The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Surface Quality Improvement Using Modified Tool Clamping In Boring OperationsIJRES Journal
Boring operations are challenging owing to limited process performance due to inherent tool overhang and resulting vibrations. The tool vibrations can be suppressed with insertion of suitable damping methodology. The present work adopts a method suitable for machine operators, where in insertion of packing sheets at the boring tool support has been suggested. Insertion of number of layers causes frictional phenomenon to dissipate the exciting energy thereby damping the vibrations. Substantial improvement of surface quality of the internally machined surfaces has been noticed in the experiments
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Surface quality enrichment using fine particle impact damper in boring operat...eSAT Journals
Abstract Boring operations are challenging owing to limited process performance due to inherent tool overhang and resulting vibrations. The tool vibrations can be suppressed with insertion of suitable damping methodology. The fine particle impact damping offers a better damping method. Due to its conceptual simplicity, potential effectiveness over a wide frequency range, temperature and degradation insensitivity and cost-effectiveness, particle damping is an attractive passive damping. The fine particles embedded within small hole in a vibrating structure to dissipate the exciting energy thereby damping the vibrations. The present work, investigates the improvement of surface quality of boring operation using fine particle impact damper. Substantial improvement of surface quality of the internally machined surfaces has been noticed in the experiments. Keywords: Boring tool, Impact damping, Surface quality, Tool overhang, vibration control.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Surface Quality Improvement Using Modified Tool Clamping In Boring OperationsIJRES Journal
Boring operations are challenging owing to limited process performance due to inherent tool overhang and resulting vibrations. The tool vibrations can be suppressed with insertion of suitable damping methodology. The present work adopts a method suitable for machine operators, where in insertion of packing sheets at the boring tool support has been suggested. Insertion of number of layers causes frictional phenomenon to dissipate the exciting energy thereby damping the vibrations. Substantial improvement of surface quality of the internally machined surfaces has been noticed in the experiments
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Surface quality enrichment using fine particle impact damper in boring operat...eSAT Journals
Abstract Boring operations are challenging owing to limited process performance due to inherent tool overhang and resulting vibrations. The tool vibrations can be suppressed with insertion of suitable damping methodology. The fine particle impact damping offers a better damping method. Due to its conceptual simplicity, potential effectiveness over a wide frequency range, temperature and degradation insensitivity and cost-effectiveness, particle damping is an attractive passive damping. The fine particles embedded within small hole in a vibrating structure to dissipate the exciting energy thereby damping the vibrations. The present work, investigates the improvement of surface quality of boring operation using fine particle impact damper. Substantial improvement of surface quality of the internally machined surfaces has been noticed in the experiments. Keywords: Boring tool, Impact damping, Surface quality, Tool overhang, vibration control.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Fabrication and tensile property analysis of a composite laminate with differ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Composites play a vital role in aerospace, land transportation and consumer goods due to their high specific strength and stiffness leading to reduction in the mass of moving objects. Some of the important aerospace hardware such as rocket motor casing makes extensive use of carbon fiber reinforced polymer(CFRP). In this present investigation E-Glass epoxy laminates were used. The tensile properties for various Diameter holes were determined and compared with the actual strength of the material without any hole. Results indicate that because of the increase in diameter of the hole the tensile strength of the material is decreasing. Keywords: CFRP, E-Glass, Epoxy, Tensile strength.
Static Analysis and Experimentation of Jute Fiber Reinforced with E-GlassAM Publications
A composite is a heterogeneous material created by the synthetic assembly of two or more components constituting
reinforcing matrix and a compatible matrix to obtain specific characteristics and properties. In this project we Selected jute fiber, EGlass
and it is embedded in a biopolymer matrix system (epoxy), the task of which is to hold the fibers together, this provides and
stabilizes the shape of the composite structure, transmits the shear forces between the mechanically high-quality fibers, and protects
them against radiation and other aggressive media and the specimen is prepared. The component is conditioned and prepared for
testing and subjected to tensile, compression, hardness and bending test calculating the element results with ansys by using the test
results. The main aim of this project is to reduce the impact on the environment, by preparing specimen using recyclable natural fibers.
