This document is a chapter excerpt on control structures in programming. It introduces various control structures like selection statements (if/else), repetition statements (while, for), and their usage in algorithms and Java code. Pseudocode is presented as an informal way to develop algorithms without execution. Key concepts are explained like counter-controlled repetition with for loops, increment/decrement operators, and primitive data types in Java. Examples are provided of various control structures in Java code snippets like using for loops to calculate sums and compound interest.

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1
Outline
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Algorithms
4.3 Pseudocode
4.4 Control Structures
4.5 if Single-Selection Statement
4.6 if else Selection Statement
4.7 while Repetition Statement
4.11 Compound Assignment Operators
4.12 Increment and Decrement Operators
4.13 Primitive Types
Chapter 4 - Control Structures: Part 1

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4.1 Introduction
• We learn about Control Structures
– Structured-programming principle
– Control structures help build and manipulate objects
(Chapter 8)

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4.2 Algorithms
• Algorithm
– Series of actions in specific order
• The actions executed
• The order in which actions execute
• Program control
– Specifying the order in which actions execute
• Control structures help specify this order

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4.3 Pseudocode
• Pseudocode
– Informal language for developing algorithms
– Not executed on computers
– Helps developers “think out” algorithms

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4.4 Control Structures
• Sequential execution
– Program statements execute one after the other
• Transfer of control
– Three control structures can specify order of statements
• Sequence structure (default)
• Selection structure
• Repetition structure
• Activity diagram
– Models the workflow (flowchart)
• Action-state symbols
• Transition arrows

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Fig 4.1 Sequence structure activity diagram.
add grade to total
add 1 to counter
Corresponding Java statement:
total = total + grade;
Corresponding Java statement:
counter = counter + 1;

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7
Java Keywords
abstract assert boolean break byte
case catch char class continue
default do double else extends
final finally float for if
implements import instanceof int interface
long native new package private
protected public return short static
strictfp super switch synchronized this
throw throws transient try void
volatile while
Keywords that are reserved, but not currently used
const goto
Fig. 4.2 Java keywords.

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4.4 Control Structures
• Java has a sequence structure “built-in”
• Java provides three selection structures
– if
– if…else
– switch
• Java provides three repetition structures
– while
– do…while
– for
• Each of these words is a Java keyword

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4.5 if Single-Selection Statement
• Single-entry/single-exit control structure
• Perform action only when condition is true
• Action/decision programming model

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Fig 4.3 if single-selections statement activity diagram.
[grade >= 60]
[grade < 60]
print “Passed”
if (studentGrade >= 60)
{
System.out.println (“Passed”);
}

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4.6 if…else Selection Statement
• Perform action only when condition is true
• Perform different specified action when condition
is false
• Conditional operator (?:)
• Nested if…else selection structures

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Fig 4.4 if…else double-selections statement activity diagram.
[grade >= 60]
[grade < 60]
print “Failed” print “Passed”
if (studentGrade >= 60)
{
System.out.println (“Passed”);
}
else
{
System.out.println (“Failed”);
}

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System.out.println (studentGrade >= 60 ?
“Passed”: “Failed”);
Conditional Operator (?:)

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Nested if…else selection structures
if (studentGrade >= 90)
System.out.println (“A”);
else if (studentGrade >= 80)
System.out.println (“B”);
else if (studentGrade >= 70)
System.out.println (“C”);
else if (studentGrade >= 60)
System.out.println (“D”);
else
System.out.println (“F”);

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4.7 while Repetition Statement
• Repeat action while condition remains true
• Condition should eventually become false (or
never-ending loop)

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Fig 4.5 while repetition statement activity diagram.
[product <= 1000]
[product > 1000]
double product value
merge
decision
Corresponding Java statement:
product = 2 * product;
while (product <= 1000)
{
product = 2 * product;
}

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4.11 Compound Assignment Operators
• Assignment Operators
– Abbreviate assignment expressions
– Any statement of form
• variable = variable operator expression;
– Can be written as
• variable operator= expression;
– e.g., addition assignment operator +=
• c = c + 3
– can be written as
• c += 3

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Assignment
operator
Sample
expression
Explanation Assigns
Assume: int c = 3,
d = 5, e = 4, f
= 6, g = 12;
+= c += 7 c = c + 7 10 to c
-= d -= 4 d = d - 4 1 to d
*= e *= 5 e = e * 5 20 to e
/= f /= 3 f = f / 3 2 to f
%= g %= 9 g = g % 9 3 to g
Fig. 4.12 Arithmetic assignment operators.

