Coconut Shell (CS) as agricultural lignocellulosic biomaterial and agro-waste is predominantly available in India, Malaysia, Nigeria, Thailand, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia. It has proven to have effective durability characteristic, good abstractive resistance, high toughness, and good adsorption properties, and is most suitable for long standing use in many applications such as reinforcement, source of energy, fillers as well as activated carbon and its performance, efficiency and effectiveness depend wholly on whether is in form
of nano-, micro-, and macro- particles. In this data, effects of
milling time on morphological characteristics was experimented
using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive
X-ray (EDX), and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) analyses. The SEM images were taken at magnifications of 1.00kx, 2.00kx and 5.00kx which gives respective 50 mm, 20 mm and 10 mm in different milling time of 0, 20, 40 and 60 mins. Digital Vibratory Disc Milling Machine (VDMM) rated 380 V/50 Hz at 940 rpm was employed for the grinding and the morphology of the milled nanoparticles were characterised. It was revealed from the data collected that 0 min (i.e. 75 mm sieved) has the highest mean area value of 16.105 mm2 and area standard deviation of 200.738 mm2 with least value of a number of particle size distribution of 809 mm. In contrast, 60 mins milled has the lowest values for mean area and area standard deviation of 8.945 mm2 and 115.851 mm2 respectively with the highest number of particle size distribution of 2032 mm. It was
observed that milling time increases the number of particle sizes
distributions and reduces the area of particle size
The document summarizes a study on the vibration analysis of woven fiber glass/epoxy composite plates. Experimental modal analysis was conducted to obtain the natural frequencies of plates with different aspect ratios and fiber orientations. Finite element analysis using ANSYS was also performed and results were compared to experimental values. The natural frequency was found to increase with increasing aspect ratio but decrease with fiber orientation up to [45/-45] degrees and then increase up to [30/-60] degrees. In general, simulation results showed good agreement with experimental values, with errors mostly within 15%.
This document evaluates the modal damping of graphite/epoxy laminated composites through experimental testing. Graphite/epoxy laminate composite plates of different thicknesses (2mm and 4mm) and fiber orientations (0 and 45 degrees) were fabricated and tested under different boundary conditions (cantilever, two sides fixed, all sides fixed) using an impulse excitation technique. The results show that modal damping decreases with increasing laminate thickness and is sensitive to changes in boundary conditions. Damping was highest for the cantilever boundary condition and lowest for the two sides fixed condition. Evaluation of modal damping through experimental modal analysis provides a simple and effective technique for characterizing damping properties of composite laminates.
This document summarizes research on using a nanosecond ytterbium fiber laser to micro-texture titanium surfaces for biomedical applications. The researchers investigated how laser process parameters like power, frequency, speed and spot size affect the generation of micro-scale self-assembled structures on titanium surfaces. Scanning electron microscopy and profilometry analysis showed that surface roughness between 1-2 microns, suitable for osteoblast tissue integration, could be achieved by adjusting the laser parameters. In particular, a spot size of 284-410 microns at 17 watts power, 20 kHz frequency and 2 mm/s speed produced the desired roughness. The study demonstrated the potential of this laser for controlled micro-texturing of titanium implants.
Effects of drilling parameters on delamination ofprjpublications
This document summarizes a study on the effects of drilling parameters on delamination of hemp fiber reinforced composites. The researchers conducted drilling experiments using different speed and feed rate levels in a Taguchi design of experiments. They measured delamination factors for the top and bottom surfaces of the drilled holes. Analysis of variance showed that both speed and feed rate significantly affected peel up delamination, while feed rate and speed affected push down delamination. The optimal parameters to minimize delamination were a feed rate of 100 mm/min and speed of 2000 rpm.
This document discusses 3D printing technologies for microfluidic device fabrication. It begins by introducing 3D printing and its applications in microfluidics. It then classifies 3D printing techniques into three main groups based on their input materials: powder-based techniques using heat, liquid-based techniques using extrusion/inkjet processes, and cell-based bioprinting techniques. Several examples of microfluidic devices fabricated using stereolithography, fused deposition modeling, and other 3D printing methods are provided. The principles and processes of stereolithography and photo-masking techniques are described in more detail. In closing, the document examines 3D printing's potential advantages for microfluidics compared to conventional fabrication methods.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document discusses an experimental investigation into the effect of adding microsilica-600 on the properties of waste plastic fibre reinforced concrete (WPFRC). Waste plastic fibres were added at 0.5% by volume and microsilica-600 was added in percentages ranging from 0-12% by weight of cement. The results showed that compressive strength was not adversely affected by up to 10% microsilica-600, and other properties like tensile, flexural, and impact strengths saw advantages. The study aimed to utilize waste plastics and microsilica to produce concrete with desirable properties while reducing environmental pollution.
The document summarizes a study on the vibration analysis of woven fiber glass/epoxy composite plates. Experimental modal analysis was conducted to obtain the natural frequencies of plates with different aspect ratios and fiber orientations. Finite element analysis using ANSYS was also performed and results were compared to experimental values. The natural frequency was found to increase with increasing aspect ratio but decrease with fiber orientation up to [45/-45] degrees and then increase up to [30/-60] degrees. In general, simulation results showed good agreement with experimental values, with errors mostly within 15%.
This document evaluates the modal damping of graphite/epoxy laminated composites through experimental testing. Graphite/epoxy laminate composite plates of different thicknesses (2mm and 4mm) and fiber orientations (0 and 45 degrees) were fabricated and tested under different boundary conditions (cantilever, two sides fixed, all sides fixed) using an impulse excitation technique. The results show that modal damping decreases with increasing laminate thickness and is sensitive to changes in boundary conditions. Damping was highest for the cantilever boundary condition and lowest for the two sides fixed condition. Evaluation of modal damping through experimental modal analysis provides a simple and effective technique for characterizing damping properties of composite laminates.