Preparation and Characterization of Rubber Composites using Sawdust as Fillerijtsrd
The research work aims to prepare, characterize and apply the vulcanized rubber composites by using sawdust as filler. Sawdust was used as filler in the process of preparation of vulcanized rubber composites. The composite of natural rubber sawdust NR SD was prepared by being replaced the percent ratio 100 0 75 25 50 50 and 25 75 parts weight of natural rubber NR with SD vulcanized for rubbery goods. The surface morphology, elemental analysis and thermal degradation of the prepared NR SD composites were determined by SEM, EDXRF and TG DTA, respectively. The physic mechanical properties such as tensile strength tear strength, elongation at break, hardness and abrasive resistance of NR SD composites were determined by standard rubber testing methods. It was observed that the vulcanized NR SD composites were again determined by soaking in the selected organic solvents and oils ethanol, gasoline, diesel, engine oil, and used engine oil . Being used the sawdust as filler, it not only reduces the cost of production for appliances but also it is likely the supply of the maintenance for Green. Dr. Htoon Nay Oo ""Preparation and Characterization of Rubber Composites using Sawdust as Filler"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23683.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/23683/preparation-and-characterization-of--rubber-composites-using-sawdust-as-filler/dr-htoon-nay-oo
Regression analysis of shot peening process for performance characteristics o...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Fabrication and tensile property analysis of a composite laminate with differ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Composites play a vital role in aerospace, land transportation and consumer goods due to their high specific strength and stiffness leading to reduction in the mass of moving objects. Some of the important aerospace hardware such as rocket motor casing makes extensive use of carbon fiber reinforced polymer(CFRP). In this present investigation E-Glass epoxy laminates were used. The tensile properties for various Diameter holes were determined and compared with the actual strength of the material without any hole. Results indicate that because of the increase in diameter of the hole the tensile strength of the material is decreasing. Keywords: CFRP, E-Glass, Epoxy, Tensile strength.
Static Analysis and Experimentation of Jute Fiber Reinforced with E-GlassAM Publications
A composite is a heterogeneous material created by the synthetic assembly of two or more components constituting
reinforcing matrix and a compatible matrix to obtain specific characteristics and properties. In this project we Selected jute fiber, EGlass
and it is embedded in a biopolymer matrix system (epoxy), the task of which is to hold the fibers together, this provides and
stabilizes the shape of the composite structure, transmits the shear forces between the mechanically high-quality fibers, and protects
them against radiation and other aggressive media and the specimen is prepared. The component is conditioned and prepared for
testing and subjected to tensile, compression, hardness and bending test calculating the element results with ansys by using the test
results. The main aim of this project is to reduce the impact on the environment, by preparing specimen using recyclable natural fibers.
Preparation and Characterization of Rubber Composites using Sawdust as Fillerijtsrd
The research work aims to prepare, characterize and apply the vulcanized rubber composites by using sawdust as filler. Sawdust was used as filler in the process of preparation of vulcanized rubber composites. The composite of natural rubber sawdust NR SD was prepared by being replaced the percent ratio 100 0 75 25 50 50 and 25 75 parts weight of natural rubber NR with SD vulcanized for rubbery goods. The surface morphology, elemental analysis and thermal degradation of the prepared NR SD composites were determined by SEM, EDXRF and TG DTA, respectively. The physic mechanical properties such as tensile strength tear strength, elongation at break, hardness and abrasive resistance of NR SD composites were determined by standard rubber testing methods. It was observed that the vulcanized NR SD composites were again determined by soaking in the selected organic solvents and oils ethanol, gasoline, diesel, engine oil, and used engine oil . Being used the sawdust as filler, it not only reduces the cost of production for appliances but also it is likely the supply of the maintenance for Green. Dr. Htoon Nay Oo ""Preparation and Characterization of Rubber Composites using Sawdust as Filler"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23683.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/23683/preparation-and-characterization-of--rubber-composites-using-sawdust-as-filler/dr-htoon-nay-oo
Regression analysis of shot peening process for performance characteristics o...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
Finite Element Analysis of Damping Performance of VEM Materials Using CLD Tec...IJERA Editor
Most engineering structures experiences vibrational motion, this unwanted vibrations can result in premature
structural failure. Many methods are developed which enhances capability of damping such as constrained layer
damping. Shear motion is produced in VEM due to constraining layer to resist unwanted vibrational energy.
This paper shows theeffect of varying the thickness of viscoelastic materials on damping performance of CLD
beam.The damping performance is measured in terms of modal loss factor.