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4.12 Increment and Decrement Operators
• Unary increment operator (++)
– Increment variable’s value by 1
• Unary decrement operator (--)
– Decrement variable’s value by 1
• C++ is a language “one better than” C
• Preincrement / predecrement operator
• Postincrement / postdecrement operator

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Operator Called Sample
expression
Explanation
++ preincrement ++a Increment a by 1, then use the new
value of a in the expression in
which a resides.
++ postincrement a++ Use the current value of a in the
expression in which a resides, then
increment a by 1.
-- predecrement --b Decrement b by 1, then use the
new value of b in the expression in
which b resides.
-- postdecrement b-- Use the current value of b in the
expression in which b resides, then
decrement b by 1.
Fig. 4.13 The increment and decrement operators.

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Outline
21
Increment.java
Line 13 postincrement
Line 21 preincrement
1 // Fig. 4.14: Increment.java
2 // Preincrementing and postincrementing operators.
3
4 public class Increment {
5
6 public static void main( String args[] )
7 {
8 int c;
9
10 // demonstrate postincrement
11 c = 5; // assign 5 to c
12 System.out.println( c ); // print 5
13 System.out.println( c++ ); // print 5 then postincrement
14 System.out.println( c ); // print 6
15
16 System.out.println(); // skip a line
17
18 // demonstrate preincrement
19 c = 5; // assign 5 to c
20 System.out.println( c ); // print 5
21 System.out.println( ++c ); // preincrement then print 6
22 System.out.println( c ); // print 6
23
24 } // end main
25
26 } // end class Increment
5
5
6
5
6
6
Line 13 postincrements c
Line 21 preincrements c

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4.13 Primitive Types
• Primitive types
– “building blocks” for more complicated types
• Java is strongly typed
– All variables in a Java program must have a type
• Java primitive types
– portable across computer platforms that support Java

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Type Size in bits Values Standard
boolean true or false
[Note: The representation of a boolean is
specific to the Java Virtual Machine on each
computer platform.]
char 16 'u0000' to 'uFFFF'
(0 to 65535)
(ISO Unicode character set)
byte 8 –128 to +127
(–27
to 27
– 1)
short 16 –32,768 to +32,767
(–215
to 215
– 1)
int 32 –2,147,483,648 to +2,147,483,647
(–231
to 231
– 1)
long 64 –9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to
+9,223,372,036,854,775,807
(–263
to 263
– 1)
float 32 Negative range:
–3.4028234663852886E+38 to
–1.40129846432481707e–45
Positive range:
1.40129846432481707e–45 to
3.4028234663852886E+38
(IEEE 754 floating point)
double 64 Negative range:
–1.7976931348623157E+308 to
–4.94065645841246544e–324
Positive range:
4.94065645841246544e–324 to
1.7976931348623157E+308
(IEEE 754 floating point)
Fig. 4.16The Java primitive types.

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Chapter 5 – Control Structures: Part 2
Outline
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Essentials of Counter-Controlled Repetition
5.3 for Repetition Statement
5.4 Examples Using the for Statement
5.5 do…while Repetition Statement
5.6 switch Multiple-Selection Statement
5.7 break and continue Statements
5.8 Labeled break and continue Statements
5.9 Logical Operators

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5.2 Essentials of Counter-Controlled
Repetition
• Counter-controlled repetition requires:
– Control variable (loop counter)
– Initial value of the control variable
– Increment/decrement of control variable through each loop
– Condition that tests for the final value of the control variable

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WhileCounter.ja
va
Line 14
Line 16
Line 18
1 // Fig. 5.1: WhileCounter.java
2 // Counter-controlled repetition.
3 import java.awt.Graphics;
4
5 import javax.swing.JApplet;
6
7 public class WhileCounter extends JApplet {
8
9 // draw lines on applet’s background
10 public void paint( Graphics g )
11 {
12 super.paint( g ); // call paint method inherited from JApplet
13
14 int counter = 1; // initialization
15
16 while ( counter <= 10 ) { // repetition condition
17 g.drawLine( 10, 10, 250, counter * 10 );
18 ++counter; // increment
19
20 } // end while
21
22 } // end method paint
23
24 } // end class WhileCounter
Increment for counter
Condition tests for
counter’s final value
Control-variable name is counter
Control-variable initial value is 1