This document summarizes research on using a nanosecond ytterbium fiber laser to micro-texture titanium surfaces for biomedical applications. The researchers investigated how laser process parameters like power, frequency, speed and spot size affect the generation of micro-scale self-assembled structures on titanium surfaces. Scanning electron microscopy and profilometry analysis showed that surface roughness between 1-2 microns, suitable for osteoblast tissue integration, could be achieved by adjusting the laser parameters. In particular, a spot size of 284-410 microns at 17 watts power, 20 kHz frequency and 2 mm/s speed produced the desired roughness. The study demonstrated the potential of this laser for controlled micro-texturing of titanium implants.
Effects of drilling parameters on delamination ofprjpublications
This document summarizes a study on the effects of drilling parameters on delamination of hemp fiber reinforced composites. The researchers conducted drilling experiments using different speed and feed rate levels in a Taguchi design of experiments. They measured delamination factors for the top and bottom surfaces of the drilled holes. Analysis of variance showed that both speed and feed rate significantly affected peel up delamination, while feed rate and speed affected push down delamination. The optimal parameters to minimize delamination were a feed rate of 100 mm/min and speed of 2000 rpm.
This document discusses 3D printing technologies for microfluidic device fabrication. It begins by introducing 3D printing and its applications in microfluidics. It then classifies 3D printing techniques into three main groups based on their input materials: powder-based techniques using heat, liquid-based techniques using extrusion/inkjet processes, and cell-based bioprinting techniques. Several examples of microfluidic devices fabricated using stereolithography, fused deposition modeling, and other 3D printing methods are provided. The principles and processes of stereolithography and photo-masking techniques are described in more detail. In closing, the document examines 3D printing's potential advantages for microfluidics compared to conventional fabrication methods.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document discusses an experimental investigation into the effect of adding microsilica-600 on the properties of waste plastic fibre reinforced concrete (WPFRC). Waste plastic fibres were added at 0.5% by volume and microsilica-600 was added in percentages ranging from 0-12% by weight of cement. The results showed that compressive strength was not adversely affected by up to 10% microsilica-600, and other properties like tensile, flexural, and impact strengths saw advantages. The study aimed to utilize waste plastics and microsilica to produce concrete with desirable properties while reducing environmental pollution.
Microstructure prediction in cutting of TitaniumHongtao Ding
The document summarizes research on using a dislocation density-based material model and finite element modeling to predict nanocrystalline microstructure changes during machining of commercially pure titanium. The model captures grain size evolution by simulating the generation, interaction, and annihilation of dislocations. Simulation results for strain, temperature, and grain size during orthogonal cutting matched well with experimental measurements and showed that cutting parameters like rake angle can be optimized to achieve the desired microstructure.
01 effect of addition of m icriosilica 600 on wpfrcprjpublications
This document presents an experimental investigation into the effects of adding microsilica to waste plastic fibre reinforced concrete (WPFRC). Various materials were tested according to appropriate standards including cement, aggregates, microsilica, plastic fibres and water. Concrete mixtures were prepared with 0-12% microsilica replacements of cement by weight, along with 0.5% plastic fibres by volume. Specimens were water cured for 28 days then tested for compressive, tensile, flexural and impact strengths as well as workability. Test results showed that up to 10% microsilica can be added without reducing compressive strength, and other properties were improved.
Evaluation on fracture mechanics of mode ii treated fiber pllabasedIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the Mode II fracture toughness of an oil palm fiber (OPF) and poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) composite using a model composite method. The OPFs were treated with sodium hydroxide to increase surface roughness before being embedded in PLLA matrix in a parallel alignment. Testing found that fracture toughness increased with longer matrix lengths up to an optimum of 2.3mm due to greater plastic deformation, but remained constant above 3mm. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed crack propagation occurred along the interface between the center fiber and matrix. In conclusion, the interfacial fracture toughness of the composite was dependent on matrix length.
The CryoGrinder is a tool for cryogenic homogenization of tissue samples up to 0.5 grams. It contains samples in a small well and uses a motorized pestle to efficiently grind samples to a powder in seconds while retaining up to 95% of the sample. The CryoGrinder's small size allows for processing multiple samples in a confined space. It effectively disrupts tissue fibers and is suitable for applications like RNA isolation from difficult to grind tissues when used in conjunction with accessories like the Cryo-Cooler workstation.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Cu Substituted Ni-Zn Nano-Ferrit...IJERA Editor
The ferrite nano particles having chemical formula Ni0.2CuxZn0.8-xFe2O4 (where x=0.0 to 0.8 with step of 0.2) were synthesized by Citrate-Gel Auto Combustion method at low temperature. The synthesized powders were sintered at 500oC for 4 hours in air and characterised by XRD, SEM with EDS. XRD analysis of prepared samples were confirmed the single phase cubic spinel Structure. The crystallite size (D) of prepared ferrites were in the range of 24-73nm. The values of lattice parameter (a) decreased and X-ray density (dx) were increased with the increasing of Cu substitution. The surface morphology of the prepared samples was investigated by Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM). An elemental composition of the samples was studied by Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy(EDS). The observed results can be explained on the basis of composition and crystal size.
Investigation on Dynamic Behaviour of Hybrid Sisal/Bagasse Fiber Reinforced E...AM Publications
The present study deals with transverse vibration analysis of hybrid sisal-bagasse fabric reinforced epoxy
composites. The hybrid sisal-bagasse composite are prepared by hand lay-up technique using treated sisal and bagasse
as reinforced materials and commercially available epoxy resin as a matrix material. Hybrid sisal-bagasse fabric
reinforced epoxy composite having aspect ratio of 0.83 with 5 layers of cloth for hybrid sisal-bagasse composite with
fiber direction orientation at [+90°/+45°/0°/-45°/-90°] composite is prepared. In the analysis, a frequency domain
model is used along with Frequency Response Function (FRF) measurements obtained from the plate. These
measurements are made using a Fast Fourier Technique (FFT) based spectrum analyzer. Natural frequency,
damping factor and mode shapes are obtained from the composites.