Experimental Investigations on Tribiological Properties of 6061-T6 Al Alloy b...IJAEMSJORNAL
Microstructure and tribological properties of Al-TiB2 nano surface composite fabricated by Friction Stir Processing (FSP) were evaluated. To vary the percentage of TiB2 three different slot thickness viz. 1mm, 1.5 mm and 2mm were considered. Microstructural evaluations showed a nearly uniform distribution of TiB2 in the aluminium matrix after FSP with the addition of composite powder. Microhardness test results shoes FSW of Al6061-T6 alloy with 2mm groove width has more hardness. tribological properties were evaluated at two different sliding velocities 0.314m/s and 0.48m/s and results shows that at lower loads there is no much difference in wear rate of surface composite made with different slot sizes but with increase in load and sliding velocity wear rate was increased , however, larger slot Al6061-TiB2 Surface composites show better wear resistance.
ANALYSIS OF PROCESS PARAMETERS IN MILLING OF GLASS FIBRE REINFORCED PLASTIC C...IAEME Publication
Milling is one of the most important machining processes in manufacturing parts made out
of FRPs. Milling is a very versatile process capable of producing simple two dimensional flat
shapes to complex three dimensional interlaced surface configurations, in which a rotating,
multi-tooth cutter removes material while traveling along various axes with respect to the work
piece. However, unlike the milling of metals which is characterized by high material removal
rates, milling of FRPs is conducted at much lower scale. The reason for this is that FRP
components are largely made near net shape and any subsequent milling is limited mainly tode-burring and trimming as well as to achieving contourshapeaccuracy. Milling compositematerials are significantly affected by the tendency of these materials to delaminate under the
action of machining forces, cutting force, feed force and depth force respectively.Quality surface milling of Glass Fibre reinforced Plastic materials present variety ofissues, such milling is one of the foremost oftentimes used material removal processes in
machining of FRPs to produce a well-defined surface finish and has surface delaminationrelated to the characteristics of the material and therefore the cutting parameters used. Thesurface quality and dimensional precision greatly have an effect on the elements throughout
their useful life, especially in cases wherever the elements come in contact with differentelements or materials. Optimization of machining parameters is a necessary step in machining.
This project presents a new approach for optimizing the machining parameters on end millingof glass-fibre reinforced plastic composites. Optimization of machining parameters was doneby Taguchi method in milling experiments were conducted for Glass fibre reinforced plastic
composite plates using solid carbide end mills with various helix angles. The parameters ofmachining such as, Fibre orientation angle, spindle speed, feed rate and helix angle are
Analysis of Process Parameters in Milling of Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastic Composites
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 150 editor@iaeme.com
optimized by multi-response concerns particularly surface roughness and machining force the
optimum levels of parameters have been investigated by using Taguchi method.
Experimental investigation on buckling of GFRP cylindrical shells subjected t...IOSR Journals
Composite cylindrical shells are being used in submarine, underground mines, aerospace applications and other civil engineering applications. Thin cylindrical shells are more prone to fail in buckling rather than material failure. An experimental study on buckling of glass fiber reinforced plastics layered composite cylindrical shells under displacement and load controlled static axial compression are reported The experimental results are compared with general purpose finite element program (ANSYS). Limit point loads evaluated for geometric imperfection magnitudes shows an excellent agreement with experimental results which clearly indicates the confidence gained on the numerical results presented. Present study finds direct application to qualitatively investigate the influence of geometric imperfection on other advanced grid-stiffened structures.
Influence of Thrust, Torque Responsible for Delamination in drilling of Glass...IDES Editor
Glass fabric sandwich composites are potentially
growing materials which satisfies the low strength to weight
fraction, thermal conductivity, high strength and long
operational lifetime required for key engineering applications
especially in the field of Mechanical and Aerospace structures.
With their wide range of application, their manufacturing
and machinability characteristics are interesting to
investigate. Drilling is one of the prime manufacturing
processes used in assembly lines of components for fastening
and joining two components. In this study, Glass Fabric – Epoxy
/ Rigid polyurethane foam sandwich hybrid composite is drilled
in Arix VMC 100 CNC drilling machine using High Speed
Steel (HSS) drill bit of three different diameters of 6 mm, 8
mm and 10 mm. A L9 orthogonal array is setup to investigate
the result. Two main parameters that contribute to
delamination are thrust and torque. Thus in this
investigation, thrust and torque responsible for the effect of
delamination and hole quality is studied experimentally.
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images are taken for
the drilled hole laminate to support the result.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND SEM ANALYSIS OF GLASS/NYLON/JUTE REINFORCED EPOXY H...IAEME Publication
Now-a-days, the natural fibres from renewable natural resources offer the potential to act as a reinforcing material for polymer composites alternative to the use of glass, carbon and other man-made fibres. Attempts have been made in this project work to study the effect of fibre loading on the physical, mechanical and water absorption behavior of glass/nylon/jute fibre reinforced epoxy based hybrid composites and it’s fabricated by hydraulic press technique. Work has been carried out to investigate the flexural properties, tensile strength, hardness, impact strength and water absorption test of the composites and compared with glass and epoxy composite. It has been observed that the tensile properties, flexural properties and hardness increase with the increase in the weight fraction of natural fibers to certain extent. The morphology of composites is studied by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Welocme to ViralQR, your best QR code generator.ViralQR
Welcome to ViralQR, your best QR code generator available on the market!
