The document discusses different types of transmission media used in data communication. It describes various guided media like twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, fiber optic cables and their characteristics. It also discusses unguided media like radio waves, microwave transmission and infrared transmission. The document explains concepts like multiplexing, network switching techniques including circuit switching, message switching and packet switching. It provides an overview of computer networks, defining a computer network and describing applications of networks.
Communication involves a sender encoding a message and sending it through a medium to a receiver. It requires a sender, receiver, message, and medium. Common mediums include twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, fiber optics, radio waves, infrared, microwaves, and satellites. Twisted pair is commonly used for analog and digital transmission over short distances. Coaxial cable and fiber optics can transmit over longer distances due to better shielding and bandwidth. Wireless technologies like radio, infrared, and microwaves are used for line-of-sight transmission without cables. Satellites are used when direct transmission is not possible due to obstacles like the curvature of the Earth.
Wired transmission media includes twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, and optical fiber cables. It provides physically constrained signal propagation with little interference. Wired networks are highly compatible, reliable, secure, and can transmit data at faster speeds compared to wireless networks. However, wireless networks have become more prevalent in everyday devices due to their convenience over wired networks.
This document provides an outline for a lecture on data communication and computer networks. It covers networking fundamentals and each layer of the OSI model, including the physical layer, data link layer, network layer, transport layer, and application layer. For the physical layer, it discusses different transmission media such as twisted pair, coaxial cable, optical fiber, and wireless. It provides details on technologies like Ethernet, DSL, and fiber optic cable. The data link layer section covers terminology and the role of the link layer in transferring data between adjacent nodes.
Communication and networking for class 12.pptxnesia7885
Network and Communication refer to the interconnected systems and devices that enable the transfer of data and information between various endpoints. The main components of a network and communication system include hardware devices such as computers, routers, switches, and modems, and software protocols that govern the flow of data between these devices.
This document provides an overview of computer networking concepts including:
- Types of network topologies such as star, bus, ring, and mesh.
- Transmission media like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, optical fiber, radio waves, and satellite links.
- Network devices, protocols, wireless computing, internetworking terms, open source software, security, and viruses.
This document discusses communication media and data transmission. It covers topics such as analog and digital signals, transmission basics, networking media like coaxial cable, twisted-pair cable, fiber-optic cable, and wireless transmission methods. It compares different media types and provides an overview of concepts like throughput, bandwidth, latency, attenuation, and noise. It also discusses topics like data modulation, transmission direction, multiplexing, and the physical layer standards for Ethernet networks.
1) There are two main categories of transmission media - guided and unguided. Guided media uses cabling to guide signals along a path, while unguided media transmits electromagnetic waves without a physical conductor.
2) Common guided media include twisted pair, coaxial cable, and optical fiber. Twisted pair has low bandwidth and is susceptible to interference, while coaxial cable and optical fiber can transmit signals over longer distances and have greater bandwidth.
3) Unguided or wireless transmission uses radio waves, microwaves, and infrared to transmit signals through the air without a physical path. It is available to anyone who can receive the signals.
Communication involves a sender encoding a message and sending it through a medium to a receiver. It requires a sender, receiver, message, and medium. Common mediums include twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, fiber optics, radio waves, infrared, microwaves, and satellites. Twisted pair is commonly used for analog and digital transmission over short distances. Coaxial cable and fiber optics can transmit over longer distances due to better shielding and bandwidth. Wireless technologies like radio, infrared, and microwaves are used for line-of-sight transmission without cables. Satellites are used when direct transmission is not possible due to obstacles like the curvature of the Earth.
Wired transmission media includes twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, and optical fiber cables. It provides physically constrained signal propagation with little interference. Wired networks are highly compatible, reliable, secure, and can transmit data at faster speeds compared to wireless networks. However, wireless networks have become more prevalent in everyday devices due to their convenience over wired networks.
This document provides an outline for a lecture on data communication and computer networks. It covers networking fundamentals and each layer of the OSI model, including the physical layer, data link layer, network layer, transport layer, and application layer. For the physical layer, it discusses different transmission media such as twisted pair, coaxial cable, optical fiber, and wireless. It provides details on technologies like Ethernet, DSL, and fiber optic cable. The data link layer section covers terminology and the role of the link layer in transferring data between adjacent nodes.
Communication and networking for class 12.pptxnesia7885
Network and Communication refer to the interconnected systems and devices that enable the transfer of data and information between various endpoints. The main components of a network and communication system include hardware devices such as computers, routers, switches, and modems, and software protocols that govern the flow of data between these devices.
This document provides an overview of computer networking concepts including:
- Types of network topologies such as star, bus, ring, and mesh.
- Transmission media like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, optical fiber, radio waves, and satellite links.
- Network devices, protocols, wireless computing, internetworking terms, open source software, security, and viruses.
This document discusses communication media and data transmission. It covers topics such as analog and digital signals, transmission basics, networking media like coaxial cable, twisted-pair cable, fiber-optic cable, and wireless transmission methods. It compares different media types and provides an overview of concepts like throughput, bandwidth, latency, attenuation, and noise. It also discusses topics like data modulation, transmission direction, multiplexing, and the physical layer standards for Ethernet networks.
1) There are two main categories of transmission media - guided and unguided. Guided media uses cabling to guide signals along a path, while unguided media transmits electromagnetic waves without a physical conductor.
2) Common guided media include twisted pair, coaxial cable, and optical fiber. Twisted pair has low bandwidth and is susceptible to interference, while coaxial cable and optical fiber can transmit signals over longer distances and have greater bandwidth.
3) Unguided or wireless transmission uses radio waves, microwaves, and infrared to transmit signals through the air without a physical path. It is available to anyone who can receive the signals.
Chapter 1 computer networking Class 12thHarsh Mathur
A computer network connects multiple devices together to share resources and exchange data. Common network types include personal area networks (PANs) covering small areas up to 10 meters, local area networks (LANs) spanning small offices or homes, and wide area networks (WANs) connecting larger geographic areas. Devices communicate over the network via wired or wireless transmission using various protocols like TCP/IP. Common networking devices that help establish and maintain connections include switches, routers, and wireless access points.
