NURSING RESEARCH

1. BASELINE INFORMATION:
Name of the Supervisor:
Name of the student teacher: RAJANI
Group of students:
Size of group:
Subject: NURSING RESEARCH & STATISTICS
Unit:
Name of the Topic: DATA COLLECTION METHODS (INSTRUMENT TOOLS, VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY)
Date and Time of teaching:
Venue of the teaching:
Duration: 45 min
Method of teaching: LECTURE CUM DISCUSSION
AV aids: PPT. BLACKBOARD, CHART, FLIPCHART, LEAFLETS AND FLASHCARDS
Previous knowledge: - Group has NO knowledge about DATA COLLECTION METHODS

2. GENERAL OBJECTIVE: - At the end of the topic/class, students will be able to enhance knowledge about data collection methods and
tools, validity and reliability of tools.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE: - At the end of teaching, students will be able to:
 Introduce topic
 Enlist the types of data collection method
 Enlist various data collection methods.
 Enumerate various tools of data collection method
 Explain about self-report as a method of data collection
 interview as a method of data collection
 To explain about questionnaire
 To explain about attitude scale
 To discuss about psychological test
 To explain about observation as a method of data collection
 To explain about checklist as data collection method
 To explain about rating scales.
 To elaborate about biophysiological methods
 To describe data collection procedure for qualitative design
 To explain about validity and its types
 To explain about reliability and different methods of establishing reliability

3. S.No. SPECIFIC
OBJECTIVE
TIME CONTENT TEACHING
LEARNING ACTIVITY
A.V. AIDS EVALUATION
TEACHING
ACTIVITY
LEARNING
ACTIVITY
1. Introduce topic 2 min Introduction
An ideal data collection
procedure should be clear,
unbiased, reliable and valid. It
must produce evidence to
answer research question or
test hypothesis. Measurement
of variables of interest is done
through data collection method
SELF
INTRODUCTION
Myself RAJANI
student of M.Sc.
(N) previous and I
am here to fulfil my
curriculum
requirement
Students
listening
actively.
PPT What do you
understand data
collection?
2. Describe types of
data collection
method
2 min Primary Vs Secondary data
collection method
Primary Data Collection
Method
• It involves data collected
directly from the subjects by
the researcher or trained data
collector. Data collected are
specifically for the purpose of
research e.g.,Surveys,
Student teacher
describes types of
data collection
method
Students notes
down
blackboard Describe types of
data collection
methods.

4. Interview, Observations Bio-
Physiologic Measurement.
Secondary Data Collection
Method
• It involves of use of the data
that were collected for various
purposes other than current
research.
• E.g., diaries, nurses’ notes,
care plans, Patient medication
record, statistical abstracts,
census reports neither
published or unpublished data
3. Enlist various
data collection
methods.
5 min Data collection methods
1. Self-reports Interview
(Unstructured/ Semi structured
/SAQ /Structured questionnaire
2. Bio-physiologic
measurements.
3. Observational method.
4. Psychometric
measurements.
5. Other - projective
technique, Q - sorts, vi
Student teacher
enlists various types
of data collection
methods
Students notes
down
LEAFLET Enlist various
types of data
collection
methods.

5. 4. Enlist various
tools of data
collection method
5 min Tools for data collection
1. Self-report: Questionnaire,
attitude scale,semantic
differential scale, visual analog
scale.
2. Observation: Rating scale,
check list, anecdotal record,
Process recording video tapes
etc.,
3. Bio physiological: In-vitro
In-vivo
Student teacher enlist
various tools of data
collection
Students take
down notes
leaflets Enlist various
tools of data
collection method
5. Explain about
self-report as a
method of data
collection
5 min Self- Reports
• It is a method in which
information is gathered by
questioning people.
• By questioning, good deal of
information can be gathered.
• Self Reports/Self-
administered questionnaire
(SAQ) (or) paper and pencil
test and Interview methods
Student teacher
explains about self-
report
Students
actively
listening
flipchart What is self-
report?
6. Discuss interview
as a method of
data collection
5 min Interview
An interview involves verbal
communication between the
researcher and the subject
during which information is
Student teacher
explains about
interview
Students
actively
listening and
taking notes
flipchart What are different
types of
interview?

