nursing research

2. INTRODUCTION
AN IDEAL DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE
SHOULD BE CLEAR, UNBIASED, RELIABLE AND
VALID. IT MUST PRODUCE EVIDENCE TO ANSWER
RESEARCH QUESTION OR TEST HYPOTHESIS.
MEASUREMENT OF VARIABLES OF INTEREST IS
DONE THROUGH DATA COLLECTION METHOD

6. DATA COLLECTION
METHODS

7. •SELF - REPORTS
IT IS A METHOD IN WHICH
INFORMATION IS GATHERED BY
QUESTIONING PEOPLE. SELF
REPORTS/SELF-ADMINISTERED
QUESTIONNAIRE (SAQ) (OR) PAPER AND
PENCIL TEST AND INTERVIEW METHODS

9. • IT DEFINED AS COLLECTING DATA WHICH
INDIVIDUAL PRESENTATION OF ORAL - VERBAL
STIMULI AND REPLY IN TERMS OF ORAL - VERBAL
RESPONSE.
• MOST COMMON METHOD IN QUALITATIVE AND
DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES.

11. 1. UNSTRUCTURED
INTERVIEW (NON
DIRECTIVE OR NON-
STANDARDIZED)
2. SEMI STRUCTURED
INTERVIEW (OR)
FOCUSED INTERVIEW
3. COMPLETELY
STRUCTURED
INTERVIEW

12. STEPS OF INTERVIEW
1: Preparatory Phase
Phase-2: Initial Phase
Phase-3: Interview phase
Phase-4: Recording Phase
Phase-5: Closing / Termination Phase

14. A QUESTIONNAIRE IS A STRUCTURED INSTRUMENT
CONSISTS OF SERIES OF QUESTIONS PREPARED BY
RESEARCHER THAT A RESPONDENT IS ASKED TO
COMPLETE.
METHODS OF QUESTIONNAIRE ADMINISTRATION
1. DIRECT ADMINISTRATION
2. INDIRECT METHOD

15. ATTITUDE SCALE
Attitude denotes the inner feeling or
belief of a person towards a particular
phenomenon

16. TYPES OF ATTITUDE SCALES:
•1. DIFFERENTIAL SCALE-THURSTONE SCALE.
• 2. SUMMATED SCALES-LIKERT SCALE.
• 3.CUMULATIVE SCALES-GUTTMAN’S SCALE.
•4. FACTOR SCALES-SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL
SCALE AND MULTI DIMENSIONAL SCALES

17. PSYCHOLOGICAL TEST

18. •INTELLIGENT TEST
• STAND FORDS BINET IQ TEST FOR
INDIVIDUAL
• SCHOLASTIC ASSESSMENT TEST FOR
GROUP
• MINI MENTAL STATUS EXAMINATION
(MMS)

20. OBSERVATION INVOLVES THE
SYSTEMATIC SELECTION,
OBSERVATION, AND RECORDING OF
BEHAVIOURS, EVENTS, AND
SETTINGS RELEVANT TO A
PROBLEM UNDER INVESTIGATION.

21. TYPES OF OBSERVATION
•BASED ON THE TIME FRAME AND
CONTROLS- STRUCTURED AND
UNSTRUCTURED OBSERVATION
•BASED ON OBSERVER ROLE - PARTICIPANT
AND NON- PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION

23. A CHECK LIST IS A SIMPLE INSTRUMENT CONSISTING
PREPARED LIST OF EXPECTED ITEMS OF
PERFORMANCE OR ATTRIBUTES, WHICH ARE
CHECKED BY A RESEARCHER FOR THEIR PRESENCE
OR ABSENCE.