Comparative study between k-files use from stainless steel or nickel titanium...AD Dental
This study compared the manual widening of root canals with different degrees of curvature using Kerr file needles made of stainless steel or nickel-titanium alloy versus ProTaper cutters. The root canals were simulated with curvatures of 30, 45, 60, and 90 degrees and radii of 3, 4, and 5 mm based on 46 real patient cases. The results showed that Kerr files made of steel produced the greatest deviations from the natural root canal trajectory, while nickel-titanium alloy and ProTaper instruments produced less deviation. The highest modifications occurred with rigid instrumentation of extreme anatomies. Mathematically, nickel-titanium instruments, especially ProTaper, were shown to achieve more uniform widening of curved root
Surface quality enrichment using fine particle impact damper in boring operat...eSAT Journals
Abstract Boring operations are challenging owing to limited process performance due to inherent tool overhang and resulting vibrations. The tool vibrations can be suppressed with insertion of suitable damping methodology. The fine particle impact damping offers a better damping method. Due to its conceptual simplicity, potential effectiveness over a wide frequency range, temperature and degradation insensitivity and cost-effectiveness, particle damping is an attractive passive damping. The fine particles embedded within small hole in a vibrating structure to dissipate the exciting energy thereby damping the vibrations. The present work, investigates the improvement of surface quality of boring operation using fine particle impact damper. Substantial improvement of surface quality of the internally machined surfaces has been noticed in the experiments. Keywords: Boring tool, Impact damping, Surface quality, Tool overhang, vibration control.
This document discusses the effects of severe plastic deformation via equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) on an aluminum-titanium boride composite material. Key findings include:
1) Subjecting the composite to 2 passes of ECAP led to a 27.68% increase in tensile strength and 29% increase in hardness compared to the untreated composite.
2) The wear rate of the composite decreased with increasing sliding distance and increasing titanium boride content within the composite.
3) ECAP effectively refined the grain structure of the composite, leading to improvements in its mechanical properties like strength, hardness, and wear resistance.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation and Analysis of Glass Fiber Epoxy Reinforce...IRJET Journal
This document experimentally investigates and analyzes glass fiber epoxy reinforced with rubber and wood powder composites. Samples were fabricated with different filler concentrations using hand layup. Mechanical tests including tensile, compression, impact, and water absorption were performed based on ASTM standards. Test results found that 20% weight filler content provided the best results for compression and tensile strength. Finite element analysis using ANSYS showed that the glass fiber composite with rubber and wood powders exhibited higher strength, lower deformation and von mises strain compared to the glass fiber reinforced plastic under the same loads. It was concluded that the reinforced composite has improved mechanical properties and reduced weight compared to glass fiber reinforced plastic.
Study of Performance of Hybrid yarns (Hemp/ Polypropylene/ Glass) Woven Reinf...IJERA Editor
This study examines the performance of reinforcements of 100 tex hemp yarns and hybrid yarns reinforcements with same hemp yarns and glass fibres’ (136 Tex) in warp direction (25 % or 50 %) interwoven with hemp yarns. The industrial loom CTБ-175 and craftsman’s loom, plain weaving technique for production of reinforcements with surface density in range of 91-246 g/m2 were used in the production. Tensile strength of hemp reinforcement on warp direction is 241.7N-279.8N and tensile modulus 218.48MPa-271.24MPa.The measurement of fabric thickness and physical-mechanical properties of reinforcements were carried out according to ISO 5084:1996 and LVS EN ISO 13934-1-2001 standards. One and two layer composites of woven reinforcements of hemp and polypropylene yarns were produced with Laboratory Press LP_S_50/SASTM. The surface density of one layer composite is 311.2 g/m2 and 608.4 g/m2 of two layers composite. The tensile strength of same composites is 303.1N and 599.5N, the tensile stress is 35.66 MPa and 40.65 MPa. The elastic modulus of one layer composites is 908.2 MPa and 1152.5MPa for two layers composite. The mechanical properties of composites were established according to ISO 527-5:2009 standard.
This study examined the effects of adding silicon dioxide (SiO2) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles to wood flour-polypropylene composites on their mechanical and morphological properties. Nanoparticles were added at levels of 0%, 1%, 3%, and 5% and tested for bending strength, tensile strength, and dispersion through microscopy. Results showed that composites with 3% nano-SiO2 had the best mechanical properties, while 5% addition led to aggregation and weaker strength. Microscopy confirmed good dispersion at 1-3% but aggregation at 5%. Composites with nano-TiO2 generally had weaker properties than nano-SiO2 composites.
Fabrication and tensile property analysis of a composite laminate with differ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Composites play a vital role in aerospace, land transportation and consumer goods due to their high specific strength and stiffness leading to reduction in the mass of moving objects. Some of the important aerospace hardware such as rocket motor casing makes extensive use of carbon fiber reinforced polymer(CFRP). In this present investigation E-Glass epoxy laminates were used. The tensile properties for various Diameter holes were determined and compared with the actual strength of the material without any hole. Results indicate that because of the increase in diameter of the hole the tensile strength of the material is decreasing. Keywords: CFRP, E-Glass, Epoxy, Tensile strength.