The document discusses various types of transmission media used in computer networks. It describes guided media such as twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and optical fiber. Twisted pair cable comes in categories based on bandwidth and can be unshielded or shielded. Coaxial cable uses a central conductor surrounded by insulation and shielding. Optical fiber transmits signals in the form of light pulses through glass or plastic strands. Unguided media like radio waves, microwaves, and infrared waves transmit electromagnetic signals through the air without physical conductors. Each type of transmission media has characteristics like bandwidth, noise immunity, and cost that make some more suitable than others for different network applications.
This document discusses different types of transmission media used for data communication. It describes guided media like twisted pair wires, coaxial cables, and optical fibers. It also covers wireless or unguided media such as terrestrial microwave, satellite microwave, broadcast radio, and infrared. For each medium, it provides details on characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. The key factors that affect the quality of a transmission medium are its bandwidth, interference levels, and transmission impairments. Optical fiber has the highest bandwidth capacity but was initially more expensive over short distances.
The document provides an overview of network fundamentals including basic concepts in communication, network structures and topologies, transmission mediums such as twisted pair cables, coaxial cable, and optical fibers, and network protocols. It describes essential components for communication including a message, transmitter, transmission medium, receiver, and destination. Common network topologies like bus, star, ring and variations are explained. Characteristics of different cabling options are also outlined.
The document discusses various topics related to computer networks including network topologies, physical transmission mediums like twisted pair, coaxial cable and optical fiber, wireless transmission methods like radio waves and infrared, networking devices, internet protocols, and the growth and structure of the internet. It provides information on common network architectures, technologies, and software used to connect devices globally.
Transmission Media, Guided and unguided transmission mediaadnanqayum
Transmission Media and its types, Guided and unguided transmission media with examples (guided = (i) Twisted pair cable (ii) Coaxial cable (iii) Fiber optical cable, unguided = (i) Radio wave (ii) Microwave (iii) Infra-red wave)
Digital Data Transmission Medium of Digital Networks and Telecommunications describing every aspects, advantages and disadvantages of the ways of transferring information between sender and receiver.
This document provides an overview of telecommunication systems and network topologies. It discusses analog and digital signals, guided media like twisted pair, coaxial cable and fiber optics, and unguided media such as microwave, satellite and radio communication. It also describes common network topologies including bus, ring, star and mesh, and different types of networks like LAN, MAN and WAN. Specific LAN protocols and technologies covered include Ethernet, Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet. Peer-to-peer networks and examples of MAN and WAN uses are also summarized.
Basics of data communication and computer networking (262 kb)IMRAN KHAN
The document discusses the basics of data communication and computer networking. It introduces data communication as the process of transporting data from one point to another using networks. Networks are communication systems designed to convey information from a point of origin to a point of destination. The key components of a data communication system include a transmitter that sends the message, a receiver that receives the message, a communication medium that carries the message, the message itself, and a communication protocol. Computer networks allow for the sharing of resources between connected computers.
Communication technologies & devicesAmril Huda
This document provides information on various communication technologies and network concepts. It defines communication as the transfer of meaningful information between a sender and recipient using a medium. It then discusses digital communication and defines key terms like frequency, wavelength, bits, bytes, and bandwidth. The document outlines different communication technologies used in telemedicine like ISDN, VPN, broadband internet, mobile networks, leased lines, VSAT, telephone lines, and short-range networks. It also discusses network topologies, cable types, and common network devices like routers, switches, and hubs.
Transmission media carry signals from sender to receiver. Guided media use physical paths like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable. Unguided or wireless media transmit signals through the air using radio waves, microwaves, or infrared without a physical path. Guided media are classified based on the material used and include twisted pair, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable. Each type has different characteristics, applications, advantages, and disadvantages for data transmission.
This document discusses different types of transmission media used for data communication. It describes guided media such as twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, and fiber optic cables. It also covers unguided or wireless media such as radio waves, microwaves, and infrared. For each medium, it provides details on their characteristics, applications, advantages and disadvantages. The document aims to classify and explain the basic concepts of different transmission media and their use in data communication networks.
This document summarizes different aspects of data communication including analogue vs digital signals, the basic needs of data communication like messages and protocols, different transmission mediums like cables, microwaves and satellites. It also discusses computer networks based on geographical area like LAN, WAN, MAN and the internet. Finally, it covers different network topologies like hierarchical, bus, star, ring and hybrid along with their advantages and disadvantages.
Transmission media enable computers and other devices to communicate by transmitting signals carrying information. There are two main types: guided media, which uses physical paths like cables, and unguided media, which transmits electromagnetic waves through air. Characteristics of transmission media that impact communication quality include bandwidth, interference levels, and transmission impairments like attenuation and distortion. Common guided media include twisted pair, coaxial, and fiber optic cables, while common unguided media include radio, microwave, and satellite transmissions. The choice of transmission medium depends on factors like data transmission needs, costs, and installation considerations.
A network consists of 2 or more connected computers that can share resources and information. Networks can be classified based on transmission media, size, management method, and topology. Transmission media is the physical path between transmitter and receiver, and includes wired options like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and optical fiber cable as well as wireless options like radio waves, microwaves, and infrared waves. Wired transmission media is confined to a pathway using physical links while wireless transmission does not require a physical medium.
The document discusses various networking, telecommunications, and mobile technologies important for business. It defines different types of networks including LANs, WANs, and MANs. It also covers network basics like architecture, protocols, media, and topologies. Wireless technologies like Wi-Fi, WiMAX, Bluetooth, and cellular are described along with how they enable increased business mobility. Security of business networks is also addressed.
This chapter discusses transmission basics and networking media. It describes analog and digital signaling, modulation, transmission direction, multiplexing, throughput and bandwidth, baseband and broadband transmission, flaws like noise and attenuation, and characteristics of common media like coaxial cable, twisted-pair cable, fiber-optic cable, and wireless transmission. It also covers topics like cable installation, management, and choosing the right transmission medium based on factors like environment, distance, security, and growth needs.
