Database Application with MySQL

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University of Sulaimani, Faculty of Physical & Basic Education, Department of Computer Science 2014 / 2015©

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 Introducing Relational Databases
 Terminology
 MySQL Database
 MySQL Command Line Client
 Managing Databases
 Manipulating data
 Summary
 Examples

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 Database is involved like everywhere in our world
• If we go to bank to deposit or withdraw.
• Make hotel and airline reservation.
• Purchase something on line.
• Buy groceries in supermarkets.
 More recent online applications
• Youtube
• iTunes
• Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
• Data Warehouses
• Many other applications
 IRS: assume it has 100 million taxpayers and each taxpayer file 5 forms
with 400 characters of information per form=800 Gbyte.
 Amazon.com: 15 million people visit per day; about 1000 people are
responsible for database update.
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 DBMS contains information about a particular enterprise
o Collection of interrelated data
o Set of programs to access the data
o An environment that is both convenient and efficient to use
 Database Applications:
o Banking: all transactions
o Airlines: reservations, schedules
o Universities: registration, grades
o Sales: customers, products, purchases
o Online retailers: order tracking, customized recommendations
o Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain
o Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax deductions
 Databases touch all aspects of our lives
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 A relational database manages data in tables.
 Databases are managed by a relational database management system
(RDBMS).
 An RDBMS supports a database language to create and delete databases
and to manage and search data.
 The database language used in almost all DBMSs is SQL.
 After creating a database, the most common SQL statements used are
 INSERT to add data
 UPDATE to change data
 DELETE to remove data
 SELECT to search data
 A database table may have multiple columns, or attributes, each of which
has a name.
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 Tables usually have a primary key, which is one or more values that
uniquely identify each row in a table (Figure 3.1.)
 Typical DBMS Functionality are
 Define a particular database in terms of its data types, structures, and
constraints
 Construct or Load the initial database contents on a secondary
storage medium
 Manipulate the database:
o Retrieval: Querying, generating reports
o Modification: Insertions, deletions and updates to its content
o Accessing the database through Web applications
 Share a database allows multiple users and programs to access the
database simultaneously

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Figure 3-1. An example of relational database containing two related tables

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 A database is modeled using entity-relationship (ER) modeling.
(Figure 3.2.)
Figure 3-2. An example of relational model of the winery database

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 Database
 A repository to store data.
 Data
 Known facts that can be recorded and have an implicit meaning.
 Table
The part of a database that stores the data. A table has columns or
attributes, and the data stored in rows.
 Attributes
 The columns in a table. All rows in table entities have the same
attributes. For example, a customer table might have the attributes
name, address, and city. Each attribute has a data type such as string,
integer, or date.

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 Rows
 The data entries in a table. Rows contain values for each attribute.
For example, a row in a customer table might contain the values
"Matthew Richardson," "Punt Road," and "Richmond." Rows are also
known as records.
 Relational model
 A model that uses tables to store data and manage the relationship
between tables.
 Relational database management system
 A software system that manages data in a database and is based on
the relational model.
 Entity-relationship modeling
 A technique used to describe the real-world data in terms of entities,
attributes, and relationships.

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 Constraints
 Restrictions or limitations on tables and attributes. For example, a
wine can be produced only by one winery, an order for wine can't
exist if it isn't associated with a customer, having a name attribute
could be mandatory for a customer.
 Primary key
 One or more attributes that contain values that uniquely identify
each row. For example, a customer table might have the primary key
of cust ID. The cust ID attribute is then assigned a unique value for
each customer. A primary key is a constraint of most tables.
 Index
 A data structure used for fast access to rows in a table. An index is
usually built for the primary key of each table and can then be used
to quickly find a particular row. Indexes are also defined and built for
other attributes when those attributes are frequently used in queries.