IRJET- Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil by using Sisal FiberIRJET Journal
This document presents research on stabilizing black cotton soil through the addition of sisal fiber. Black cotton soil was collected from Hulsoor, India and sisal fiber was collected from Tokyo Engineering Corporation in Tamilnadu, India. The soil was mixed with varying percentages (0.2%, 0.5%, 0.9%, 1.2%) and lengths (3cm, 3.2cm, 3.4cm) of sisal fiber. Laboratory tests were conducted to determine properties like optimum moisture content, maximum dry density, unconfined compressive strength, and California bearing ratio. The results showed that the addition of 0.5% sisal fiber decreased optimum moisture content and increased maximum dry density and strength properties
Static Analysis and Experimentation of Jute Fiber Reinforced with E-GlassAM Publications
A composite is a heterogeneous material created by the synthetic assembly of two or more components constituting
reinforcing matrix and a compatible matrix to obtain specific characteristics and properties. In this project we Selected jute fiber, EGlass
and it is embedded in a biopolymer matrix system (epoxy), the task of which is to hold the fibers together, this provides and
stabilizes the shape of the composite structure, transmits the shear forces between the mechanically high-quality fibers, and protects
them against radiation and other aggressive media and the specimen is prepared. The component is conditioned and prepared for
testing and subjected to tensile, compression, hardness and bending test calculating the element results with ansys by using the test
results. The main aim of this project is to reduce the impact on the environment, by preparing specimen using recyclable natural fibers.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NANOIRON PARTICLES REINFORCED EPOXY/POLYESTER NANOCO...IAEME Publication
We report on synthesis of two highly dissolve nanoparticles viz. Fe2 O3 & f-Fe2 O3using chemical reduction method. Reaction effect was initiated to mix up solution 1 (i.e.Fecl3 6H2 o) into solution 2 (i.e. Fecl2 4H2 o) as one under the occurrence of ammonium to build up nanoiron (NI) particles. Mechanical properties as above mentioned nanoiron particles filled with polyester and epoxy nanocomposites were fabricated to assess the possibility of using this filler as a latest material. Functionalization agent as Methacryloxypropyl was used to prepare f-Fe2 O3 nanoparticles. f-Fe2 O3 nanocomposites of mechanical properties were improved with the help of functionalization when compared with nanocomposites of Fe2 O3 Nanoiron particles functionalization favours the composite fabrication with a curing temperature at low as compared to the as-synthesised nanoparticles filled polyester nanocomposites. Mechanical properties carried out are Hardness, Impact strength, Tensile strength, Flexural strength and Compression strength. Mechanical property values increased due to the homogeneous nanoparticle dispersion and chemical bonding between polyester matrix and nanoparticles. After incorporation nanoiron particles into the polyester resin matrix it becomes magnetically harder. Machines generated mechanical property values were compared and analysed with system generated software analysis of variance (ANOVA) values
Tribologoical Properties of Vinyl Ester Based Hybrid Composite with Tio2, Al2...ijtsrd
This document summarizes a study on the tribological properties of vinyl ester-based hybrid composites filled with TiO2, Al2O3, and MoS2 particles. Pin-on-disc testing was conducted to evaluate the wear rate of composites with 7.5%, 10%, and 12.5% filler content under loads of 1KN, 2KN, and 3KN. The results showed that increasing the filler content decreased the wear rate, and increasing the load increased the wear rate. TiO2 filled composites exhibited the lowest wear rates compared to Al2O3 and MoS2 filled composites. Overall, adding filler particles improved the wear resistance of the vinyl ester matrix.
Preparation and Characterization of Rubber Composites using Sawdust as Fillerijtsrd
The research work aims to prepare, characterize and apply the vulcanized rubber composites by using sawdust as filler. Sawdust was used as filler in the process of preparation of vulcanized rubber composites. The composite of natural rubber sawdust NR SD was prepared by being replaced the percent ratio 100 0 75 25 50 50 and 25 75 parts weight of natural rubber NR with SD vulcanized for rubbery goods. The surface morphology, elemental analysis and thermal degradation of the prepared NR SD composites were determined by SEM, EDXRF and TG DTA, respectively. The physic mechanical properties such as tensile strength tear strength, elongation at break, hardness and abrasive resistance of NR SD composites were determined by standard rubber testing methods. It was observed that the vulcanized NR SD composites were again determined by soaking in the selected organic solvents and oils ethanol, gasoline, diesel, engine oil, and used engine oil . Being used the sawdust as filler, it not only reduces the cost of production for appliances but also it is likely the supply of the maintenance for Green. Dr. Htoon Nay Oo ""Preparation and Characterization of Rubber Composites using Sawdust as Filler"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23683.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/23683/preparation-and-characterization-of--rubber-composites-using-sawdust-as-filler/dr-htoon-nay-oo
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Cocoa Pod Splitting and Bean Extraction ...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of a cocoa pod splitting and bean extraction machine. It aims to simplify the process of removing beans from cocoa pods, which is currently done manually requiring significant human labor. The machine was designed to be operated manually, constructed from locally available materials to keep costs low, and easy to assemble/disassemble so it can be shared among farmers. Components of the machine like the frame, bearing, spring, and cutting/extracting tools are modeled. The working mechanism involves placing the cocoa pod in a holder, using the handle to cut open the pod with a knife, then pressing the handle to push a tool that extracts the beans. The design of a spring used in the machine is also detailed. The
IRJET- Experimental and Computational Simulation of CUZN37 Brass Alloy Proces...IRJET Journal
1) The document presents experimental and computational simulation of severe plastic deformation of CuZn37 brass alloy sheet using constrained groove pressing (CGP) with flat groove corrugated dies.
2) Both experimental and simulation results using AFDEX software showed that the effective strain and Brinell hardness of the alloy increased with increasing number of CGP passes up to the fourth pass, then slightly decreased in the fifth pass.
3) Microstructural analysis revealed that CGP led to the formation of non-uniform subgrains and refined the initial coarse grain structure of the alloy, resulting from dislocation behavior and the development of a deformed substructure.