This document summarizes different types of transmission media, including guided (wired) and unguided (wireless) media. It describes twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, fiber optic cables, radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, and satellite communication. For each medium, it provides details on frequency range, applications, advantages and disadvantages. The document was submitted by computer science students to their lecturer as part of a guided transmission media topic.
This document is a chapter from a textbook on management information systems. It discusses how businesses use information systems to solve problems, make decisions and be successful. It defines key terms like data, information and systems. It also describes different types of information systems used in businesses like transaction processing systems, supply chain management systems, and systems used in accounting, finance, marketing and human resources. Finally, it discusses career opportunities in information technology fields and some societal concerns with widespread IT use.
Chapter 1 computer networking Class 12thHarsh Mathur
A computer network connects multiple devices together to share resources and exchange data. Common network types include personal area networks (PANs) covering small areas up to 10 meters, local area networks (LANs) spanning small offices or homes, and wide area networks (WANs) connecting larger geographic areas. Devices communicate over the network via wired or wireless transmission using various protocols like TCP/IP. Common networking devices that help establish and maintain connections include switches, routers, and wireless access points.
The document discusses various types of transmission media used in computer networks. It describes guided media such as twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and optical fiber. Twisted pair cable comes in categories based on bandwidth and can be unshielded or shielded. Coaxial cable uses a central conductor surrounded by insulation and shielding. Optical fiber transmits signals in the form of light pulses through glass or plastic strands. Unguided media like radio waves, microwaves, and infrared waves transmit electromagnetic signals through the air without physical conductors. Each type of transmission media has characteristics like bandwidth, noise immunity, and cost that make some more suitable than others for different network applications.
This document discusses different types of transmission media used for data communication. It describes guided media like twisted pair wires, coaxial cables, and optical fibers. It also covers wireless or unguided media such as terrestrial microwave, satellite microwave, broadcast radio, and infrared. For each medium, it provides details on characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. The key factors that affect the quality of a transmission medium are its bandwidth, interference levels, and transmission impairments. Optical fiber has the highest bandwidth capacity but was initially more expensive over short distances.
The document provides an overview of network fundamentals including basic concepts in communication, network structures and topologies, transmission mediums such as twisted pair cables, coaxial cable, and optical fibers, and network protocols. It describes essential components for communication including a message, transmitter, transmission medium, receiver, and destination. Common network topologies like bus, star, ring and variations are explained. Characteristics of different cabling options are also outlined.
The document discusses various topics related to computer networks including network topologies, physical transmission mediums like twisted pair, coaxial cable and optical fiber, wireless transmission methods like radio waves and infrared, networking devices, internet protocols, and the growth and structure of the internet. It provides information on common network architectures, technologies, and software used to connect devices globally.
Transmission Media, Guided and unguided transmission mediaadnanqayum
Transmission Media and its types, Guided and unguided transmission media with examples (guided = (i) Twisted pair cable (ii) Coaxial cable (iii) Fiber optical cable, unguided = (i) Radio wave (ii) Microwave (iii) Infra-red wave)
Digital Data Transmission Medium of Digital Networks and Telecommunications describing every aspects, advantages and disadvantages of the ways of transferring information between sender and receiver.
This document provides an overview of telecommunication systems and network topologies. It discusses analog and digital signals, guided media like twisted pair, coaxial cable and fiber optics, and unguided media such as microwave, satellite and radio communication. It also describes common network topologies including bus, ring, star and mesh, and different types of networks like LAN, MAN and WAN. Specific LAN protocols and technologies covered include Ethernet, Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet. Peer-to-peer networks and examples of MAN and WAN uses are also summarized.
Basics of data communication and computer networking (262 kb)IMRAN KHAN
The document discusses the basics of data communication and computer networking. It introduces data communication as the process of transporting data from one point to another using networks. Networks are communication systems designed to convey information from a point of origin to a point of destination. The key components of a data communication system include a transmitter that sends the message, a receiver that receives the message, a communication medium that carries the message, the message itself, and a communication protocol. Computer networks allow for the sharing of resources between connected computers.
Communication technologies & devicesAmril Huda
This document provides information on various communication technologies and network concepts. It defines communication as the transfer of meaningful information between a sender and recipient using a medium. It then discusses digital communication and defines key terms like frequency, wavelength, bits, bytes, and bandwidth. The document outlines different communication technologies used in telemedicine like ISDN, VPN, broadband internet, mobile networks, leased lines, VSAT, telephone lines, and short-range networks. It also discusses network topologies, cable types, and common network devices like routers, switches, and hubs.
Transmission media carry signals from sender to receiver. Guided media use physical paths like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable. Unguided or wireless media transmit signals through the air using radio waves, microwaves, or infrared without a physical path. Guided media are classified based on the material used and include twisted pair, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable. Each type has different characteristics, applications, advantages, and disadvantages for data transmission.
This document discusses different types of transmission media used for data communication. It describes guided media such as twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, and fiber optic cables. It also covers unguided or wireless media such as radio waves, microwaves, and infrared. For each medium, it provides details on their characteristics, applications, advantages and disadvantages. The document aims to classify and explain the basic concepts of different transmission media and their use in data communication networks.
This document summarizes different aspects of data communication including analogue vs digital signals, the basic needs of data communication like messages and protocols, different transmission mediums like cables, microwaves and satellites. It also discusses computer networks based on geographical area like LAN, WAN, MAN and the internet. Finally, it covers different network topologies like hierarchical, bus, star, ring and hybrid along with their advantages and disadvantages.
Transmission media enable computers and other devices to communicate by transmitting signals carrying information. There are two main types: guided media, which uses physical paths like cables, and unguided media, which transmits electromagnetic waves through air. Characteristics of transmission media that impact communication quality include bandwidth, interference levels, and transmission impairments like attenuation and distortion. Common guided media include twisted pair, coaxial, and fiber optic cables, while common unguided media include radio, microwave, and satellite transmissions. The choice of transmission medium depends on factors like data transmission needs, costs, and installation considerations.