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5.3 for Repetition Statement
• Handles counter-controlled-repetition details

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ForCounter.java
Line 16
int counter =
1;
Line 16
counter <= 10;
Line 16
counter++;
1 // Fig. 5.2: ForCounter.java
2 // Counter-controlled repetition with the for statement.
3 import java.awt.Graphics;
4
5 import javax.swing.JApplet;
6
7 public class ForCounter extends JApplet {
8
9 // draw lines on applet’s background
10 public void paint( Graphics g )
11 {
12 super.paint( g ); // call paint method inherited from JApplet
13
14 // for statement header includes initialization,
15 // repetition condition and increment
16 for ( int counter = 1; counter <= 10; counter++ )
17 g.drawLine( 10, 10, 250, counter * 10 );
18
19 } // end method paint
20
21 } // end class ForCounter
Condition tests for
counter’s final value
Control-variable name is counter
Control-variable initial value is 1
Increment for counter

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Fig. 5.3 for statement header components.
for ( int counter = 1; counter <= 10; counter++ )
Increment of control
variable
Control
variable
Final value of control
variable for which the
condition is true
for
keyword
Loop-continuation
condition
Initial value of
control variable
Required
semicolon
separator
Required
semicolon
separator

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5.3 for Repetition Structure (cont.)
for ( initialization; loopContinuationCondition; increment )
statement;
can usually be rewritten as:
initialization;
while ( loopContinuationCondition ) {
statement;
increment;
}
init, condition, increment all optional
Condition assumed to be true (unending loop) if omitted

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Fig. 5.4 for statement activity diagram.
[counter <= 10]
[counter > 10]
int counter = 1
counter++
Determine whether
the final value of
control variable has
been reached
g.drawLine(
10, 10, 250,
counter * 10 );
Establish initial value of
control variable
Draw a line on the
applet
Increment the
control variable

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5.4 Examples Using the for Statement
• Varying control variable in for statement
– Vary control variable from 1 to 100 in increments of 1
• for ( int i = 1; i <= 100; i++ )
– Vary control variable from 100 to 1 in increments of –1
• for ( int i = 100; i >= 1; i-- )
– Vary control variable from 7 to 77 in increments of 7
• for ( int i = 7; i <= 77; i += 7 )

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33
Sum.java
Line 12
1 // Fig. 5.5: Sum.java
2 // Summing integers with the for statement.
3 import javax.swing.JOptionPane;
4
5 public class Sum {
6
7 public static void main( String args[] )
8 {
9 int total = 0; // initialize sum
10
11 // total even integers from 2 through 100
12 for ( int number = 2; number <= 100; number += 2 )
13 total += number;
14
15 // display results
16 JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( null, "The sum is " + total,
17 "Total Even Integers from 2 to 100",
18 JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE );
19
20 System.exit( 0 ); // terminate application
21
22 } // end main
23
24 } // end class Sum
increment number by 2 each iteration

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Interest.java
Lines 13-15
Line 18
Line 19
1 // Fig. 5.6: Interest.java
2 // Calculating compound interest.
3 import java.text.NumberFormat; // class for numeric formatting
4 import java.util.Locale; // class for country-specific information
5
6 import javax.swing.JOptionPane;
7 import javax.swing.JTextArea;
8
9 public class Interest {
10
11 public static void main( String args[] )
12 {
13 double amount; // amount on deposit at end of each year
14 double principal = 1000.0; // initial amount before interest
15 double rate = 0.05; // interest rate
16
17 // create NumberFormat for currency in US dollar format
18 NumberFormat moneyFormat =
19 NumberFormat.getCurrencyInstance( Locale.US );
20
21 // create JTextArea to display output
22 JTextArea outputTextArea = new JTextArea();
23
24 // set first line of text in outputTextArea
25 outputTextArea.setText( "YeartAmount on depositn" );
26
Java treats floating-points as
type double
NumberFormat can format
numeric values as currency
Display currency values with
dollar sign ($)

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35
Interest.java
Lines 28-31
27 // calculate amount on deposit for each of ten years
28 for ( int year = 1; year <= 10; year++ ) {
29
30 // calculate new amount for specified year
31 amount = principal * Math.pow( 1.0 + rate, year );
32
33 // append one line of text to outputTextArea
34 outputTextArea.append( year + "t" +
35 moneyFormat.format( amount ) + "n" );
36
37 } // end for
38
39 // display results
40 JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( null, outputTextArea,
41 "Compound Interest", JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE );
42
43 System.exit( 0 ); // terminate the application
44
45 } // end main
46
47 } // end class Interest
Calculate amount with for
statement

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5.5 do…while Repetition Statement
• do…while structure
– Similar to while structure
– Tests loop-continuation after performing body of loop
• i.e., loop body always executes at least once

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37
DoWhileTest.jav
a
Lines 16-20
1 // Fig. 5.7: DoWhileTest.java
2 // Using the do...while statement.
3 import java.awt.Graphics;
4
5 import javax.swing.JApplet;
6
7 public class DoWhileTest extends JApplet {
8
9 // draw lines on applet
10 public void paint( Graphics g )
11 {
12 super.paint( g ); // call paint method inherited from JApplet
13
14 int counter = 1; // initialize counter
15
16 do {
17 g.drawOval( 110 - counter * 10, 110 - counter * 10,
18 counter * 20, counter * 20 );
19 ++counter;
20 } while ( counter <= 10 ); // end do...while
21
22 } // end method paint
23
24 } // end class DoWhileTest
Oval is drawn before testing
counter’s final value

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Fig. 5.8 do…while repetition statement activity diagram.
action state
[true]
[false]
condition

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5.6 switch Multiple-Selection Statement
• switch statement
– Used for multiple selections
– case followed by integer or character (case 10 or case ‘y’)
– Multiple cases (without code) indicate the same thing done
for each case
case 3:
case 5:
case 7:
x=y+z;
break;

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40
SwitchTest.java
Lines 16-21:
Getting user’s input
1 // Fig. 5.9: SwitchTest.java
2 // Drawing lines, rectangles or ovals based on user input.
3 import java.awt.Graphics;
4
5 import javax.swing.*;
6
7 public class SwitchTest extends JApplet {
8 int choice; // user's choice of which shape to draw
9
10 // initialize applet by obtaining user's choice
11 public void init()
12 {
13 String input; // user's input
14
15 // obtain user's choice
16 input = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(
17 "Enter 1 to draw linesn" +
18 "Enter 2 to draw rectanglesn" +
19 "Enter 3 to draw ovalsn" );
20
21 choice = Integer.parseInt( input ); // convert input to int
22
23 } // end method init
24
25 // draw shapes on applet's background
26 public void paint( Graphics g )
27 {
28 super.paint( g ); // call paint method inherited from JApplet
29
30 for ( int i = 0; i < 10; i++ ) { // loop 10 times (0-9)
31
Get user’s input in JApplet

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41
SwitchTest.java
Line 32:
controlling
expression
Line 32:
switch statement
Line 48
32 switch ( choice ) { // determine shape to draw
33
34 case 1: // draw a line
35 g.drawLine( 10, 10, 250, 10 + i * 10 );
36 break; // done processing case
37
38 case 2: // draw a rectangle
39 g.drawRect( 10 + i * 10, 10 + i * 10,
40 50 + i * 10, 50 + i * 10 );
41 break; // done processing case
42
43 case 3: // draw an oval
44 g.drawOval( 10 + i * 10, 10 + i * 10,
45 50 + i * 10, 50 + i * 10 );
46 break; // done processing case
47
48 default: // draw string indicating invalid value entered
49 g.drawString( "Invalid value entered",
50 10, 20 + i * 15 );
51
52 } // end switch
53
54 } // end for
55
56 } // end method paint
57
58 } // end class SwitchTest
default case for invalid entries
switch statement determines
which case label to execute,
depending on controlling expression
user input (choice) is
controlling expression

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Outline
42
SwitchTest.java

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SwitchTest.java

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Fig. 5.10 switch multiple-selection statement activity diagram with break statements.
case a action(s) break
default action(s)
[true]
case b action(s) break
case z action(s) break
.
.
.
[false]
case a
[true]
[true]
case b
case z
[false]
[false]