At ViralQR, we design static and dynamic QR codes. Our mission is to make business operations easier and customer engagement more powerful through the use of QR technology. Be it a small-scale business or a huge enterprise, our easy-to-use platform provides multiple choices that can be tailored according to your company's branding and marketing strategies.
Our Vision
We are here to make the process of creating QR codes easy and smooth, thus enhancing customer interaction and making business more fluid. We very strongly believe in the ability of QR codes to change the world for businesses in their interaction with customers and are set on making that technology accessible and usable far and wide.
Our Achievements
Ever since its inception, we have successfully served many clients by offering QR codes in their marketing, service delivery, and collection of feedback across various industries. Our platform has been recognized for its ease of use and amazing features, which helped a business to make QR codes.
Our Services
At ViralQR, here is a comprehensive suite of services that caters to your very needs:
Static QR Codes: Create free static QR codes. These QR codes are able to store significant information such as URLs, vCards, plain text, emails and SMS, Wi-Fi credentials, and Bitcoin addresses.
Dynamic QR codes: These also have all the advanced features but are subscription-based. They can directly link to PDF files, images, micro-landing pages, social accounts, review forms, business pages, and applications. In addition, they can be branded with CTAs, frames, patterns, colors, and logos to enhance your branding.
Pricing and Packages
Additionally, there is a 14-day free offer to ViralQR, which is an exceptional opportunity for new users to take a feel of this platform. One can easily subscribe from there and experience the full dynamic of using QR codes. The subscription plans are not only meant for business; they are priced very flexibly so that literally every business could afford to benefit from our service.
Why choose us?
ViralQR will provide services for marketing, advertising, catering, retail, and the like. The QR codes can be posted on fliers, packaging, merchandise, and banners, as well as to substitute for cash and cards in a restaurant or coffee shop. With QR codes integrated into your business, improve customer engagement and streamline operations.
Comprehensive Analytics
Subscribers of ViralQR receive detailed analytics and tracking tools in light of having a view of the core values of QR code performance. Our analytics dashboard shows aggregate views and unique views, as well as detailed information about each impression, including time, device, browser, and estimated location by city and country.
So, thank you for choosing ViralQR; we have an offer of nothing but the best in terms of QR code services to meet business diversity!
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
FIDO Alliance Osaka Seminar: Passkeys at Amazon.pdf
D44081723
1. Nisarg M. Trivedi et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 4( Version 7), April 2014, pp.17-23
www.ijera.com 17 | P a g e
Improvement of Surface Finish by Vibration Control in Machine
Tool Using Composite Material
Nisarg M. Trivedi*, Prof. J. R. Mevada**
*Student, M.Tech, (Department of mechanical engineering, ganpat university, kherva-384012),
**Associate prof., (Department of mechanical engineering, ganpat university, kherva-384012)
Abstract
In milling machine the main problem is vibration in machine tool which affects on quality of machined part.
Hence these vibrations needed to suppressed during machining. Aim of study is to control different parameters
like thickness of composite plates, cutting speed and depth of cut which affects on response like amplitude
(acceleration) of vibration and surface roughness of machined part. In present work machine tool vibration on
slotted table horizontal milling machine have been reduced using composites. In this work glass fiber epoxy
plates and glass fiber polyester plates are used as composites. Initially holes are drilled on each composite plate.
Mild steel plate is placed on the composite plates and setup is fixed to the table of horizontal milling machine
using nuts and bolts. A milling operation is carried out. Amplitude (acceleration) of vibration is recorded on the
screen of vibxpert signal analyzer and Surface roughness of machined mild steel plate is measured by tr110
surface roughness tester machine.
Keywords- horizontal milling machine, composite materials (glass fiber epoxy and glass fiber polyester
plates), vibxpert signal analyzer, tr110 surface roughness tester machine.
I. Introduction
Milling is the most common form of
machining, a material removal process, which can
create variety of features on part by cutting away the
material. In horizontal milling machine tool vibration
occurs during machining process because of in
homogeneous work piece material, disturbance in
work piece or tool and variation of chip cross section.