A network consists of 2 or more connected computers that can share resources and information. Networks can be classified based on transmission media, size, management method, and topology. Transmission media is the physical path between transmitter and receiver, and includes wired options like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and optical fiber cable as well as wireless options like radio waves, microwaves, and infrared waves. Wired transmission media is confined to a pathway using physical links while wireless transmission does not require a physical medium.
The document discusses various networking, telecommunications, and mobile technologies important for business. It defines different types of networks including LANs, WANs, and MANs. It also covers network basics like architecture, protocols, media, and topologies. Wireless technologies like Wi-Fi, WiMAX, Bluetooth, and cellular are described along with how they enable increased business mobility. Security of business networks is also addressed.
This chapter discusses transmission basics and networking media. It describes analog and digital signaling, modulation, transmission direction, multiplexing, throughput and bandwidth, baseband and broadband transmission, flaws like noise and attenuation, and characteristics of common media like coaxial cable, twisted-pair cable, fiber-optic cable, and wireless transmission. It also covers topics like cable installation, management, and choosing the right transmission medium based on factors like environment, distance, security, and growth needs.
This document summarizes different types of transmission media, including guided (wired) and unguided (wireless) media. It describes twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, fiber optic cables, radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, and satellite communication. For each medium, it provides details on frequency range, applications, advantages and disadvantages. The document was submitted by computer science students to their lecturer as part of a guided transmission media topic.
This document is a chapter from a textbook on management information systems. It discusses how businesses use information systems to solve problems, make decisions and be successful. It defines key terms like data, information and systems. It also describes different types of information systems used in businesses like transaction processing systems, supply chain management systems, and systems used in accounting, finance, marketing and human resources. Finally, it discusses career opportunities in information technology fields and some societal concerns with widespread IT use.
The document discusses multithreading in Java. It covers the basics of multithreading including main threads, thread life cycles, creating multiple threads, thread priorities, synchronization, and inter-thread communication. It describes the different states a thread can be in like ready, running, blocked, and terminated. It also discusses thread priorities, synchronization techniques using monitors and messaging, and how to implement threads using the Thread class and Runnable interface.
OSI model - physical layer,Transmission medium, switching mechanisms, multipl...sandhyakiran10
The physical layer is responsible for transmitting signals over a transmission medium. It handles functions like signal encoding/decoding, synchronization, and data rates. Transmission is impaired by attenuation, distortion, and noise as signals propagate. Attenuation reduces signal strength, distortion changes signal shape, and noise corrupts signals. Theoretical maximum data rates are given by Nyquist's formula for noiseless channels and Shannon's formula for noisy channels, which depends on bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio. Higher data rates require wider bandwidths, more signal levels, or less noise.
This document is a chapter excerpt on control structures in programming. It introduces various control structures like selection statements (if/else), repetition statements (while, for), and their usage in algorithms and Java code. Pseudocode is presented as an informal way to develop algorithms without execution. Key concepts are explained like counter-controlled repetition with for loops, increment/decrement operators, and primitive data types in Java. Examples are provided of various control structures in Java code snippets like using for loops to calculate sums and compound interest.
The document provides an overview of database system concepts and architecture. It discusses the key concepts of database schema and instance, the three schema architecture consisting of the internal, conceptual and external schemas, and the goals of data independence. It also describes database languages like DDL and DML used at different levels, common DBMS interfaces, components and utilities. Finally, it covers centralized and client-server architectures and classifications of DBMS based on data model, number of users/sites, software, cost and purpose.
High level data link control and point to point protocolsandhyakiran10
HDLC and PPP are point-to-point protocols used at the data link layer. PPP provides connection management, parameter negotiation, and supports multiple network layer protocols. It is commonly used over dial-up, ADSL, and backbone networks. HDLC also supports point-to-point and multipoint connections with full-duplex communication and error detection. Both protocols use framing, error checking, and can operate over different data link technologies.
Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC).pptxsandhyakiran10
The document describes the system development life cycle (SDLC) process. It involves several key phases: problem definition, feasibility study, system analysis, system design, system development, implementation, and maintenance. In the system analysis phase, requirements are gathered through interviews, documentation review, and other techniques. System design then specifies how the system will meet requirements through elements like the user interface, data design, and process design. The system is built during development, tested, and then implemented, which may involve training, file conversion, and evaluation. Maintenance keeps the system meeting needs with ongoing support. Accountants can be involved throughout by specifying needs, testing, and using the new system.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
5. Transmission Medium
In data communication,
Transmission media is a pathway that carries the
information from sender to receiver.
We use different types of cables or waves to transmit
data.
Data is transmitted normally through electrical or
electromagnetic signals.
6. Characteristics
A good transmission medium should provide
communication with good quality at long distance.
For voice communication, quality of communication is
determined by the voice quality.
For data communication, however, the quality of
communication is mainly determined by the effective
data rate of communication.
6
8. The bandwidth of a medium determines the
signal frequencies that can be carried in the
medium.
A wide bandwidth, or broadband, usually
allows communication at a higher data rate.
8
9. Reasons For Transmission Impairence
Attenuation
Distortion during signal propagation
Noises
9
12. Twisted-pair cable
A twisted pair consists of two conductors
Basically copper based
With its own plastic insulation, twisted together.
12
13. Twisted Pair Description
Provide protection against cross talk or interference(noise)
One wire use to carry signals to the receiver
Second wire used as a ground reference
For twisting, after receiving the signal remains same.
Therefore number of twists per unit length, determines the
quality of cable.
13
15. Twisted Pair - Applications
Very common medium
Can be use in telephone network
Connection Within the buildings
For local area networks (LAN)
15
17. Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP):
Description
Pair of unshielded wires
wound around each
other
Easiest to install
17
18. Applications
UTP :
Telephone subscribers connect to the central
telephone office
DSL lines
LAN – 10Mbps or 100Mbps
18
19. UTP Cable Types
Cat 7
Cat 6
Cat 5e
Cat 5
Cat 4
Cat 3
Cat 2
Cat 1
UTP
Cat means category according to IEEE standards.