6. provided to the researcher.
Interview is a conversation
carried art with the definite
purpose of obtaining certain
information by means of
spoken word.
It defined as collecting data
which individual presentation
of oral - verbal stimuli and
reply in terms of oral - verbal
response.
Most common method in
qualitative and descriptive
studies.
Types ofInterview
1. Unstructured interview (non
directive or non-standardized)
2. Semi structured interview
(or) focused interview
3. Completely structured
interview
Steps OfInterview
(Structured) Phase-
1: Preparatory Phase
Phase-2:Initial Phase

7. Phase-3:Interview phase
Phase-4:Recording Phase
Phase-5:Closing / Termination
Phase
7. Explain about
questionnaire
7 min QUESTIONNAIRE
A questionnaire is a structured
instrument consists of series of
questions prepared by
researcher that a respondent is
asked to complete.
• SAQ also known as ‘survey’.
The instrument is called a
questionnaire (SAQ) when
respondents complete the
instrument themselves, usually
in a paper and pencil format.
• Questionnaire - measure
knowledge, attitude etc.
• Questionnaire are commonly
used data collection tool
Methods ofQuestionnaire
Administration
1. Direct Administration-It is
completely different from
interview, in which interviewer
will read the items &
Student teacher
explains about
questionnaire
Students
actively
listening and
taking notes
flipchart Differentiate
between open and
close ended
questions.

8. responses,respondent merely
to answer orally.
2. Indirect method, researcher
will distribute the questionnaire
and respondent answer items
by writing or checking against
correct response. Post or e-mail
including all electronic means.
(This method is called as
Mailed questionnaire)
Structure.
Types ofquestions
1. Open ended
2. Closed ended
3. Demographic
4. Contingency questions
5. Filler question
8. Explain about
attitude scale
5 min ATTITUDE SCALE
• Our emphasis from the
beginning of the text has been
on the objective measurement
of research variables.
• Sometimes we are most
interested in studying
Student teacher
explains about
attitude scale
Students
actively
listening and
taking notes
flipchart Enlist different
types of attitude
scales.

9. subjective variables: attitudes,
feelings, personal opinions, or
word usage. How can we
measure subjective variables
objectively?
• The answer is an instrument
called a scale.
• Attitude denotes the inner
feeling or belief of a person
towards a particular
phenomenon
Types of attitude scales:
• A scale is an instrument
which measures subjective
variables. Each of these
important scale types provides
the means to gather subjective
data objectively.
1. Differential scale-Thurstone
scale.
2. Summated scales-Likert
scale. 3.Cumulative scales-
Guttman’s scale.
4. Factor scales-Semantic
Differential Scale and Multi
Dimensional Scales

10. 9. Discuss about
psychological test
5 min Psychological test
• Intelligent test
• Stand fords Binet IQ test for
individual
• Scholastic assessment test for
group
• Mini mental status
examination (MMS)
Student teacher
discusses about
psychological test
Students
actively
listening and
taking notes
PPT Discuss about
psychological test
10. Explain about
observation as a
method of data
collection
5 min OBSERVATION
• Observation involves the
systematic selection,
observation, and recording of
behaviours, events, and settings
relevant to a problem under
investigation.
Phenomenon Amenable to
Observation
1. Characteristics and
conditions of the individuals
such as physical appearance,
physiological symptoms, sleep
wake cycle etc.,
2. Activities of the individual
such as health status, physical
Student teacher
explains about
observation method
Students
actively
listening and
taking notes
PPT Explain about
observation as
method of data
collection.