24. USES OF CHECKLIST
CHECKLIST WILL BE VERY USEFUL FOR
EVALUATING SKILLS, BEHAVIOUR,
CONDITIONS, PERSONALITY,
MANIFESTATIONS, AND MASTERY OF
PARTICULAR EXERCISE

26. RATING SCALES RESEMBLE CHECK LISTS BUT
ARE USED WHEN FINER DISCRIMINATIONS ARE
REQUIRED. RATING SCALES PROVIDE
SYSTEMATIC PROCEDURES FOR OBTAINING,
RECORDING AND REPORTING THE OBSERVER’S
JUDGEMENT. BY A RATING IS MEANT THE
JUDGEMENT OF ONE PERSON BY ANOTHER.

27. TYPES OF RATING SCALES
1.GRAPHIC SCALE
2.NUMERICAL RATING SCALE(ITEMIZED
RATING SCALE)

28. BIOPHYSIOLOGICAL METHODS
DEFINITION
“BIOPHYSICAL METHOD INVOLVES THE COLLECTION OF
BIOPHYSICAL DATA FROM SUBJECTS BY USING THE
SPECIALIZED EQUIPMENTS TO DETERMINE PHYSICAL AND
BIOLOGICAL STATUS OF SUBJECTS.” FOR EXAMPLE, BLOOD
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT BY USING SPECIAL EQUIPMENTS
SUCH AS SPHYGMOMANOMETER AND STETHOSCOPE.

29. TYPES OF BIOPHYSIOLOGICAL METHODS
1. IN VIVO BIOPHYSIOLOGICAL
METHODS
2. IN VITRO BIOPHYSIOLOGICAL
METHODS

30. DATA COLLECTION
PROCEDURE/PROCESS TO
QUALITATIVE DESIGN
• IDENTIFY THE SETTING
• IDENTIFY THE RESEARCH VARIABLE AND
POPULATION
• SELECT RESEARCH PERSONNEL BASED ON
• EXPERIENCE

31. • - CONGRUITY WITH SAMPLE CHARACTERISTICS
• - UNREMARKABLE APPEARANCE
• - PERSONALITY
• - AVAILABILITY. TRAINING DATA COLLECTOR. ENTRY
INTO THE COMMUNITY. GAINING TRUST.
COLLECTING DATA. CODING DATA

32. VALIDITY
DENOTES THE EXTENT TO WHICH AN
INSTRUMENT IS MEASURING WHAT IT
IS SUPPOSED TO MEASURE.

33. TYPES OF VALIDITY

34. RELIABILITY
THE CONSISTENCY OF MEASUREMENTS
• A RELIABLE TEST - PRODUCES SIMILAR SCORES
ACROSS VARIOUS CONDITIONS AND
SITUATIONS, INCLUDING DIFFERENT
EVALUATORS AND TESTING ENVIRONMENTS

35. • RELIABILITY COEFFICIENTS
THE STATISTIC FOR EXPRESSING RELIABILITY.
EXPRESSES THE DEGREE OF CONSISTENCY IN THE
MEASUREMENT OF TEST SCORES.
DONOTED BY THE LETTER R WITH TWO IDENTICAL
SUBSCRIPTS (RXX)
• TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY
SUGGESTS THAT SUBJECTS TEND TO OBTAIN THE SAME
SCORE WHEN TESTED AT DIFFERENT TIMES.

36. •SPLIT-HALF RELIABILITY
• INDICATES THAT SUBJECTS’ SCORES ON SOME TRIALS CONSISTENTLY MATCH THEIR
SCORES ON OTHER TRIALS.
• INTERRATER RELIABILITY INVOLVES HAVING TWO RATERS
INDEPENDENTLY OBSERVE AND RECORD SPECIFIED BEHAVIORS, SUCH AS HITTING,
CRYING, YELLING, AND GETTING OUT OF THE SEAT, DURING THE SAME TIME PERIOD
• STANDARD ERROR OF MEASUREMENT (SEM) GIVES THE
MARGIN OF ERROR THAT YOU SHOULD EXPECT IN AN INDIVIDUAL TEST SCORE BECAUSE
OF IMPERFECT RELIABILITY OF THE TEST