19
20. Advantages of UTP:
Affordable
Most compatible cabling
Major networking system
Disadvantages of UTP:
Suffers from external Electromagnetic interference
20
21. Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
Pair of wires wound
around each other
placed inside a protective
foil wrap
Metal braid or sheath foil
that reduces interference
Harder to handle (thick,
heavy)
21
22. STP Application
• STP is used in IBM token ring networks.
• Higher transmission rates over longer distances.
22
23. Advantages of STP:
Shielded
Faster than UTP
Disadvantages of STP:
More expensive than UTP
High attenuation rate
23
24. Co-axial cable carries signal of higher frequency ranges than twisted pair
cable
Co-axial Cable
• Inner conductor is a solid wire
• Outer conductor serves as a shield against noise and a second conductor
24
25. Coaxial Cable Applications
Most versatile medium
Television distribution
Long distance telephone transmission
Can carry 10,000 voice calls simultaneously
Short distance computer systems links
Local area networks
25
26. ADVANTAGES
Easy to wire
Easy to expand
Moderate level of Electro Magnetic Interference
DISADVANTAGE
Single cable failure can take down an entire network
Cost of installation of a coaxial cable is high due to its thickness and
stiffness
Cost of maintenance is also high
COAXIAL CABLE
26
27. Fiber-Optic Cable
A fiber optic cable is made of glass or plastic and transmit signals in the
form of light.
Nature of light:
Light travels in a straight line
If light goes from one substance to another then the ray of light changes
direction
Ray of light changes direction when goes from more dense to a lessdence
substance
27
28. Optical fiber
Uses reflection to guide
light through a channel
Core is of glass or plastic
surrounded by Cladding
Cladding is of less dense
glass or plastic
An optical fiber cable has a cylindrical shape
and consists of three concentric sections:
the core, the cladding, and the jacket(outer
part of the cable).
Jacket
28
30. Fiber – Optic cable Connectors
30
Subscriber Channel (SC) Connecter
Straight-Tip (ST) Connecter
Same szie as RJ45 connector
31. Areas of Application
Telecommunications
Local Area Networks
Cable TV
CCTV
Medical Education
31
32. Optical Fiber Advantages
Greater capacity
Example: Data rates at 100 Gbps
Smaller size & light weight
Lower attenuation
Electromagnetic isolation
More resistance to corrosive materials
Greater repeater spacing facility
Example: After every 10s of km at least
32
33. Optical Fiber Disadvantages
Installation and maintenance need expertise
Only Unidirectional light propagation
Much more expensive
33
35. Omnidirectional Antenna
Frequencies between 3 KHz
and 1 GHz.
Used for multicasts(multiple
way) communications, such as
radio and television, and
paging system.
Radio waves can penetrate
buildings easily, so that widely
use for indoors & outdoors
communication.
Unguided Media – Radio Waves
35
36. An Antenna is a structure that is generally a metallic object may be a wire
or group of wires, used to convert high frequency current into
electromagnetic waves.
Antenna are two types:
Transmission antenna
Transmit radio frequency from transmitter
Radio frequency then
Convert to electromagnetic energy by antenna
Then, radiate into surrounding environment
Reception antenna
Electromagnetic energy get in antenna
Then Antenna convert radio frequency to electrical energy
Then, Goes to receiver
same antenna can be used for both purposes
Antennas
36
37. Microwaves are ideal when large areas need to be covered
and there are no obstacles in the path
37
Microwaves
38. Micro waves Transmission
Microwaves are unidirectional
Micro waves electromagnetic waves having frequency between 1 GHZ and
300 GHZ.
There are two types of micro waves data communication system :
terrestrial and satellite
Micro waves are widely used for one to one communication between
sender and receiver,
example: cellular phone, satellite networks and in wireless
LANs(wifi), WiMAX,GPS
38
39. Infrared
Frequencies between 300 GHz to 400 THz.
Used for short-range communication
Example: Night Vision Camera, Remote control, File
sharing between two phones,
Communication between a PC and peripheral device,
39
40.
41. Multiplexing
Method of dividing physical channels into many
logical channels so that a number of independent
signals may be simultaneously transmitted
Electronic device that performs multiplexing is known
as a multiplexer.
Multiplexing enables a single transmission medium to
concurrently transmit data between several
transmitters and receivers.
43. Types of multiplexing
Frequency division multiplexing(FDM) is a
networking technique in which multiple data signals
are combined for simultaneous transmission via a
shared communication medium.
Time division multiplexing(TDM)is a technique
used for transmitting several message signals over a
single communication channel by dividing the time
slots, one slot for message channel.
46. Network switching techniques
Data is always transmitted from source to destination
through a network of intermediate nodes.
Switching techniques deal with the methods of
establishing communication links between the sender
and receiver in a communication network.
Three commonly used switching techniques are
Circuit switching: Dedicated physical path is
established between sending and receiving stations
through nodes of the network for the duration of
communication.
47. Network switching techniques
Message switching:
Sender appends receivers destination address
to the message and it is transmitted from
source to destination either by
Store-and-forward method and
Broadcast method.
48. Message switching
D
C
5
4
2
1
B
A
Store- and - forward is a telecommunications technique
in which information is sent to an intermediate station
where it is kept and sent at a later time to the final
destination or to another intermediate station
49. Message Switching
Broadcast Method– A method of sending information
over a network.
Data comes from one source and goes to all other
connected sources.
This has the side effect of congesting a medium or large
network segment very quickly.
Message
1 2 3 n
Broadcast channel
Nodes
50. Packet Switching
Packet Switching refers to technologies in which
messages are divided into packets before they are sent.
Each packet is then transmitted individually and can
even follow different routes to its destination.
Once all the packets forming a message arrive at the
destination, they are recompiled into their original
form.
Either store-and-forward or broadcast method is used
for transmitting the packets.
53. INDEX
Applications
Types of networks
Network components
Network Topology
Protocols
Types
ISO/OSI Model
Broadband communication
Mobile communication
54. Computer Network
“A computer network is interconnection of various
computer systems located at different places”.
In computer network two or more computers are
linked together with a medium and data
communication devices for the purpose of
communicating data and sharing resources.
The computer that provides resources to other
computers on a network is known as server.