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 Normalized database
 A correctly designed database that is created from an ER model.
There are different types or levels of normalization, and a third-normal
form database is generally regarded as being an acceptably
designed relational database.
 Foreign key
 A foreign key is the linking pin between two tables.
 SQL
 A query language that interacts with a DBMS. SQL is a set of
statements to manage databases, tables, and data.
Database system: Database Management System + Database

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 MySQL Database
MySQL is an open source relational database management system (RDBMS)
based on Structured Query Language (SQL).
 MySQL is originally developed, distributed, and supported by the Swedish
company ( MySQL AB) , was acquired by Oracle in 2008. Developers can
still use MySQL under the GNU General Public License (GPL).
 Applications which use MySQL databases include: TYPO3, MODx, Joomla,
WordPress, phpBB, MyBB, Drupal.
 MySQL is also used in many high-profile, large-scale websites, including
Google, Facebook, Twitter, Flickr, and YouTube.

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 Why are we using MySQL?
 MySQL is released under an open-source license. So you have nothing
to pay to use it.
 MySQL is a very powerful program in its own right. It handles a large
subset of the functionality of the most expensive and powerful
database packages.
 MySQL uses a standard form of the well-known SQL data language.
 MySQL works on many operating systems ( Windows, UNIX and Linux)
and with many languages including PHP, PERL, C, C++, JAVA etc.
 MySQL works very quickly and works well even with large data sets.
 MySQL is customizable. The open source GPL license allows
programmers to modify the MySQL software to fit their own specific
environments.

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 MySQL is very friendly to PHP and JSP which are most appreciated
languages for web development.
 MySQL supports large databases, up to 50 million rows or more in a
table. The default file size limit for a table is 4GB, but you can increase
this to a theoretical limit of 8 million terabytes (TB).

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 The following diagrams show the enterprise database market share
covered by Gartner and Cloud Database market.

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Interfaces ( Relative MySQL Tools)
Free graphical administration applications (or "front ends") are available that
integrate with MySQL and enable users to work with database structure and
data visually.
LAMP
 It’s a Web development platform that uses Linux as the operating
system, Apache as the Web server, MySQL as the relational database
management system and PHP as the object-oriented scripting
language. (Sometimes Perl or Python is used instead of PHP.)
MySQL Command Line Client
 MySQL Command Line Client is a single exe that allows connecting
and running a sample query. it is a simple SQL shell for creating
tables, inserting data, ..etc (with GNU readline capabilities).

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 phpMyAdmin
 It's a PHP-driven tool and handles every aspect of creating and
managing a MySQL database application. phpMyAdmin also allows
for the execution of MySQL commands from within the interface.

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 MySQL Workbench
 It is a unified visual tool for database architects, developers. MySQL
Workbench provides data modeling, SQL development, and
administration tools for server configuration, user administration,
backup etc.. MySQL Workbench is available on Windows, Linux and
Mac OS X.

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 HeidiSQL
 HeidiSQL – a full featured free front end that runs on Windows, and
can connect to local or remote MySQL servers to manage databases,
tables, column structure, and individual data records. Also supports
specialized GUI features for date/time fields and enumerated
multiple-value fields

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 PHPMaker
 PHPMaker is a powerful automation tool that can generate a full set
of PHP quickly from MySQL, PostgreSQL, Microsoft Access, Microsoft
SQL Server and Oracle databases.
 Using PHPMaker, you can instantly create web sites that allow users
to view, edit, search, add and delete records on the web.
 PHPMaker is designed for high flexibility, numerous options enable
you to generate PHP database applications that best suits your
needs.
 The generated codes are clean, straightforward and easy-to-customize.

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 PHP Report Maker
 PHP Report Maker is a powerful reporting tool that can generate
dynamic PHP Web reports from MySQL, PostgreSQL, Microsoft
Access, Microsoft SQL Server and Oracle database.
 You can instantly create live detail and summary reports or crosstabs
reports for your Database Application.
 PHP Report Maker is designed for high flexibility, numerous options
enable you to generate the reports that best suits your needs.
 PHP Report Maker can save you tons of time and is suitable for both
beginners and experienced developers alike.