11. and emotional functioning,
eating habits etc.,
3. Skill attainment and
performance which manifested
behaviourally, such as inserting
urinary catheter,job
performance,etc.,
4. VerbalCommunication and
Non-Verbal Communication
5. Environmental
Characteristics
6. Events and Conditions occur
in the setting.
Types ofObservation
• Observation methods are
broadly classified into
Structured and Unstructured
based on the time frame and
controls and observer role.
• Based on the time frame and
controls- Structured and
Unstructured Observation
• Based on observer role -
Participant and Non-
Participant Observation

12. 11. Explain about
checklist as data
collection method
5 min CHECK LIST
A check list is a simple
instrument consisting prepared
list of expected items of
performance or attributes,
which are checked by a
researcher for their presence or
absence.
• Checklists are constructed by
breaking a performance and the
quality of a product, which
specifies the presence or
absence of an attribute or trait
which is then “checked” by the
rater observer.
Uses ofchecklist:
• Checklist will be very useful
for evaluating skills, behaviour,
conditions, personality,
manifestations, and mastery of
particular exercise
Student teacher
explain about
checklist
Students
actively
listening and
taking notes
flashcard What are checklist
and its uses?
12 Explain about
rating scales.
5 min RATING SCALE
• Rating scales resemble check
lists but are used when finer
discriminations are required.
• Instead of merely indicating
the presence or absence of a
trait or characteristic, it enables
us to indicate the degree to
Student teacher
explains about rating
scales
Students
actively
listening and
taking notes
flashcards What are rating
scales?

13. which a trait is present. Rating
scales provide systematic
procedures for obtaining,
recording and reporting the
observer’s judgement. By a
rating is meant the judgement
of one person by another.
Types ofRating Scales
1.Graphic Scale
2.Numerical Rating
Scale(Itemized rating scale)
13 Elaborate about
biophysiological
methods
5 min Biophysiological Methods
Definition
“Biophysical method involves
the collection of biophysical
data from subjects by using the
specialized equipments to
determine physical and
biological status of subjects.”
For example, blood pressure
measurement by using special
equipments such as
sphygmomanometer and
stethoscope.
Student teacher
elaborates about the
topic
Students
actively
listening and
taking notes
flashcard Differentiate
between in vitro
and in vivo
methods.

14. Types ofBiophysiological
Methods
Biophysiological methods are
basically classified in two
categories:
1. In Vivo Biophysiological
Methods - Performed directly
to measure processes occurring
internally within living
organisms through medical or
surgical instruments, e.g.,TPR,
BP monitoring
2. In Vitro Biophysiological
Methods - Physiological
processes are measured and
analyses done outside the
organism, e.g.,blood tests
14. Describe data
collection
procedure for
qualitative design
Data collection
procedure/process to
qualitative design
• Identify the setting
• Identify the research variable
and population
• select research personnel
based on
Student teacher
explains about data
collection procedure
for qualitative design
Students
actively
listening and
taking notes
PPT Describe the data
collection
procedure for
qualitative design

15. - Experience
- Congruity with sample
characteristics
- Unremarkable appearance
- Personality
- Availability. Training data
collector. Entry into the
community. Gaining trust.
Collecting data. Coding data
15. Explain about
validity and its
types
7 min VALIDITY
Denotes the extent to which an
instrument is measuring what it
is supposed to measure.
Types ofvalidity:
Criterion-Related Validity - A
method for assessing the
validity of an instrument by
comparing its scores with
another criterion known
already to be a measure of the
same trait or skill.
Criterion-related validity is
usually expressed as a
correlation between the test in
question and the criterion
measure. The correlation
Student teacher
explains about
validity and its types
Students
actively
listening and
taking notes
chart Enlist various
types of validity.