Effects of these vibration include reduction in tool
life, improper surface finish and unwanted noise in
machine tool. In order to suppressed these vibration,
composite materials have been used. In present work
glass fiber epoxy plates and glass fiber polyester
plates used as composite material. Fiber glass also
called glass reinforced plastic (GRP) or FRP is a fiber
reinforced polymer made of plastic matrix reinforced
by fine fibers of glass. Epoxy is thermosetting
polymer formed from reaction of an epoxide with
polyamine. Epoxies are known for their excellent
adhesion and excellent mechanical property.
Polyester is category of polymers which contain ester
functional group of main chain. Depending on
chemical structure polyester is can be thermoplastic.
In this study composites have been utilized as bed to
work piece because of its excellent damping
characteristics and also it act as vibration absorber.
Sung-kyum cho, Hyun-jun kim, Seung-hwan chang
[1] shows application of polymer composites to the
table top machine tool components for higher
stiffness and reduced weight. To determine the
specification of composite material vibration test
were carried out.. Amir Rashid, cornel mihai
nicolescu [2] work carried out for Active vibration
control in palletized work holding system for milling.
Palletized work holding system, due to their compact
design, offer an opportunity to design active control
system that are economical and easier to implement
in the case of milling machine. Xinhua long , hao
jiang, guang meng [3] presented active vibration
control for peripheral milling processes. In this
system work piece is driven by specially designed
active stage to control relative vibration between the
tool and work piece during milling process. Paper
presented by C.Andesson, M.Andersson, J.E.stahl [4]
shows experimental studies of cutting force variation
in face milling. Paper presented by Yang shaohong,
Wang anwen, Hu mingyong [5] shows damping
properties of viscoelastic laminated plates with an
unconstrained fiber reinforced layer. Using fiber
reinforced viscoelastic layer has little affect on the
nondimensional frequency, but can affectively
improve the damping characteristics and reduce the
resonance amplitude. Jean-Marie Berthelot,
Mustapha assarar, Youssef sefrani, Abderrahim EI
Mahi [6] work carried out for damping analysis of
composite materials and structures. This paper is
develop synthesis of damping analysis of laminated
materials, laminated with interleaved viscoelastic and
sandwich material. Paper presented by D.I.Kim,
S.C.Jung, J.E.Lee, S.H.Chang [7] shows parametric
study on design of composite foam resign concrete
sandwich structure for precision machine tool
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Nisarg M. Trivedi et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 4( Version 7), April 2014, pp.17-23
www.ijera.com 18 | P a g e
structures. Ding Jiangmin [8] presented composite
concrete bed for CNC machine tool. Paper shows two
important functional requirement of CNC machine
tool bed are high structural stiffness and high
damping. Dr. Muhannad Z. khelifa, Hayder Moasa
Al-shukri [9] presented fatigue study on E –glass
fiber reinforced polyester composite under fully
reversed loading and spectrum loading. Result of
fatigue test show that the uniaxial composite has the
highest strength and fatigue degradation is also
highest. Paper presented by J.P.Talbot and
J.Woodhouse [10] work carried out for the vibration
damping of laminated plates. Paper presented by
C.Y.Huang , J- J Junz wang [11] shows effect of
cutting conditions on dynamic cutting factor and
process damping in milling.
II. Experimental work
Purpose of experimental work was to
reducing vibration during machining process. Glass
fiber epoxy and glass fiber polyester plates used as
composite material during experiment. Milling
experiment were conducted on the mild steel work
specimen mounted on two different type of
composite materials during machining process. The
experimental work was performed for work specimen
of mild steel and composite plates is
150mm×150mm×6mm.
Figure1. mild steel plate placed on composite plate
bolted to slotted table of milling machine
Glass fiber epoxy and glass fiber polyester plates
below mild steel plate is tightly bolted on table of
milling machine. Accelerometer is placed on mild
steel during machining operation. The response
signal amplitude (acceleration) is recorded and stored
in vibxpert signal analyzer. Then thickness of
composite plate is increased and observation are
recorded. Experiment are conducted for 6mm, 12mm
and 18 mm thickness of composite plates
respectively. After machining of MS plate the surface
roughness was measured by tr110 surface roughness
tester machine. For the experiment, total three
parameters are selected. These machining parameter
and their levels are shown in table 1.
Table 1. machining parameter and their level
Level Cutting
speed
(in rpm)
Thickness of
composite
plate
(in mm)
Depth of
cut
(in mm)
1 50 6 0.1
2 85 12 0.2
3 150 18 0.3
III. Result and Discussion
Minitab generated design is used with three
levels of each three factors. The number of
experiment was 27 each set of composite material
(glass fiber epoxy and glass fiber polyester).