In the network the individual computers, which access
shared network resources, are known as nodes.
55. APPLICATIONS:
Sharing of resources such as printers
Sharing of expensive software's and database
Communication from one computer to another
computer
Exchange of data and information among users via
network
Sharing of information over geographically wide
areas.
56. Types of network
Local Area Network(LAN)
Wide Area Network(WAN)
Metropolitan Area Network(MAN)
57. Local Area Networks
A LAN is a network that is used for communicating
among computer devices, usually within an office
building or home.
LAN’s enable the sharing of resources which are
needed by multiple users .
Is limited in size, typically spanning a few 100 meters,
and no more than a mile .
Is fast, with speeds from 10 Mbps to 10 Gbps.
Requires little wiring, typically a single cable
connecting to each device.
Has lower cost compared to MAN’s or WAN’s
60. Types of LAN
PEER-TO-PEER LAN, in this communication
is carried out from one computer to another,
without a central computer, and where each
computer has the same role.
CLIENT/SERVER LAN, in this a central
computer provides network services to users.
It has servers and clients
The Server is a computer that manages shared
resources (hardware, software, data). It is a
powerful computer with large RAM and
secondary storage capacity.
LAN has number of micro computers called
clients, request the server for services.
61. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a large
computer network that usually spans a city or a large
campus.
A MAN is optimized for a larger geographical area
than a LAN, ranging from several blocks of buildings
to entire cities.
A MAN might be owned and operated by a single
organization, but it usually will be used by many
individuals and organizations.
62. Metropolitan Area Network
A MAN often acts as a high speed network to allow
sharing of regional resources.
A MAN typically covers an area of between 5 and 50
km diameter.
Examples of MAN: Telephone company network that
provides a high speed DSL to customers and cable TV
network
63.
64. Wide Area Network
WAN covers a large geographic area such as country,
continent or even whole of the world.
A WAN is two or more LANs connected together. The
LANs can be many miles apart.
To cover great distances, WANs may transmit data over
leased high-speed phone lines or wireless links such as
satellites.
65. Wide Area Network
Multiple LANs can be connected together using
devices such as bridges, routers, or gateways, which
enable them to share data.
The world's most popular WAN is the Internet.
69. Workstations
A workstation is a computer intended for individual
use that is faster and more capable than a personal
computer.
It's intended for business or professional use
Workstation can of two types user work station and
server workstation.
71. Network operating system
Network operating system refers to software that
implements an operating system of some kind that is
oriented to computer networking
72. Network Interface card(NIC)
Network cards also known as Network Interface Cards
(NICs) are hardware devices that connect a computer
with the network. They are installed on the mother
board. They are responsible for developing a physical
connection between the network and the computer.
Computer data is translated into electrical signals send
to the network via Network Interface Cards.
73. LAN Cable
LAN requires superior cable capable of transferring
data at high speed, coaxial cables or fiber optic cables
may be used for networking computer.
74. Application Software
The primary purpose of having a LAN is to allow
several application programs to talk to each other. It
has to be ensured that application software works in
the multiuser environment
75. Hub
A hub is a common connection point for devices in a
network. Hubs are commonly used to connect
segments of a LAN.
76. Bridges
A bridge is a computer networking device that builds
the connection with the other bridge networks which
use the same protocol
77. Switches
A switch is a Network Device that
connects many other Ethernet devices
together.
Switching is, more advanced than hub
because it only sends a message to the
device that needs the message and not
broadcast to the entire segment or local
area network.
78. Routers
Router is used to create larger complex networks by
complex traffic routing.
79. Brouter
Brouters are the combination of both the bridge and
routers. They take up the functionality of the both
networking devices serving as a bridge when
forwarding data between networks, and serving as
a router when routing data to individual systems
80. Gateways
Gateway is a device which is used to connect multiple
networks and passes packets from one packet to the
other network.
81. Repeaters
are equipments that are used expansion of a LANs by
boosting the signals to accommodate long distances
82. Printer Server
A print server, or printer
server, is a device that
connects printers to client
computers over a network.
A print server usually allows
users in a computer network
to perform a printing job
without having to move files
to the computer connected
directly to the printer
83. File Server
In computing, a file server is a computer attached to a
network that has the primary purpose of providing a
location for shared disk access
85. Topology
Topology refers to the layout of connected
devices on a network.
Here, some logical layout of topology.
Bus
Ring
Star
Tree and Hybrid
Mesh
87. Bus Topology
All the nodes on a bus topology are connected by
one single cable.
A bus topology consists of a main run of cable with
a terminator at each end. All nodes are connected
to the linear cable.
Popular on LANs because they are inexpensive and
easy to install
91. Bus Topology
Advantages:
1. Ease of installation
2. Less cabling
Disadvantages:
1. Difficult reconfiguration and fault isolation.
2. Difficult to add new devices.
3. Signal reflection at top can degradation in quality.
4. If any fault in backbone can stops all transmission.
92. Star Topology
Here each device has a dedicated point-to-point link to
the central controller called “Hub”(Act as a
Exchange).
There is no direct traffic between devices.
The transmission are occurred only through the
central “hub”.
When device 1 wants to send data to device 2; First
sends the data to hub. Which then relays the data to
the other connected device.
94. Star Topology
Advantages Disadvantages
• Easy to manage
• Easy to locate problems
(cable/workstations)
• Easier to expand than a bus or
ring topology.
• Easy to install and wire.
• Easy to detect faults and to
remove parts.
• Requires more cable length
than a linear topology.
• If the hub or concentrator fails,
nodes attached are disabled.
• More expensive because of the
cost of the concentrators.
95. Ring Topology
Here each device has a dedicated connection with two
devices on either side.
The signal is passed in one direction from device to
device until it reaches the destination and each device
have repeater.
When one device received signals instead of intended
another device, its repeater then regenerates the data
and passes them along.
To add or delete a device requires changing only two
connections.
99. Ring Topology
Advantages:
1. Easy to install.
2. Easy to reconfigure.
3. Fault identification is easy.
Disadvantages:
1. Unidirectional traffic.
2. Break in a single ring can break entire network.
100. Ring Topology
Applications:
Ring topologies are found in some office buildings or
school campuses.
Today high speed LANs made this topology less
popular.
101. Tree Topology
Alternatively referred to as a star bus topology.
Tree topology is one of the most common network
setups that is similar to a bus topology and a star
topology.
A tree topology connects multiple star networks to
other star networks. Below is a visual example of a
simple computer setup on a network using the star
topology.
103. Tree Topology
Advantages Disadvantages
• Point-to-point wiring for individual
segments.
• Supported by several hardware and
software vendors.
• All the computers have access to
the larger and their immediate
• Overall length of each segment is limited
by the type of cabling used.
• If the backbone line breaks, the entire
segment goes down.
• More difficult to configure and wire than
other topologies.
104. Hybrid Topology
A network which contain all type of physical structure
and connected under a single backbone channel.
106. Mesh Topology
In this topology, each node is connected to every
other node in the network.
In this type of network, each node may send
message to destination through multiple paths.
Implementing the mesh topology is expensive and
difficult.
107. Mesh Topology
Advantages:
1. They use dedicated links so each link can only
carry its own data load. So traffic problem can be
avoided.
2. It is robust. If any one link get damaged it cannot
affect others.
3. It gives privacy and security.(Message travels
along a dedicated link)
4. Fault identification and fault isolation are easy.
109. Mesh Topology
Disadvantages:
1. The amount of cabling and the number of I/O ports
required are very large. Since every device is
connected to each devices through dedicated links.
2. The sheer bulk of wiring is larger then the available
space.
3. Hardware required to connected each device is
highly expensive.
111. Considerations for choosing
topology
Money-Bus n/w may be the least expensive way to
install a n/w.
Length-of cable needed- the linear bus n/w uses shorter
lengths of cable.
Future growth-with star topology, expending a n/w is
easily done by adding another devices.
Cable type-most common used cable in commercial
organization is twisted pair. Which often used with star
topologies.
112. Full mesh topology is theoretically the best since
every device is connected to every other device.(thus
maximizing speed and security. however, it quite
expensive to install)
Next best would be tree topology, which is basically a
connection of star.
115. Describes the rules that govern the transmission of
data over the communication Network.
Provide a method for orderly and efficient exchange of
data between the sender and the receiver.
116. Roles of Communication Protocol
Data Sequencing – to detect loss or duplicate
packets.
Data Routing – to find the most efficient path
between source and a destination.
Data formatting – defines group of bits within a
packet which constitutes data, control, addressing and
other information.
Flow control – ensures resource sharing and
protection against traffic congestion by regulating the
flow of data on communication lines.
117. Roles of Communication Protocol
Error control – detect errors in messages. Method for
correcting errors is to retransmit the erroneous message
block.
Precedence and order of transmission – condition
all nodes about when to transmit their data and when to
receive data from other nodes. Gives equal chance for all
the nodes to use the communication channel.
Connection establishment and termination –
These rules define how connections are established,
maintained and terminated between two nodes.
Data security – Prevents access of data by
unauthorized users.
118. Types of protocols
Ethernet
Token Ring
TCP/IP
FTP
HTTP
Mail Protocols(POP, SNMP, IMAP)
Security Protocols(SSL,SET)
FDDI
119. Ethernet
The Ethernet protocol is by far the most widely used.
Ethernet uses an access method called CSMA/CD
(Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection).
This is a system where each computer listens to the
cable before sending anything through the network.
120. Token Ring
The Token Ring protocol was developed by IBM in the
mid-1980s. The access method used involves token-
passing.
In Token Ring, the computers are connected so that
the signal travels around the network from one
computer to another in a logical ring. A single
electronic token moves around the ring from one
computer to the next.
122. The TCP/IP protocol suite was first defined in 1974
TCP/IP represents a set of public
standards that satisfy how packets of information are
exchanged between computers over one and more
networks.
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
123. Ensures a sent message is sent without any loss of
data or any mix up of the order of the data
Will request re-transmission of lost or damaged
packets
TCP Protocol
124.
125. IP, which stands for Internet Protocol , is a Network
layer protocol that is responsible for delivering packets
to network devices.
Each packet is treated as an independent unit of data
without any relation to any other unit of data.
IP Protocol
128. It is used to transfer files from a server to a client
computer.
example of an FTP service is when you visit a site
to download software--you click on download, and
it contacts the FTP server which then downloads
the file to your computer.
FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL(FTP)
129.
130. Hypertext Transfer Protocol
Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP) – This protocol is
used to access, send and receive Hypertext Markup
Language(HTML) files on the internet.
HTTP protocol communicates between an Internet
browser, such as Internet Explorer or Firefox, and a web
server that is hosting a website.
131.
132. MAIL PROTOCOLS
Post Office Protocol is the primary protocol behind email
communication. POP works through a supporting email software client
that integrates POP for connecting to the remote email server and
downloading email messages to the recipient’s computer machine.
Interactive Mail Access Protocol is a standard protocol for accessing
e-mail from your local server. IMAP is a client/server protocol in which
e-mail is received and held for you by your Internet server
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is a communication protocol for mail
servers to transmit email over the Internet. Most e-mail systems that
send mail over the Internet use SMTP to send messages from one
server to another; the messages can then be retrieved with an e-mail
client using either POP or IMAP. In addition, SMTP is generally used to
send messages from a mail client to a mail server.
133. Security Protocols
Security protocols are sequence of operations that
ensure protection of data.
Used with a communications protocol, it provides
secure delivery of data between two parties.
The Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer
Security (TLS) is the most widely deployed
security protocol used today. It is essentially
a protocol that provides a secure channel between
two machines operating over the Internet or an
internal network.
134. Security Protocols
.Secure Electronic Transaction (SET) was a
communications protocol standard for securing
credit card transactions over insecure networks,
specifically, the Internet.
HTTPS (also called HTTP over TLS, HTTP over SSL,
andHTTP Secure) is a protocol for secure
communication over a computer network which is
widely used on the Internet.
135. Point-to-Point Protocol
In computer networking, Point-to-Point
Protocol (PPP) is a data link (layer 2) protocol used to
establish a direct connection between two nodes.