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45
5.7 break and continue Statements
• break/continue
– Alter flow of control
• break statement
– Causes immediate exit from control structure
• Used in while, for, do…while or switch statements
• Escape early from loop or skip remainder of switch
• continue statement
– Skips remaining statements in loop body
– Proceeds to next iteration
• Used in while, for or do…while statements

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46
BreakTest.java
Line 12
Lines 14-15
1 // Fig. 5.11: BreakTest.java
2 // Terminating a loop with break.
3 import javax.swing.JOptionPane;
4
5 public class BreakTest {
6
7 public static void main( String args[] )
8 {
9 String output = "";
10 int count;
11
12 for ( count = 1; count <= 10; count++ ) { // loop 10 times
13
14 if ( count == 5 ) // if count is 5,
15 break; // terminate loop
16
17 output += count + " ";
18
19 } // end for
20
21 output += "nBroke out of loop at count = " + count;
22 JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( null, output );
23
24 System.exit( 0 ); // terminate application
25
26 } // end main
27
28 } // end class BreakTest
Loop 10 times
exit for structure (break)
when count equals 5

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47
ContinueTest.ja
va
Line 11
Lines 13-14
1 // Fig. 5.12: ContinueTest.java
2 // Continuing with the next iteration of a loop.
3 import javax.swing.JOptionPane;
4
5 public class ContinueTest {
6
7 public static void main( String args[] )
8 {
9 String output = "";
10
11 for ( int count = 1; count <= 10; count++ ) { // loop 10 times
12
13 if ( count == 5 ) // if count is 5,
14 continue; // skip remaining code in loop
15
16 output += count + " ";
17
18 } // end for
19
20 output += "nUsed continue to skip printing 5";
21 JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( null, output );
22
23 System.exit( 0 ); // terminate application
24
25 } // end main
26
27 } // end class ContinueTest
Loop 10 times
Skip line 16 and proceed to
line 11 when count equals 5

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48
5.8 Labeled break and continue
Statements
• Labeled block
– Set of statements enclosed by {}
– Preceded by a label
• Labeled break statement
– Exit from nested control structures
– Proceeds to end of specified labeled block
• Labeled continue statement
– Skips remaining statements in nested-loop body
– Proceeds to beginning of specified labeled block
– Controversial – disguised “goto” statement!
– Always a better way than labeled continue

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49
BreakLabelTest.
java
Line 11
Line 14
Line 17
Lines 19-20
1 // Fig. 5.13: BreakLabelTest.java
2 // Labeled break statement.
3 import javax.swing.JOptionPane;
4
5 public class BreakLabelTest {
6
7 public static void main( String args[] )
8 {
9 String output = "";
10
11 stop: { // labeled block
12
13 // count 10 rows
14 for ( int row = 1; row <= 10; row++ ) {
15
16 // count 5 columns
17 for ( int column = 1; column <= 5 ; column++ ) {
18
19 if ( row == 5 ) // if row is 5,
20 break stop; // jump to end of stop block
21
22 output += "* ";
23
24 } // end inner for
25
26 output += "n";
27
28 } // end outer for
29
Loop 10 times
stop is the labeled block
Exit to line 35 (next slide)
Nested loop 5 times

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50
BreakLabelTest.
java
30 // following line is skipped
31 output += "nLoops terminated normally";
32
33 } // end labeled block
34
35 JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( null, output,
36 "Testing break with a label",
37 JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE );
38
39 System.exit( 0 ); // terminate application
40
41 } // end main
42
43 } // end class BreakLabelTest

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51
ContinueLabelTe
st.java
Line 11
Line 14
Line 17
Lines 21-22
1 // Fig. 5.14: ContinueLabelTest.java
2 // Labeled continue statement.
3 import javax.swing.JOptionPane;
4
5 public class ContinueLabelTest {
6
7 public static void main( String args[] )
8 {
9 String output = "";
10
11 nextRow: // target label of continue statement
12
13 // count 5 rows
14 for ( int row = 1; row <= 5; row++ ) {
15 output += "n";
16
17 // count 10 columns per row
18 for ( int column = 1; column <= 10; column++ ) {
19
20 // if column greater than row, start next row
21 if ( column > row )
22 continue nextRow; // next iteration of labeled loop
23
24 output += "* ";
25
26 } // end inner for
27
28 } // end outer for
nextRow is the labeled block
Loop 5 times
Nested loop 10 times
continue to line 11 (nextRow)