Parameters like thickness of composite plate, cutting
speed and depth of cut affects on response parameter
like amplitude (acceleration) and surface roughness
shown in below table.
Table 2: Experimental result for glass fiber epoxy and glass fiber polyester composite plates
Glass fiber epoxy Glass fiber polyester
Run
order
Pt
type
Blocks Speed
(in
RPM)
Thickness
(in mm)
Depth
of cut
(in
mm)
Amplitude
(Acceleration)
in m/s2
Surface
roughness
(Ra)
in µm
Amplitude
(Acceleration)
in m/s2
Surface
roughness
(Ra)
in µm
1 1 1 50 18 0.3 0.259 1.58 0.269 2.19
2 1 1 50 12 0.1 0.240 1.86 0.319 2.16
3 1 1 150 18 0.3 0.298 2.01 0.662 2.41
4 1 1 50 12 0.3 0.236 2.43 0.170 2.64
5 1 1 150 18 0.1 0.834 1.34 0.499 2.04
6 1 1 50 6 0.2 0.231 2.53 0.427 2.68
7 1 1 50 6 0.3 0.231 2.28 0.335 2.34
8 1 1 85 12 0.3 0.214 2.72 0.319 2.38
9 1 1 150 18 0.2 0.621 1.62 0.670 2.28
10 1 1 150 6 0.3 1.567 2.67 1.194 2.72
3. Nisarg M. Trivedi et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 4( Version 7), April 2014, pp.17-23
www.ijera.com 19 | P a g e
11 1 1 85 6 0.1 0.440 2.32 0.376 1.87
12 1 1 150 6 0.1 0.977 2.21 0.498 2.09
13 1 1 85 6 0.2 0.469 2.69 0.695 2.06
14 1 1 50 18 0.2 0.262 2.18 0.301 2.35
15 1 1 150 12 0.3 1.039 2.00 0.781 2.53
16 1 1 50 12 0.2 0.246 2.07 0.173 2.58
17 1 1 85 18 0.1 0.162 1.48 0.482 1.96
18 1 1 50 6 0.1 0.443 2.18 0.227 2.12
19 1 1 85 18 0.2 0.356 1.76 0.352 2.28
20 1 1 85 12 0.2 0.147 2.28 0.515 2.44
21 1 1 150 12 0.1 0.392 2.43 0.274 2.48
22 1 1 50 18 0.1 0.335 1.32 0.214 1.93
23 1 1 150 12 0.2 0.482 2.40 0.437 2.36
24 1 1 150 6 0.2 1.142 2.40 0.862 2.54
25 1 1 85 12 0.1 0.141 2.13 0.752 2.27
26 1 1 85 18 0.3 0.760 2.03 0.511 2.53
27 1 1 85 6 0.3 0.564 2.88 0.883 2.68
3.1 Result and analysis for glass fiber epoxy
3.1.1 influence of amplitude
Result from 27 machining trial for glass
fiber epoxy performed as per experimental shown in
below.
Figure 2. main effect plot for amplitude
(acceleration)
Main effect plot for amplitude
(acceleration). During machining process there are
different parameter affected like cutting speed, depth
of cut and thickness. This fig. 2 indicate that
amplitude is increased with increasing cutting speed
and depth of cut. In figure amplitude is decreased
with increasing thickness of material so thickness is
inversely proportional to amplitude.
Figure 3: normplots of residual for amplitude
(acceleration)
Figure 4: residual vs fits for amplitude
The normal probability plot of the residuals
and the plot of the residual versus the predicted
response for amplitude are shown above. The normal
probability plot of the show that, the residual fall on
near or straight line. This refers that errors are
distributed normally. residuals versus the predicted
response plot reveal that there is no obvious pattern
and unusual structure. This implies that the model
4. Nisarg M. Trivedi et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 4( Version 7), April 2014, pp.17-23
www.ijera.com 20 | P a g e
proposed is adequate. From table 3 it can be
concluded that the P-value is less than 0.05 which
means that the model is significant at 95% confident
level. P value is define probability value.