16. coefficient is referred to as a
validity coefficient.
CONCURRENT VALIDITY -
The extent to which a
procedure correlates with the
current behaviour of subjects
PREDICTIVE VALIDITY-
The extent to which a
procedure allows accurate
predictions about a subject’s
future behaviour.
CONTENT VALIDITY-
Whether the individual items
of a test represent what you
actually want to assess.
CONSTRUCT VALIDITY-
The extent to which a test
measures a theoretical
construct or attribute.
CONSTRUCT Abstract
concepts such as intelligence,
self-concept, motivation,
aggression and creativity that
can be observed by some type
of instrument.
A test’s construct validity is
often assessed by its
convergent and discriminant
validity.

17. 16. Explain about
reliability and
different methods
of establishing
reliability
7 min RELIABILITY
The consistency of
measurements
A RELIABLE TEST -
Produces similar scores across
various conditions and
situations, including different
evaluators and testing
environments.
How do we account for an
individual who does not get
exactly the same test score
every time he or she takes the
test?
1. Test-taker’s temporary
psychological or physical state
2. Environmental factors
3. Test form
4. Multiple raters
RELIABILITY
COEFFICIENTS
Student teacher
explains the topic
Students
actively
listening and
taking notes
PPT AND
BLACKBOARD
What are different
methods of
establishing
reliability?

18.  The statistic for
expressing reliability.
 Expresses the degree
of consistency in the
measurement of test
scores.
 Donoted by the letter r
with two identical
subscripts (rxx)
TEST-RETEST
RELIABILITY
Suggests that subjects tend to
obtain the same score when
tested at different times.
Split-Half Reliability
 Sometimes referred to
as internal consistency
 Indicates that subjects’
scores on some trials
consistently match
their scores on other
trials.
INTERRATER
RELIABILITY Involves
having two raters
independently observe and
record specified behaviors,
such as hitting, crying, yelling,

19. and getting out of the seat,
during the same time period
STANDARD ERRORof
MEASUREMENT(SEM)
Gives the margin of error that
you should expect in an
individual test score because of
imperfect reliability of the test
OBTAINEDSCORE
•The score you get when you
administer a test
•Consists of two parts: the true
score and the error score
Evaluating the Reliability
Coefficients
 The test manual should
indicate why a certain
type of reliability
coefficient was
reported.
 The manual should
indicate the conditions
under which the data
were obtained
 The manual should
indicate the important
characteristics of the
group used in
gathering reliability
information.

20. SUMMARY
Some researchers use existing data in their studies—for example, those doing historical research,secondary analyses,or analyses of available records.
Data collection methods vary on four dimensions: structure, quantifiability, researcher obtrusiveness,and objectivity. The three principal data collection
methods for nurse researchers are self-reports,observations, and biophysiological measures. Self-reports,which involve directly questioning study
participants, are the most widely used method of collecting data for nursing studies. Data may also be derived from biophysiological measures,which can
be classified as either in vivo measurements (those performed within or on living organisms) or in vitro measurements (those performed outside the
organism’s body, such as blood tests). Biophysiological measures have the advantage of being objective, accurate,and precise. In developing a data
collection plan, the researcher must decide who will collect the data,how the data collectors will be trained, and what the circumstances for data
collection will be.
CONCLUSION
Reliability, a primary criterion for assessing a quantitative instrument, is the degree of consistency or accuracy with which an instrument measures an
attribute. The higher the reliability of an instrument, the lower the amount of error in obtained scores. Validity is the degree to which an instrument
measures what it is supposed to be measuring.
ASSIGNMENT
Outline the procedure for establishing reliability and validity of self-report data collection tool.

21. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Nancy Burns, Susan K. Grove. Understanding nursing research. 2nd
ed. New Delhi: Harcourt (India) Private Limited; 2002.
2. Denise F. Polit, Cheryl Tatano Beck. Nursing research: principles and methods. 7th
ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2004.
3. Dr. B.T. Basavanthappa, Nursing Research 2nd
edn.(Reprint 2010), New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers.