countries (MDCs): comfort.

4. Human societies interact with nature varying intensity in the ways they exploit the natural environment. Ex. Past civilizations: Easter Island, giant stone heads evidence of a sophisticated civilization. Now desolate island. The past culture and civilization was not sustained. As their population grew and flourished, they cut trees for agriculture clearing entire forests=soil washed into the sea, killing the fish.

5. Are there some parallels between Easter Island and the late 21 th century? Is there evidence that we are making some of the same mistakes made by the Easter Islanders? Environmentalists: people who pay close attention to the connections between people and their environment. Everyone alive participates with and depends on environmental systems for energy, food, oxygen, water, and waste processing, but many do not recognize the implications.

6. ENVIRONMENTALISM Roots in the late 19 th century. Around the time, groups to conservation formed, National Audubon Society & National Wildlife Federation. The Sierra Club founded in California by naturalist John Muir=popularize the idea of wilderness. The national parks system was created. In the scientific era followed World War I chemical fertilizers and pesticides were developed.

7. Technological achievements created an environmental crisis, the DUST BOWL 1930s. SILENT SPRING: loud reaction following World War II (1945-65).”greatest” technology, but rivers and beaches with raw sewage, garbage, and chemical wastes. Pollution affected all living systems. The decline of bald eagle and other bird populations was caused by the accumulation in their bodies of DDT, long lasting pesticide used in 1940s.

8. Technological achievements created an environmental crisis, the DUST BOWL 1930s. SILENT SPRING: loud reaction following World War II (1945-65).”greatest” technology, but rivers and beaches with raw sewage, garbage, and chemical wastes. Pollution affected all living systems. The decline of bald eagle and other bird populations was caused by the accumulation in their bodies of DDT, long lasting pesticide used in 1940s.

9. 1962 biologist Rachel Carson wrote Silent Spring, a future with no songbirdsand other problems if pollution with DDT continued. Human actions ´70 Clean Air Act ´72 Clean Water Act also Marine Mammals Act ´73 Endangered Species Act ´74 Safe Drinking Water Act Sustainability: goal that we want t o achieve Stewardship: ethic that should guide our acts Sound Science: information of how nature works

10. Historical Environmental Movement a. John Muir and Hetch Valley b. The national park system/Yellowstone National Park Modern Environmental Movement a. Silent Spring by R ac hel Carson, reduce exposure to chemicals, chemistry not only beneficial. b. The Ban the Bomb, antinuclear power movement.

11. Environmentalism Acquires Critics a.1980s Wise Use movement b. Organized opposition to the Endangered Species Act began POINT SOURCES: specific contaminants or producers of pollution. DIFFUSE SOURCES: small or not specific sources of pollution, as automobiles, barbecue grills, etc.

12. Four global trends of the Global Environmental Picture Population growth an increasing consumption (grew 2 billion on the past 25 years, demand of Earth resources for development) Degradation of soils (lands changed to deserts) Global atmospheric changes (increase of greenhouse effect) Loss of biodiversity (caused by habitat alteration, isolated species)

13. Sustainable development: 1992 UNCED United Nations Conference of Environment & Development. Agenda 21, Brazil 1992, global plan to confront & overcome economic and ecological problems. Sustainable Development: provides people with a better life without sacrificing or depleting resources or causing environmental impacts that will undercut the ability of future generations to meet their needs.

14. Sustainable yield: biological resource that doesn’t exceed the capacity of the resource to reproduce & replace itself. Sustainable society: functions in not depleting energy or material resources; sustains species & ecosystems. Sustainable modern society: implies preserving the capacity to explore, reflect on and understand new things.