It connects two routers directly without any host or
any other networking device in between. It can provide
connection authentication, transmission encryption
and compression.
136. FDDI
Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) is a network
protocol that is used primarily to interconnect two or more
local area networks, often over large distances. The access
method used by FDDI involves token-passing. FDDI uses a
dual ring physical topology.
137. • OSI is short for Open Systems Interconnection.
• OSI model was first introduced by the
International Organization for Standardization
(ISO) in 1984
– Outlines WHAT needs to be done to send data from
one computer to another.
– Protocols stacks handle how data is prepared for
transmittal
• Contains specifications in 7 different layers that
interact with each other.
138. What is “THE MODEL?”
Commonly referred to as the OSI reference model.
Open system interconnection (OSI) model is a
framework for defining standards for linking
heterogeneous computer systems, located anywhere.
The OSI model is a theoretical blueprint that helps us
understand how data gets from one user’s computer to
another.
It is also a model that helps develop standards so that
all of our hardware and software talks nicely to each
other.
139. 7 Layer OSI Model
Why use a reference model?
Serves as an outline of rules for how protocols can be
used to allow communication between computers.
Each layer has its own function and provides support to
other layers.
Other reference models are in use.
Most well known is the TCP/IP reference model.
140. 7 Layer OSI Model
Open system interconnection (OSI) model is a
framework for defining standards for linking
heterogeneous computer systems, located
anywhere.
141. What Each Layer Does
2
All People Seem To Need Data Processing
A mnemonic:
143. Application Layer
The top or seventh layer of the OSI Model is the
Application layer.
The Application provides interfaces to the software
that enable programs to use network services.
144. Application Layer
The term “Application Layer” does not refer to a
particular software application, such as Microsoft
Word, running on the network.
Instead, some of the services provided by the
Application layer include file transfer, file
management, and message handling for electronic
mail.
145. Application Layer
Examples of common functions include:
Protocols for providing remote file services, such as
open, close, read, write, and shared access to files
File transfer services and remote database access
Message handling services for electronic mail
applications
Global directory services to locate resources on a
network
A uniform way of handling a variety of system monitors
and devices
Remote job execution
147. Presentation Layer
The Presentation Layer serves as a translator between
the application and the network.
At the Presentation layer, data become formatted in a
schema that the network can understand; this format
varies with the type of network used.
The Presentation Layer manages data encryption and
decryption, such as the scrambling of system
passwords.
149. Session Layer
The Session Layer is responsible for establishing and
maintaining communication between two nodes on the
network.
The term session refers to a connection for data exchange
between two parties; it is most often used in the context
of terminal and mainframe communications, in which
the terminal is a device with little (if any) of its own
processing or disk capacity that depends on a host to
supply it with applications and data processing services.
150. Session Layer
Often, this layer also helps the upper layers identify and
connect to the services that are available on the network.
If a communication session is broken, is the session layer
that determines where to restart the transmission once the
session has been reconnected
This layer is also responsible for determining the terms of
the communication session – it will determine which
computer or node can communicate first and for how long
It is sometimes known as the ‘traffic cop’ of the network
152. Transport Layer
The transport layer provides enhancements to the
services of the network layer.
Its main tasks is to ensure that data sent form one
computer arrives reliably, in the correct sequence and
without errors at the receiving computer.
To ensure reliable delivery, the transport layer builds
on the error control mechanism provided by the lower
layer
153. Transport Layer
This layer is the last chance for error recovery. The
transport layer is also responsible for flow control.
It s here that there rate of transmission is determined,
based on how fast the receiving computer can accept
the data packets being sent to it.
Data on the sending computer is broken down into
packets that are the maximum size that the type of
network can handle.
155. Network Layer
The primary function of the Network Layer, the third
layer in the OSI Model has the main objective of
moving data to specific network locations.
It does this by translating logical addresses into the
appropriate physical address and then decides on the
best route for the data to take from sender to receiver.
This appears similar to what the data link layer
accomplishes through physical decide addressing.
156. Network Layer
However, data link layer addressing only operates on a
single network
The network layer describes methods for moving
information between multiple independent networks,
called internetworks.
158. Data Link Layer
The second layer of the OSI Model, the Data Link
Layer, controls communications between the Network
layer and the Physical layer.
Its primary function is to divide data it receives from
the Network layer into distinct frames that can be
transmitted by the Physical layer.
159. Data Link Layer
The basic purposes of the data link layer protocol
implementations are:
Organise the physical layer’s bits into logical groups of
information called frames
Detect and correct errors
Control data flow
Identify computers on the network
161. Physical Layer
The Physical layer is the lowest or first layer of the OSI
Model. This layer contains the physical networking
medium, such as cabling, connectors, and repeaters.
The Physical Layer defines:
Physical network structures
Mechanical and electrical specifications for using the
transmission medium
Bit transmission encoding and timing rules
162. Physical Layer
The physical layer does not include a description of the
medium and does not provide any sort of error
correction.
However, implementations of physical protocols are
transmission-media-specific
163. Physical Layer
The following network connectivity hardware are
normally associated with the OSI physical layer:
Network interface boards (NIC, adaptors, and so on)
Hubs, and repeaters that regenerate electrical signals
Transmission media connectors, which provide the
mechanical interface to interconnect devices to the
transmission media (cables, BNC connectors, etc)
Modems and codec's, which perform digital analogue
conversions.
164.
165.
166.
167.
168. Broadband Communication
Broadband is high-speed Internet access that is always
on and faster than the traditional dial-up access.
Broadband is easier and faster to use than the
traditional telephone and modem as information can
be sent and downloaded much quicker.
Broadband speed is measured in megabits per
second(Mbps)
169. Types of broadband
DSL provide internet access using the wires of a local
telephone network.
Wireless: Wireless broadband connects to the Internet
using a radio link between the customer’s location and the
location of the service provider.
Satellite: Just as satellites orbiting the earth provide
necessary links for telephone and television service, they
can also provide links for broadband.
Cable: Cable modem service provides broadband using
coaxial cables (like the ones for your TV).