Microstructure prediction in cutting of TitaniumHongtao Ding
The document summarizes research on using a dislocation density-based material model and finite element modeling to predict nanocrystalline microstructure changes during machining of commercially pure titanium. The model captures grain size evolution by simulating the generation, interaction, and annihilation of dislocations. Simulation results for strain, temperature, and grain size during orthogonal cutting matched well with experimental measurements and showed that cutting parameters like rake angle can be optimized to achieve the desired microstructure.
01 effect of addition of m icriosilica 600 on wpfrcprjpublications
This document presents an experimental investigation into the effects of adding microsilica to waste plastic fibre reinforced concrete (WPFRC). Various materials were tested according to appropriate standards including cement, aggregates, microsilica, plastic fibres and water. Concrete mixtures were prepared with 0-12% microsilica replacements of cement by weight, along with 0.5% plastic fibres by volume. Specimens were water cured for 28 days then tested for compressive, tensile, flexural and impact strengths as well as workability. Test results showed that up to 10% microsilica can be added without reducing compressive strength, and other properties were improved.
Evaluation on fracture mechanics of mode ii treated fiber pllabasedIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the Mode II fracture toughness of an oil palm fiber (OPF) and poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) composite using a model composite method. The OPFs were treated with sodium hydroxide to increase surface roughness before being embedded in PLLA matrix in a parallel alignment. Testing found that fracture toughness increased with longer matrix lengths up to an optimum of 2.3mm due to greater plastic deformation, but remained constant above 3mm. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed crack propagation occurred along the interface between the center fiber and matrix. In conclusion, the interfacial fracture toughness of the composite was dependent on matrix length.
The CryoGrinder is a tool for cryogenic homogenization of tissue samples up to 0.5 grams. It contains samples in a small well and uses a motorized pestle to efficiently grind samples to a powder in seconds while retaining up to 95% of the sample. The CryoGrinder's small size allows for processing multiple samples in a confined space. It effectively disrupts tissue fibers and is suitable for applications like RNA isolation from difficult to grind tissues when used in conjunction with accessories like the Cryo-Cooler workstation.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Cu Substituted Ni-Zn Nano-Ferrit...IJERA Editor
The ferrite nano particles having chemical formula Ni0.2CuxZn0.8-xFe2O4 (where x=0.0 to 0.8 with step of 0.2) were synthesized by Citrate-Gel Auto Combustion method at low temperature. The synthesized powders were sintered at 500oC for 4 hours in air and characterised by XRD, SEM with EDS. XRD analysis of prepared samples were confirmed the single phase cubic spinel Structure. The crystallite size (D) of prepared ferrites were in the range of 24-73nm. The values of lattice parameter (a) decreased and X-ray density (dx) were increased with the increasing of Cu substitution. The surface morphology of the prepared samples was investigated by Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM). An elemental composition of the samples was studied by Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy(EDS). The observed results can be explained on the basis of composition and crystal size.
Investigation on Dynamic Behaviour of Hybrid Sisal/Bagasse Fiber Reinforced E...AM Publications
The present study deals with transverse vibration analysis of hybrid sisal-bagasse fabric reinforced epoxy
composites. The hybrid sisal-bagasse composite are prepared by hand lay-up technique using treated sisal and bagasse
as reinforced materials and commercially available epoxy resin as a matrix material. Hybrid sisal-bagasse fabric
reinforced epoxy composite having aspect ratio of 0.83 with 5 layers of cloth for hybrid sisal-bagasse composite with
fiber direction orientation at [+90°/+45°/0°/-45°/-90°] composite is prepared. In the analysis, a frequency domain
model is used along with Frequency Response Function (FRF) measurements obtained from the plate. These
measurements are made using a Fast Fourier Technique (FFT) based spectrum analyzer. Natural frequency,
damping factor and mode shapes are obtained from the composites.
Comparative study between k-files use from stainless steel or nickel titanium...AD Dental
This study compared the manual widening of root canals with different degrees of curvature using Kerr file needles made of stainless steel or nickel-titanium alloy versus ProTaper cutters. The root canals were simulated with curvatures of 30, 45, 60, and 90 degrees and radii of 3, 4, and 5 mm based on 46 real patient cases. The results showed that Kerr files made of steel produced the greatest deviations from the natural root canal trajectory, while nickel-titanium alloy and ProTaper instruments produced less deviation. The highest modifications occurred with rigid instrumentation of extreme anatomies. Mathematically, nickel-titanium instruments, especially ProTaper, were shown to achieve more uniform widening of curved root
Surface quality enrichment using fine particle impact damper in boring operat...eSAT Journals
Abstract Boring operations are challenging owing to limited process performance due to inherent tool overhang and resulting vibrations. The tool vibrations can be suppressed with insertion of suitable damping methodology. The fine particle impact damping offers a better damping method. Due to its conceptual simplicity, potential effectiveness over a wide frequency range, temperature and degradation insensitivity and cost-effectiveness, particle damping is an attractive passive damping. The fine particles embedded within small hole in a vibrating structure to dissipate the exciting energy thereby damping the vibrations. The present work, investigates the improvement of surface quality of boring operation using fine particle impact damper. Substantial improvement of surface quality of the internally machined surfaces has been noticed in the experiments. Keywords: Boring tool, Impact damping, Surface quality, Tool overhang, vibration control.
This document discusses the effects of severe plastic deformation via equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) on an aluminum-titanium boride composite material. Key findings include:
1) Subjecting the composite to 2 passes of ECAP led to a 27.68% increase in tensile strength and 29% increase in hardness compared to the untreated composite.
2) The wear rate of the composite decreased with increasing sliding distance and increasing titanium boride content within the composite.
3) ECAP effectively refined the grain structure of the composite, leading to improvements in its mechanical properties like strength, hardness, and wear resistance.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation and Analysis of Glass Fiber Epoxy Reinforce...IRJET Journal
This document experimentally investigates and analyzes glass fiber epoxy reinforced with rubber and wood powder composites. Samples were fabricated with different filler concentrations using hand layup. Mechanical tests including tensile, compression, impact, and water absorption were performed based on ASTM standards. Test results found that 20% weight filler content provided the best results for compression and tensile strength. Finite element analysis using ANSYS showed that the glass fiber composite with rubber and wood powders exhibited higher strength, lower deformation and von mises strain compared to the glass fiber reinforced plastic under the same loads. It was concluded that the reinforced composite has improved mechanical properties and reduced weight compared to glass fiber reinforced plastic.
Study of Performance of Hybrid yarns (Hemp/ Polypropylene/ Glass) Woven Reinf...IJERA Editor
This study examines the performance of reinforcements of 100 tex hemp yarns and hybrid yarns reinforcements with same hemp yarns and glass fibres’ (136 Tex) in warp direction (25 % or 50 %) interwoven with hemp yarns. The industrial loom CTБ-175 and craftsman’s loom, plain weaving technique for production of reinforcements with surface density in range of 91-246 g/m2 were used in the production. Tensile strength of hemp reinforcement on warp direction is 241.7N-279.8N and tensile modulus 218.48MPa-271.24MPa.The measurement of fabric thickness and physical-mechanical properties of reinforcements were carried out according to ISO 5084:1996 and LVS EN ISO 13934-1-2001 standards. One and two layer composites of woven reinforcements of hemp and polypropylene yarns were produced with Laboratory Press LP_S_50/SASTM. The surface density of one layer composite is 311.2 g/m2 and 608.4 g/m2 of two layers composite. The tensile strength of same composites is 303.1N and 599.5N, the tensile stress is 35.66 MPa and 40.65 MPa. The elastic modulus of one layer composites is 908.2 MPa and 1152.5MPa for two layers composite. The mechanical properties of composites were established according to ISO 527-5:2009 standard.
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
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Data showing the effects of vibratory disc milling time on the microstructural characteristics of Coconut Shell Nanoparticles (CS-NPs)
1. Data Article
Data showing the effects of vibratory disc milling
time on the microstructural characteristics of
Coconut Shell Nanoparticles (CS-NPs)
Omolayo M. Ikumapayi n
, Esther T. Akinlabi
Department of Mechanical Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Kingsway
Campus, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 3 July 2018
Received in revised form
20 December 2018
Accepted 20 December 2018
Available online 24 December 2018
Keywords:
Coconut shell
EDX
Milling time
Nanoparticle
SEM
XRF
a b s t r a c t
Coconut Shell (CS) as agricultural lignocellulosic biomaterial and
agro-waste is predominantly available in India, Malaysia, Nigeria,
Thailand, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia. It has proven to have effective
durability characteristic, good abstractive resistance, high tough-
ness, and good adsorption properties, and is most suitable for long
standing use in many applications such as reinforcement, source of
energy, fillers as well as activated carbon and its performance,
efficiency and effectiveness depend wholly on whether is in form
of nano-, micro-, and macro- particles. In this data, effects of
milling time on morphological characteristics was experimented
using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive
X-ray (EDX), and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) analyses. The SEM
images were taken at magnifications of 1.00kx, 2.00kx and 5.00kx
which gives respective 50 mm, 20 mm and 10 mm in different milling
time of 0, 20, 40 and 60 mins. Digital Vibratory Disc Milling
Machine (VDMM) rated 380 V/50 Hz at 940 rpm was employed for
the grinding and the morphology of the milled nanoparticles were
characterised. It was revealed from the data collected that 0 min
(i.e. 75 mm sieved) has the highest mean area value of 16.105 mm2
and area standard deviation of 200.738 mm2
with least value of a
number of particle size distribution of 809 mm. In contrast, 60 mins
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/dib
Data in Brief
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.12.067
2352-3409/& 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
n
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: oikumapayi@uj.a.c.za (O.M. Ikumapayi).
Data in Brief 22 (2019) 537–545
2. milled has the lowest values for mean area and area standard
deviation of 8.945 mm2
and 115.851 mm2
respectively with the
highest number of particle size distribution of 2032 mm. It was
observed that milling time increases the number of particle sizes
distributions and reduces the area of particle size.
& 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open
access article under the CC BY license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Specifications table
Subject area Mechanical Engineering & Material Science
More specific subject area Nanoparticle of Biomaterials
Type of data Micrographs, graphs and table
How data was acquired Coconut shell was obtained from coconut fruits. It was then crushed,
grinded and milled into nano-size with the help of vibratory disc
milling machine. The milled and unmilled samples were then taken
for testing and characterisation using SEM-EDX as well as XRF
Data format Raw and Analysed
Experimental factors The milling time was taken at 0, 20, 40 and 60 min using Vibratory
Disc Milling Machine (VDMM). The SEM images were taken at
magnifications of 1.00kx, 2.00kx and 5.00kx for 50 mm, 20 mm and
10 mm respectively.
Experimental features Micrographs of the milled and unmilled samples, elemental com-
position of tested samples at different milling times using EDX and
also chemical compositions of the sample.
Data source location University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
Data accessibility The availability of the data is within the peripheral of this article
Value of the data
The data is very valuable in a manner that the users will be able to know the variation in elemental
compositions at different milling time as well as unmilled coconut shell nanoparticle (CS-NPs) as
revealed by EDX.
The data obtained can be used in investigating surface processing as well as aggregate, filler and
reinforcement in both polymer and metal matrix composite at different milling time.
The data revealed the micrographs of the milled and unmilled coconut shell at different milling
time, the users will be able to see the trend and patterns of the milled coconut shell which can also
predict the absorption rate of CS-NPs at any applications.
The data also presented various chemical compositions that are in Coconut Shell powder as
revealed by the XRF.
1. Data
The data presented are the characterizations derived from coconut shell powder in Fig. 2 that was
milled using digital vibratory disc milling machine (VDMM) in Fig. 3. Chemical composition of the
coconut shell powder is presented in Table 1 as analysed by X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). Micro-
structural data from Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) in Fig. 4 were taken at different magnifi-
cations of 1.00kx, 2.00kx and 5.00kx are presented in Fig. 5. Statistical data from the coconut shell
nanoparticles such as particle sizes, mean area, standard deviation at different milling time as
O.M. Ikumapayi, E.T. Akinlabi / Data in Brief 22 (2019) 537–545538
4. analysed by ImageJ are shown in Table 3. Details variable elemental compositions from the investi-
gated coconut shell nanoparticles at different milling time of 0, 20, 40 and 60 min as analysed by
Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) are presented in Fig. 6 and Table 4.
2. Experimental design, materials and methods
Matured and edible Coconuts Fruits (Fig. 1a) were obtained from commercial market at Johannesburg,
South Africa and the outer part of the coconut fruits (exocarp) were removed with the aid of cutlass after
which they were then broken into smaller and irregular chunks in sizes which ranges from 2 to 10 mm
(Fig. 1b), the coconut water inside of them were drained and the edible part of them (mesocarp) were
removed from the hard and woody part (endocarp) which was known as coconut shell (CS) - lig-
nocellulosic agro-waste [1–3], the shell was then washed and cleaned with deionized water and acetone
to remove any unwanted contaminants (Fig. 1c) and this was then placed in an electric oven at 50 °C for
5 days to remove any traces of moisture that may be present before taken for crushing.
2.1. Experimental methodology
The coconut shell obtained were dried at 50 °C in an electric oven for 5 days to ensure effective
and total dryness of any moisture that may likely present therein. The coconut shell were then taken
for crushing with the aid of a crusher. The crusher was thoroughly washed, dried and cleaned with
acetone before and after use to remove any contaminants within. The crusher was used to pulverized
it into small macro particles, this was further milled into smaller particles and sieved using ASTM
meshes standard range by employing KingTest Sieve of 75 mm size on KingTest Sieve Shaker
(VB 200/300) having an operating voltage of 220 V/50 Hz and 5 A. The Coconut Shell powder (CS-P)
Table 1
The chemical composition analysis of CS-NPs using XRF.
Chemical Formula Al2O3 Ca0 MgO K2O Na2O SiO2 Fe2O3 MnO ZnO
CS-NPs (%) 16.76 0.78 19.4 0.42 0.41 45.6 8.98 0.17 0.39
Fig. 4. SEM-EDX analysis machine.
O.M. Ikumapayi, E.T. Akinlabi / Data in Brief 22 (2019) 537–545540
5. Fig. 5. (A –C) Unmilled CN-NPs at 1.0kx, 2.0kx and 5.0kx respectively, (D – F) 20 min milled of CN-NPs at 1.0kx, 2.0kx and 5.0kx
respectively, (G – I) 40 min milled of CN-NPs at 1.0kx, 2.0kx and 5.0kx respectively, (J – L) 60 min milled of CN-NPs at 1.0kx,
2.0kx and 5.0kx respectively.
O.M. Ikumapayi, E.T. Akinlabi / Data in Brief 22 (2019) 537–545 541
6. (Fig. 2) proportion that passed through the mesh size of 75 mm was then taken for milling at different
milling times.
2.2. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis
In this research, PHILIPS PW1404 X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Spectrometer was used to analyse the
chemical composition of CS-NPs after sieved with 75 mm ASTM standard sieve and the data gotten
from the analysis is presented in Table 1.
2.3. Vibratory disc milling machine (VDMM)
Mechanical Dry milling (MDM) operation was performed using a digitalized vibratory disc milling
machine (Model 2MZ-200). The machine was thoroughly washed, dried and cleaned with acetone
before and after use to remove any contaminants that may be present. 30 g of coconut samples were
charged into each bowl and then set for running. The machine was interrupted every 5 min of
operation in order to avoid a rise in temperature and at the same time to limit adherence of the
powder within the container walls, the cooling interval before the next running was 20 min. The
machine has specification as presented in Table 2 and the milling effects on the particle size and mean
area of the sample is presented in Table 3 as analysed by ImageJ software.
It was revealed by ImageJ software processing analysis used for Table 3 data collection that at 0
min (i.e. 75 mm sieved) has the highest mean area value of 16.105 mm2
and area standard deviation of
200.738 mm2
with least value of a number of particle size distribution of 809 mm. In contrast, 60 mins
milled has the lowest values for mean area and area standard deviation of 8.945 mm2
and 115.851 mm2
respectively with the highest number of particle size distribution of 2032 mm. It was observed that
milling time increases the number of particle sizes distributions and reduces the area of particle size.
It was revealed that progressive milling leads to an increase in particle size distributions and decrease
in the area of the particle size as noted in Table 3.
2.4. Microstructural analysis
Coconut Shell Nanoparticles (CS-NPs) obtained were then characterised by the use of scanning
electron microscopy (SEM) and Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS). These tools were
employed to determine the morphology and the elemental composition at different milling time of
Table 2
Vibratory disc milling machine specification.
Property Specification
Dimension 740 Â 740 Â 950 mm
Number of bowls 2
Capacity per bowl 200 g
Feed Size o 15 mm
Motor 380 V/ 50 Hz, 1.5 KW
Motor speed 940 rpm
Table 3
Measurements of particle size area of CS-NPs at unmilled and varying milling time.