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 Apache web server
 Apache is a web server package that works under Linux as well as
under other operating systems (window, Unix, Etc...)
 Apache 1.0 was released on 12/1/1995.
 Apache web server developed by the Apache group.
 The primary advantage of Apache is that it is generally free or
available at modest costs.

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 MySQL data type
MySQL uses many different data types, broken into three categories:
numeric, date and time, and string types.
 Numeric Data Types
The MySQL numeric data types are:
 INT - A normal-sized integer that the allowable range is from
-2147483648 to 2147483647. You can specify a width of up to 11
digits.
 TINYINT - A very small integer, the allowable range is from -128 to
127. You can specify a width of up to 4 digits.
 SMALLINT - A small integer, the allowable range is from -32768 to
32767. You can specify a width of up to 5 digits.
 MEDIUMINT - A medium-sized integer, the allowable range is from
-8388608 to 8388607. You can specify a width of up to 9 digits.

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 Numeric Data Types
 BIGINT - A large integer, the allowable range is from
-9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807. You can specify a
width of up to 11 digits.
 FLOAT(M,D) - A floating-point number. You can define the display
length (M) and the number of decimals (D). Decimal precision can go
to 24 places for a FLOAT.
 DOUBLE(M,D) - A double precision floating-point number. You can
define the display length (M) and the number of decimals (D). Decimal
precision can go to 53 places for a DOUBLE.
 DECIMAL(M,D) - An unpacked floating-point number. In unpacked
decimals, each decimal corresponds to one byte. Defining the display
length (M) and the number of decimals (D) is required.
..Note: MySQL uses all the standard ANSI SQL numeric data types

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 Date and Time Types
The MySQL date and time data types are:
 DATE - A date in YYYY-MM-DD format, between 1000-01-01 and
9999-12-31. For example, December 30th, 1973 would be stored as
1973-12-30.
 DATETIME - A date and time combination in YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS
format, between 1000-01-01 00:00:00 and 9999-12-31 23:59:59. For
example, 3:30 in the afternoon on December 30th, 1973 would be
stored as 1973-12-30 15:30:00.
 TIMESTAMP- This looks like the previous DATETIME format, only
without the hyphens between numbers; 3:30 in the afternoon on
December 30th, 1973 would be stored as 19731230153000
( YYYYMMDDHHMMSS ).

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 Date and Time Types
 TIME - Stores the time in HH:MM:SS format.
 YEAR(M) - Stores a year in 2-digit or 4-digit format. If the length is
specified as 2 (for example YEAR(2)), YEAR can be 1970 to 2069 (70 to
69). If the length is specified as 4, YEAR can be 1901 to 2155. The
default length is 4.

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 String Types
The MySQL String types are:
 CHAR(M) - A fixed-length string between 1 and 255 characters in
length (for example CHAR(5)). Defining a length is not required, but
the default is 1.
 VARCHAR(M) - A variable-length string between 1 and 255 characters
in length; for example VARCHAR(25). You must define a length when
creating a VARCHAR field.
 BLOB or TEXT - A field with a maximum length of 65535 characters.
BLOBs are "Binary Large Objects" and are used to store large amounts
of binary data, such as images or other types of files. Defining a length
is not required.
 TINYBLOB or TINYTEXT - A BLOB or TEXT column with a maximum
length of 255 characters.

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 String Types
 MEDIUMBLOB or MEDIUMTEXT - A BLOB or TEXT column with a
maximum length of 16777215 characters.
 LONGBLOB or LONGTEXT - A BLOB or TEXT column with a maximum
length of 4294967295 characters.
 ENUM - An enumeration, which is a fancy term for list. When defining
an ENUM, you are creating a list of items from which the value must
be selected (or it can be NULL). For example, if you wanted your field
to contain "A" or "B" or "C", you would define your ENUM as ENUM
('A', 'B', 'C').

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 Connecting to MySQL
 MySQL provides an interactive shell for creating tables, inserting data,
etc…
 On Windows, just go to C:AppServMySQLbinMySQL.exe
 Or, go to start menu all rograms  Appserve click on the
Windows icon
..Connecting to MySQL Command Line Client

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 Sample Session
Enter password: *****
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or g.
Your MySQL connection id is 241 to server version: 5.0.51b-community-nt-log MySQL
Community Edition < GPL>
Type 'help;' or 'h' for help. Type 'c' to clear the buffer.
mysql>
…MySQL Command Line Client
 To exit the MySQL Command , just type QUIT or EXIT:
mysql> QUIT
mysql> exit
Note: MySQL Command Line Client is a single exe that
allows connecting and running a sample query. it is a
simple SQL shell (with GNU readline capabilities).

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 Basic Queries
 Once logged in, you can try some simple queries.
 For example:
;mysql> SELECT VERSION(), CURRENT_DATE
+---------------------------+-----------+
| VERSION() | CURRENT_DATE |+
---------------------------+-----------+
| 2002-05-26 | 3.23.49 |
+---------------------------+-----------+
(row in set (0.00 sec 1
 Note that most MySQL commands end with a semicolon (;).
 MySQL returns the total number of rows found, and the total
time to execute the query.

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 Basic Queries
 Keywords may be entered in any letter case.
 The following queries are equivalent:
mysql> SELECT VERSION(), CURRENT_DATE;
mysql> select version(), current_date;
mysql> SeLeCt vErSiOn(), current_DATE;
 Here's another query. It demonstrates that you can use Mysql as a
simple calculator:
mysql> SELECT SIN(PI()/4), (4+1)*5;
+-------------+-------------+
| SIN(PI()/4) | (4+1)*5|
+-------------+-------------+
| 0.707107 | 25 |
+-------------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

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 Basic Queries
 You can also enter multiple statements on a single line. Just end each
one with a semicolon:
mysql> SELECT VERSION(); SELECT NOW();
+------------------+
| VERSION() |
+------------------+
| 3.22.20a-log |
+------------------+
+---------------------+
| NOW() |
+---------------------+
| 2004 00:15:33 |
+---------------------+

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 Multi-Line Commands
 Mysql determines where your statement ends by looking for the
terminating semicolon, not by looking for the end of the input line.
Here's a simple multiple-line statement:
mysql> SELECT
-> USER()
-> ,
-> CURRENT_DATE;
+--------------------+------------------------+
| USER() | CURRENT_DATE |
+--------------------+------------------------+
| Karwan@localhost | 1999-03-18 |
+--------------------+------------------------+

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 Canceling a Command
 If you decide you don't want to execute a command that you are in
the process of entering, cancel it by typing c
mysql> SELECT
-> USER()
-> c
mysql>
 Using and selecting Database
 To the select a database, issue the “use” command:
mysql> use test;
 Show status
 Reports details of the MySQL DBMS performance and statistics.

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 The Data Definition Language (DDL) is the set of SQL statements used to
manage a database.
 Creating Databases
 The CREATE DATABASE statement can create a new, empty database
without any tables or data.
mysql> CREATE DATABASE webdb;
mysql> use webdb;

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 Creating Tables
 After issuing the use Database command, you then usually issue
commands to create the tables in the database.
 Let’s create a table for storing pets.
Table: pets
name: VARCHAR(20)
owner: VARCHAR(20)
species: VARCHAR(20)
sex: CHAR(1)
birth: DATE
date: DATE
 To create a table, use the CREATE TABLE command:
…Note: VARCHAR is usually used to store string data

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mysql> CREATE TABLE pet (
-> name VARCHAR(20),
-> owner VARCHAR(20),
-> species VARCHAR(20),
-> sex CHAR(1),
-> birth DATE, death DATE);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)
 To verify that the table has been created:
mysql> show tables;
+------------------------- +
| Tables_in_webdb |
+------------------------- +
| pet |
+------------------------- +

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 Deleting a Table
 To delete an entire table, use the DROP TABLE command:
mysql> drop table pet;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

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 Show Indexes
 Presents the details of all indexes on the table, including the
PRIMARY KEY.
SHOW INDEX FROM tablename;
 Altering Tables and Indexes
 Indexes can be added or removed from a table after creation.
 To add an index to the customer table, you can issue the following
statement:
ALTER TABLE customer ADD INDEX cities (city);
 To remove an index from the customer table, use the following
statement:
ALTER TABLE customer DROP INDEX names;

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 Displaying Database Structure with SHOW
 Details of databases, tables, and indexes can be displayed with the
SHOW command.
 The SHOW command isn't part of the SQL standard and is MySQL-specific.
 Show Data bases
» Lists the databases that are accessible by the MySQL DBMS.
» To get started on your own database, first check which databases
currently exist.
» Use the SHOW statement to find out which databases currently
exist on the server:

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mysql> show databases;
+----------- --+
| Database |
+----------- --+
| mysql |
| webdb |
+------------ -+
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)
 Show tables
» Shows the tables in the database once a database has been
selected with the use command.
mysql> show tables;
Empty set (0.02 sec)
» An empty set indicates that I had dropped all tables.

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MMaanniippuullaattiinngg DDaattaa
 The Data Manipulation Language (DML) encompasses all SQL
statements used for manipulating data. There are four statements
that form the DML statement set:
» INSERT
» DELETE
» UPDATE
» SELECT

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 Inserting Data
 Having created a database and the accompanying tables and indexes,
the next step is to insert data.
 Inserting a row of data into a table can follow two different
approaches.
» First approach:
Use the INSERT statement to enter data into a table.
For example:
INSERT INTO pet VALUES ('Fluffy','Harold','cat','f',
'1999-02-04',NULL);

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»Second approach:
INSERT INTO pet SET
Name = 'Fluffy',
Owner = 'Harold',
Species = 'cat',
Sex = 'f',
Birth = '1999-02-04',
Date = NULL ;
…Loading Data to pet table
The first approach can actually be varied to function in a
similar way to the second by including parenthesized
attribute names before the VALUES keyword.
INSERT INTO pet (Name, Owner ) VALUES ('Fluffy', 'Harold');

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 Loading Sample Data
» You could create a text file `pet.txt' containing one record per
line.
» Values must be separated by tabs, and given in the order in
which the columns were listed in the CREATE TABLE statement.
» Then load the data via the LOAD DATA Command.
..pet.txt: Sample Data File

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 Loading Sample Data
» To Load pet.txt:
mysql> LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE "pet.txt" INTO TABLE pet;
» For each of the examples, assume the following set of data.
..loading pet.txt into table pet

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 Deleting Data
 There is an important distinction between dropping and deleting in
SQL.
» DROP is used to remove tables or databases.
» DELETE is used to remove data.
DELETE FROM pet;
DELETE FROM pet WHERE name= ‘claws’;
Deleting ‘Claws’ from table
..pet University of Sulaimani, Faculty of Physical & Basic Education, Department of Computer Science 2014 / 2015©

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 Updating Data
 Data can be updated using a similar syntax to that of the INSERT
statement.
UPDATE pet SET owner=‘ali’;
UPDATE pet SET owner= ‘ali' WHERE name = ‘fang’;
…Updating table pet

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 Querying with SQL SELECT
 The SELECT statement is used to query a database and for all output
operations in SQL.
» The simplest form of SELECT retrieves everything from a table
mysql> select * from pet;

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 Selecting Particular Rows
» You can select only particular rows from your table.
» For example, if you want to verify the change that you made to
Bowser's birth date, select Bowser's record like this:
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name = "Bowser";

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 Selecting Particular Rows
» To find all animals born after 1998
SELECT * FROM pet WHERE birth >= "1998-1-1";
» To find all female dogs, use a logical AND
SELECT * FROM pet WHERE species = "dog" AND sex = "f";
» To find all snakes or birds, use a logical OR
SELECT * FROM pet WHERE species = "snake"
OR species = "bird";

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 Selecting Particular Columns
» If you don’t want to see entire rows from your table, just name
the columns in which you are interested, separated by commas.
» For example, if you want to know when your pets were born,
select the name and birth columns.
mysql> select name, birth from pet;
(rows in set (0.01 sec 8

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 Sorting and Grouping Output
 Sorting data (ORDER BY)
» The ORDER BY clause sorts the data after the query has been
evaluated. To sort a result, use an ORDER BY clause.
» For example, to view animal birthdays, sorted by date: mysql>
SELECT name, birth FROM pet ORDER BY birth;

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 Sorting and Grouping Output
 Sorting data (DESC)
» To sort in reverse order, add the DESC (descending keyword)
mysql> SELECT name, birth FROM pet ORDER BY birth DESC;

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 Working with NULLs
» To sort in reverse order, add the DESC (descending keyword)
» NULL means missing value or unknown value.
» To test for NULL, you cannot use the arithmetic comparison
operators, such as =, < or <>.
» Rather, you must use the IS NULL and IS NOT NULL operators
instead.
» For example, to find all your dead pets (what a morbid
example!)
mysql> select name from pet where death >IS NOT NULL;

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 Pattern Matching
 SQL Pattern matching
» To perform pattern matching, use the LIKE or NOT LIKE
comparison operators.
» By default, patterns are case insensitive.
 Special Characters
» _ Used to match any single character.
» % Used to match an arbitrary number of characters.
Note: MySQL provides
standard SQL pattern matching.
regular expression pattern matching, similar to those
used by Unix utilities such as vi, grep and sed.

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 Pattern Matching Example
 To find names beginning with ‘b’:
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name LIKE "b%";
 To find names ending with `fy':
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name LIKE "%fy";

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 Pattern Matching Example
 To find names containing a ‘w’:
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name LIKE "%w%";
 To find names containing exactly five characters, use the _ pattern
character:
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name LIKE "_____";

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 GROUP BY
» The GROUP BY clause is different from ORDER BY because it
doesn't sort the data for output. Instead, it sorts the data early in
the query process, for the purpose of grouping or aggregation.
SELECT city, COUNT(*) FROM customer
GROUP BY city;

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 There are several functions that can be used in aggregation with the
GROUP BY clause. Five particularly useful functions are:
» AVG( ): Finds the average value of a numeric attribute in a set.
» MIN( ): Finds a minimum value of a string or numeric attribute in
a set.
» MAX( ): Finds a maximum value of a string or numeric attribute
in a set.
» SUM( ): Finds the sum total of a numeric attribute.
» COUNT( ): Counts the number of rows in a set.

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 Counting Rows Example
» Databases are often used to answer the question, "How often
does a certain type of data occur in a table?“
» For example, you might want to know how many pets you have,
or how many pets each owner has.
» Counting the total number of animals you have is the same
question as “How many rows are in the pet table?” because
there is one record per pet.
» The COUNT() function counts the number of non-NULL results.
» A query to determine total number of pets:
mysql> SELECT COUNT(*) FROM pet;

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 HAVING
» The HAVING clause permits conditional aggregation of data into
groups.
SELECT city, count(*), max(salary)
FROM customer GROUP BY city
HAVING count(*) > 10;
 DISTINCT
» The DISTINCT operator presents only one example of each
row from a query.
SELECT DISTINCT surname FROM customer;

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 Join Queries / Cartesian Product
» A join query is a querying technique that matches rows from two
or more tables based on a join condition in a WHERE clause and
outputs only those rows that meet the condition.
SELECT winery_name, region_name FROM winery, region
ORDER BY winery_name, region_name;
» The query produces all possible combinations of the four region
names and 300 wineries in the sample database! In fact, the size
of the output can be accurately calculated as the total number of
rows in the first table multiplied by the total rows in the second
table. In this case, the output is 4 x 300 = 1,200 rows.

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 Elementary Natural Joins
» A cartesian product isn't the join we want. Instead, we want to
limit the results to only the sensible rows.
SELECT winery_name, region_name
FROM winery, region
WHERE winery.region_id = region.region_id
ORDER BY winery_name;

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SSuummmmaarryy
 Is that all there is to MySQL?
» Of course not!
» Understanding databases and MySQL could take us several
months(perhaps years!)
» For now, focus on:
» using the MySQL shell with phpMyadmin
» creating database
» creating general and standard SQL queries

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SSuummmmaarryy
 Summary
» SQL provides a structured language for querying/updating
multiple databases.
» The more you know SQL, the better.
» The most important part of SQL is learning to retrieve data.
» selecting rows, columns, Boolean operators, pattern matching,
etc.
» Keep playing around in the MySQL Shell with phpMyadmin .

71
EExxaammppllee
 Example. The complete winestore DDL statements
CREATE TABLE wine (
wine_id int(5) DEFAULT '0' NOT NULL auto_increment,
wine_name varchar(50) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,
winery_id int(4),
type varchar(10) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,
year int(4) DEFAULT '0' NOT NULL,
description blob,
PRIMARY KEY (wine_id),
KEY name (wine_name)
KEY winery (winery_id)
);

72
EExxaammppllee
CREATE TABLE winery (
winery_id int(4) DEFAULT '0' NOT NULL auto_increment,
winery_name varchar(100) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,
region_id int(4),
description blob,
phone varchar(15),
fax varchar(15),
PRIMARY KEY (winery_id),
KEY name (winery_name)
KEY region (region_id)
);

73
EExxaammppllee
CREATE TABLE region (
region_id int(4) DEFAULT '0' NOT NULL auto_increment,
region_name varchar(100) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,
description blob,
map mediumblob,
PRIMARY KEY (region_id),
KEY region (region_name)
);

74
EExxaammppllee
CREATE TABLE customer (
cust_id int(5) NOT NULL auto_increment,
surname varchar(50) NOT NULL,
firstname varchar(50) NOT NULL,
initial char(1),
title varchar(10),
addressline1 varchar(50) NOT NULL,
addressline2 varchar(50),
addressline3 varchar(50),
city varchar(20) NOT NULL,
state varchar(20),
zipcode varchar(5),
country varchar(20),
phone varchar(15),
fax varchar(15),
email varchar(30) NOT NULL,
birth_date date( ),
salary int(7),
PRIMARY KEY (cust_id), KEY names (surname,firstname) );

75
EExxaammppllee
CREATE TABLE users (
cust_id int(4) DEFAULT '0' NOT NULL,
user_name varchar(50) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,
password varchar(15) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (user_name),
KEY password (password)
);

76
EExxaammppllee
CREATE TABLE grape_variety (
variety_id int(3),
variety_name varchar(20),
PRIMARY KEY (variety_id),
KEY var (variety)
);

77
EExxaammppllee
CREATE TABLE inventory (
wine_id int(5) DEFAULT '0' NOT NULL,
inventory_id int(3) NOT NULL,
on_hand int(5) NOT NULL,
cost float(5,2) NOT NULL,
case_cost float(5,2) NOT NULL,
dateadded timestamp(12) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (wine_id,inventory_id)
);

78
EExxaammppllee
CREATE TABLE orders (
order_id int(5) DEFAULT '0' NOT NULL,
date timestamp(12),
discount float(3,1) DEFAULT '0.0',
delivery float(4,2) DEFAULT '0.00',
note varchar(120),
PRIMARY KEY (cust_id,order_no)
);

79
EExxaammppllee
CREATE TABLE items (
order_id int(5) DEFAULT '0' NOT NULL,
item_id int(3) DEFAULT '1' NOT NULL,
wine_id int(4) DEFAULT '0' NOT NULL
qty int(3),
price float(5,2),
date timestamp(12),
PRIMARY KEY (cust_id,order_no,item_id)
);

80
EExxaammppllee
CREATE TABLE wine_variety (
wine_id int(5) DEFAULT '0' NOT NULL,
variety_id int(3) DEFAULT '0' NOT NULL,
id int(1) DEFAULT '0' NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (wine_id, variety_id)
);

81
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TThhaannkk yyoouu
BByy:: MMsscc.. KKaarrwwaann MM..
KKaarreeeemm
22001155 -- 22001144

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