Table 3: analysis of variance for amplitude
Sourc
e
DF Seq
ss
Adj ss Adj
MS
F P
Cuttin
g
speed
2 1.522
29
1.5222
9
0.76
115
13.4
1
0.000
Thick
ness
2 0.513
67
0.5136
7
0.25
684
4.52 0.024
Depth
of cut
2 0.108
10
0.1081
0
0.05
405
0.95 0.403
Error 20 1.135
60
1.1356
0
0.05
678
Total 26 3.279
66
3.1.2 influence of surface roughness
Figure 5: main effect plot for surface roughness
Main effect plot for surface roughness
shown in fig.5. This fig. indicates that cutting speed
is first increased than slightly decreased. It is
inversely proportional to amplitude. Depth of cut
increased and thickness is decreased.
Figure 6: normplot of residual for surface roughness
Figure 7: residual vs fits for surface roughness
The normal probability plot of the residuals and the
plot of residuals versus the predicted response for
surface roughness are shown. A check on probability
plot of the show that, the residual fall or near straight
line. This refers errors are distributed normally.
residuals versus the predicted response plot reveal
that there is no obvious pattern and unusual structure.
This implies that the model proposed is adequate.
The constant variance assumption can be checked
with residual versus fits plot. A common pattern is
that the residual increases as the fitted value
increases. Table 4 shows P-value is less than 0.05
which means that the model is significant at 95%
confident level.
Table 4.analysis of variance for surface roughness
source DF Seq
ss
Adj ss Adj
MS
F P
Cuttin
g
speed
2 0.198
01
0.1980
1
0.099
00
2.1
1
0.1
48
Thickn
ess
2 2.784
12
2.7841
2
1.392
06
29.
63
0.0
00
Depth
of cut
2 0.689
39
0.6893
9
0.344
69
7.3
4
0.0
04
Error 20 0.939
47
0.9394
7
0.046
97
total 26 4.610
99
3.2 Result and analysis for glass fiber polyester
3.2.1 influence of amplitude
Result from 27 machining trial for glass
fiber polyester performed as per experimental shown
in below.
5. Nisarg M. Trivedi et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 4( Version 7), April 2014, pp.17-23
www.ijera.com 21 | P a g e
Figure 8.main effect plot for amplitude (acceleration)
During machining process there are different
parameter effected like cutting speed, depth of cut
and thickness. This fig. 8 indicates that amplitude is
increased with increasing cutting speed and depth of
cut. Then amplitude is decreased with increasing
thickness.
Figure 9. normplots of residual for amplitude
(acceleration)
Figure 10: residual vs fits for amplitude
Normal probability plot of the residuals and
the plot of the residual versus the predicted response
for amplitude are shown above. The normal
probability plot of the show that, the residual fall on
near or straight line. This refers that errors are
distributed normally. residuals versus the predicted
response plot reveal that there is no obvious pattern
and unusual structure. Following table 5 shows P-
value is less than 0.05 which means that the model is
significant at 95% confident level.
Table 5. analysis of variance for amplitude
Source D
F
Seq
ss
Adj
ss
Adj
MS
F P
Cutting
speed
2 0.69
755
0.69
755
0.348
78
11.
17
0.00
1
Thickne
ss
2 0.20
362
0.20
362
0.101
81
3.2
6
0.05
9
Depth
of cut
2 0.12
236
0.12
236
0.061
18
1.9
6
0.16
7
Error 20 0.62
425
0.62
425
0.031
21
Total 26 1.64
779
3.2.2 influence of surface roughness
Figure 11: main effect plot for surface roughness
Main effect plot for surface roughness
shown in fig.11. This is indicates that cutting speed is
decreased than slightly increased. Depth of cut is
increased and thickness is inversely proportional to
cutting speed.
Figure 12: normplot of residual for surface roughness
6. Nisarg M. Trivedi et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 4( Version 7), April 2014, pp.17-23
www.ijera.com 22 | P a g e
Figure 13. residual vs fits for surface roughness
Normal probability plot of the residuals and
the plot of residuals versus the predicted response for
surface roughness are shown. A check on probability
plot of the show that, the residual fall or near straight
line. This refers errors are distributed normally.
residuals versus the predicted response plot reveal
that there is no obvious pattern and unusual structure.
This implies that the model proposed is adequate.
Table 6 P-value is less than 0.05 which means that
the model is significant at 95% confident level.
Table 6.analysis of variance for surface roughness
Sourc
e
DF Seq
ss
Adj
ss
Adj
MS
F P
Cuttin
g
speed
2 0.053
42
0.053
42
0.02
671
0.96 0.40
1
Thick
ness
2 0.197
09
0.197
09
0.09
854
3.53 0.04
9
Depth
of cut
2 0.740
56
0.740
56
0.37
028
13.2
7
0.00
0
Error 20 0.557
93
0.557
93
0.02
790
Total 26 1.549
00
3.3 Discussion
Amplitude (acceleration) is increased with
increasing speed that indicates tool and work
piece is rigidly supported to each other. If work
piece is unsecured means not securely clamped
on table then friction of milling may cause it to
shift and alter the desired cuts.
Amplitude (acceleration) is increased with
increasing depth of cut that depends on tool life.
As tool is used then teeth will wear down and
become dull. A dull cutter is less capable of
making precision cuts.
Amplitude (acceleration) is decreased with
increasing thickness. With increasing thickness
of material vibration effect is reduced. If
vibration is unbalanced then there are several
factors affected like manual feed, improper
bolted joint during experiment.
Roughness is increased with speed then
decreased. Decreasing of surface roughness
define better surface finish. If tool wear
produced during increasing of cutting speed then
surface finish is improper.
Roughness is increased with increasing depth of
cut that depend on work piece quality. If work
piece quality is poor that defines poor surface
finishing.
Roughness decreasing with increasing thickness
which define better surface finish. If machine
tool should not sufficiently strong then it
increase the deflection during cutting which
affect on surface finishing.
IV. Conclusion
This experimental work improve the surface
quality of work piece by reducing vibration of
horizontal milling machine tool using two different
composite materials glass fiber epoxy and glass fiber
polyester.
In present work, two different types of composite
materials glass fiber epoxy and glass fiber
polyester used below the work piece. composite
materials reduces the vibrations of the system
during experimental observation. With increase
in thickness of composites the vibrations are
decreased.
During experiment out of the two materials,
amplitudes obtained are less for Glass fiber
epoxy material. Therefore, it can be concluded
that Glass fiber epoxy material can be used for
machine tool structures to reduce the effects of
vibrations.
The decrease of vibration amplitude has been
observed with increase of thickness between
table and work piece for glass fiber epoxy but for
glass fiber polyester vibration increases during
experiment.
Main effect plot and normal probability plot of
amplitude and surface roughness shows that
variation of response parameter with respect to
controllable parameter which define glass fiber
epoxy has better accuracy than glass fiber
polyester.
So it can be conclude that glass fiber epoxy is
more useful than glass fiber polyester to reduce
vibration effect.
References
[1] Sung-kyum cho, Hyun-jun kim, Seung-hwan
chang, The application of polymer
composites to the table top machine tool
components for higher stiffness and reduced
7. Nisarg M. Trivedi et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 4( Version 7), April 2014, pp.17-23
www.ijera.com 23 | P a g e
weight, composite structure 93 (2011) 492-
501.
[2] Amir Rashid, cornel Mihai Nicolescu,
Active vibration control in palletized work
holding system for milling , International
Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture
46 (2006) 1626–1636.
[3] Xinhua Long, Hao Jiang, Guang Meng,
Active vibration control for peripheral
milling processes, Journal of Materials
Processing Technology 213 (2013) 660–
670.
[4] C.Andesson, M.Andersson, J.E.stahl,
experimental studies of cutting force
variation in face milling, International
journal of machine tool and manufacture 51
(2011) 67-76.
[5] Yang shaohong, Wang anwen, Hu
mingyong, damping properties of
viscoelastic laminated plates with an
unconstrained fiber reinforced layer, 2011
Third International Conference on
Measuring Technology and Mechatronics
Automation.
[6] Jean-Marie Berthelot, Mustapha assarar,
Youssef sefrani, Abderrahim EI Mahi,
damping analysis of composite materials
and structures, composite structures 85
(2008) 189-204.
[7] D.I.Kim, S.C.Jung, J.E.Lee, S.H.Chang,
parametric study on design of composite
foam resign concrete sandwich structure for
precision machine tool structures,
Composite Structures 75 (2006) 408–414.
[8] Ding Jiangmin, composite concrete bed for
CNC machine tool, 2010 International
Conference on Measuring Technology and
Mechatronics Automation.
[9] Dr. Muhannad Z. Khelifa, Hayder Moasa
Al-Shukri, fatigue study on E –glass fiber
reinforced polyester composite under fully
reversed loading and spectrum loading,
Eng.& Technology, Vol. 26, No.10, 2008.
[10] J.P.Talbot and J.Woodhouse, vibration
damping of laminated plates, Composites
Part A 28A (1997) 1007-1012.
[11] C.Y.Huang , J- J Junz wang, effect of
cutting conditions on dynamic cutting factor
and process damping in milling,
International journal of machine tool and
manufacturing 51 (2011) 320-330.