Milling Time (min) Mean Area (mm2
) STD Area (mm2
) Min. Area (mm2
) Max. Area (mm2
) No. of Particle Sizes (mm)
0 16.105 200.738 0.074 4,988.486 809
20 14.384 178.957. 0.065 2,599.508 1379
40 12.528 147.684 0.057 908.293 1631
60 8.945 115.851 0.004 47.889 2032
O.M. Ikumapayi, E.T. Akinlabi / Data in Brief 22 (2019) 537–545542
7. 20, 40, 60 min and unmilled samples. ImageJ software was employed to analyse the statistical
measurement of the SEM Image as displayed in Table 3.
2.5. Data acquisition
In this data article, mechanical dry milling (MDM) was carried out with different process milling
time of 20, 40 and 60 min and powder of CS-NPs were studied using SEM-EDS. It was established
from the data collected that the durations of MDM affected volume, surface area, particle size, pore
size distributions, microstructure and some other mechanical properties as well as morphology of the
powders were affected.
2.6. Scanning electron microscope
TESCAN model, type VEGA 3 LMH and model no VG9731276ZA (Fig. 4) with the following details
50/60 Hz, 230 V and 1300 VA was the type of SEM machine that was employed for the studies. In
order to have the sample more conductive and to have better resolution, the samples were sputter
coated with a thin layer of carbon just before the scanning electron microscope analyses coupled with
Energy Dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDXS) analyses. The beam intensity used in the analysis was
12 and the accelerating voltage used was 20 kV, all micrographs were taken at SEM magnification of
1.00kx, 2.00kx and 5.00kx for different milling times of 20, 40 and 60 mins. The elemental compo-
sitions of CS-NPs was also analysed at different milling times was analysed by SEM. The SEM
micrographs of different milling time were presented in Fig. 5 and the EDXS data were presented in
Fig. 6 and the data collected has been presented in Table 4. Sizes of CS-NPs were determined using
SEM/software.
Fig. 5(A – C) represent the micrographs for the unmilled Coconut Shell Powder at 1.0kx, 2.0kx and
5.0kx amounting to 50 mm, 20 mm and 10 mm respectively. Fig. 5(D – F) show the micrographs of the
samples after 20 minutes of milling at 1.0kx, 2.0kx and 5.0kx giving 50 mm, 20 mm and 10 mm
respectively. Fig. 5(G – I) presented the micrographs of 40 min milling at 1.0kx, 2.0kx and 5.0kx
producing 50 mm, 20 mm and 10 mm respectively while Fig. 5(J – L) represent the micrographs of
60 min milling at 1.0kx, 2.0kx and 5.0kx amounting to 50 mm, 20 mm and 10 mm respectively. The
Fig. 6. Elemental compositions at different milling time as analysed by EDXS.
O.M. Ikumapayi, E.T. Akinlabi / Data in Brief 22 (2019) 537–545 543
8. micrographs revealed that unmilled has the largest particle sizes when compare to other milled
powder. The duration of milling greatly affects the distribution of the particles and how the
crystalline are arranged.
It was revealed by EDX analysis, that the main constituents of CS-NPs are Carbon, Oxygen,
Potassium, Calcium, Phosphorous, Copper, silicon and Chlorine as evidenced in Fig. 6. It has also been
revealed by XRF that the main chemical composition constituents in coconut shell powder are CaO,
Al2O3, MgO, K2O, Na2O, MnO, ZnO, SiO2 as well as Fe2O3.
Table 4 showed the main elemental constituents of CS-NPs and their variable percentage com-
positions. Carbon which is the major element has a range of 65.0 to 66.2%, Oxygen has percentage
composition between 25.4 and 32.4%, Potassium is between 1.2 and 3.9%, and Chlorine is between
0.7 and 1.5%, Calcium composition ranges from 0.1 to 0.6%. While Silicon, Iron, Sodium, Sulphur,
Magnesium are not detected at all milling phases and as such may not be empirically regarded as
elements detected.
2.7. Data areas of application
i. Carbonaceous coconut shell nanoparticle can be used as reinforcement when carbonized during
friction stir processing and welding [4] and can also find application in other reinforcements.
ii. It can be used as raw material for activated carbon industries. In all activated carbon producer,
coconut shell has been proven to produce top grade active carbon charcoal which got great
performance [5–8].
iii. It can be used as filler for synthetic resin glues (thermoset moulding powder) in plywood and
laminating board companies [9,10].
iv. It can also be used as compound filler in the production of phenol formaldehyde moulding
powder (Bakelite plastic) as filler and extender [11].
v. In South Asian countries, CS-NPs has been used as mosquito repellent by making it into mosquito
coils as a burning medium and as a means of controlling fungus in the wood [12].
vi. It can be used as lost circulation materials in the oil well drilling companies [13].
vii. It can also be used in resin casting, mastic adhesives as well as bituminous products [14].
Table 4
Variable in elemental compositions of CS-NPs as analysed by EDXS.
Powder Element Elemental composition at different milling times
0 min (Unmilled) 20 min 40 min 60 min
CS-NPs C 65.0 66.2 65.2 66.3
O 31.4 25.4 32.4 27.4
K 2.3 3,9 1.2 2.5
Cl 0.8 1.5 0.7 1.3
Si n. d 0.4 0.3 0.8
Ca 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.5
Fe n. d 0.7 0.1 0.3
Na n. d 0.3 n. d 0.3
Cu 0.1 0.3 n. d 0.2
Mg n. d 0.2 n. d 0.2
P 0.2 0.2 n. d 0.1
S 0.1 0.2 n. d 0.1
Al n. d n. d n. d 0.1
n. d ( not detected)
O.M. Ikumapayi, E.T. Akinlabi / Data in Brief 22 (2019) 537–545544
9. Acknowledgements
The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support offered by the University of Johannesburg,
South Africa in form of Supervisor-Linked and Merit Bursaries in actualisation of this research work
for publication.
Transparency document. Supporting information
Transparency data associated with this article can be found in the online version at https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.dib.2018.12.067.
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