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52
ContinueLabelTe
st.java
29
30 JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( null, output,
31 "Testing continue with a label",
32 JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE );
33
34 System.exit( 0 ); // terminate application
35
36 } // end main
37
38 } // end class ContinueLabelTest

53.  2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
53
5.9 Logical Operators
• Logical operators
– Allows for forming more complex conditions
– Combines simple conditions
• Java logical operators
– && (conditional AND) (short circuit)
– & (boolean logical AND)
– || (conditional OR) (short circuit)
– | (boolean logical OR)
– ^ (boolean logical exclusive OR)
– ! (logical NOT)
(project > 75 && exam>= 80)

54.  2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
54
expression1 expression2 expression1 &&
expression2
false false false
false true false
true false false
true true true
Fig. 5.15 && (conditional AND) operator truth table.
expression1 expression2 expression1 ||
expression2
false false false
false true true
true false true
true true true
Fig. 5.16 || (conditional OR) operator truth table.

55.  2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
55
expression1 expression2 expression1 ^
expression2
false false false
false true true
true false true
true true false
Fig. 5.17 ^ (boolean logical exclusive OR) operator truth table.
expression !expression
false true
true false
Fig. 5.18 ! (logical negation, or logical NOT) operator truth table.

56.  2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outline
56
LogicalOperator
s.java
Lines 16-20
Lines 23-27
1 // Fig. 5.19: LogicalOperators.java
2 // Logical operators.
3 import javax.swing.*;
4
5 public class LogicalOperators
6
7 public static void main( String args[] )
8 {
9 // create JTextArea to display results
10 JTextArea outputArea = new JTextArea( 17, 20 );
11
12 // attach JTextArea to a JScrollPane so user can scroll results
13 JScrollPane scroller = new JScrollPane( outputArea );
14
15 // create truth table for && (conditional AND) operator
16 String output = "Logical AND (&&)" +
17 "nfalse && false: " + ( false && false ) +
18 "nfalse && true: " + ( false && true ) +
19 "ntrue && false: " + ( true && false ) +
20 "ntrue && true: " + ( true && true );
21
22 // create truth table for || (conditional OR) operator
23 output += "nnLogical OR (||)" +
24 "nfalse || false: " + ( false || false ) +
25 "nfalse || true: " + ( false || true ) +
26 "ntrue || false: " + ( true || false ) +
27 "ntrue || true: " + ( true || true );
28
Conditional AND truth table
Conditional OR truth table

57.  2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outline
57
LogicalOperator
s.java
Lines 30-34
Lines 37-41
Lines 44-48
Lines 51-53
29 // create truth table for & (boolean logical AND) operator
30 output += "nnBoolean logical AND (&)" +
31 "nfalse & false: " + ( false & false ) +
32 "nfalse & true: " + ( false & true ) +
33 "ntrue & false: " + ( true & false ) +
34 "ntrue & true: " + ( true & true );
35
36 // create truth table for | (boolean logical inclusive OR) operator
37 output += "nnBoolean logical inclusive OR (|)" +
38 "nfalse | false: " + ( false | false ) +
39 "nfalse | true: " + ( false | true ) +
40 "ntrue | false: " + ( true | false ) +
41 "ntrue | true: " + ( true | true );
42
43 // create truth table for ^ (boolean logical exclusive OR) operator
44 output += "nnBoolean logical exclusive OR (^)" +
45 "nfalse ^ false: " + ( false ^ false ) +
46 "nfalse ^ true: " + ( false ^ true ) +
47 "ntrue ^ false: " + ( true ^ false ) +
48 "ntrue ^ true: " + ( true ^ true );
49
50 // create truth table for ! (logical negation) operator
51 output += "nnLogical NOT (!)" +
52 "n!false: " + ( !false ) +
53 "n!true: " + ( !true );
54
55 outputArea.setText( output ); // place results in JTextArea
56
Logical NOT truth table
Boolean logical exclusive
OR truth table
Boolean logical inclusive
OR truth table
Boolean logical AND
truth table

58.  2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Outline
58
LogicalOperator
s.java
57 JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( null, scroller,
58 "Truth Tables", JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE );
59
60 System.exit( 0 ); // terminate application
61
62 } // end main
63
64 } // end class LogicalOperators