The document discusses security considerations for installing and configuring an Oracle Exadata Database Machine. It recommends preparing for installation by collecting security requirements, subscribing to security alerts, and reviewing installation guidelines. During installation, it advises implementing available security features like the "Resecure Machine" step to tighten permissions and passwords. Post-deployment, it suggests addressing any site-specific security needs like changing default passwords and validating policies.

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Exadata
Database
Machine
Security
Dan
Norris
MAA
Team,
Oracle
Development
October
26,
2015

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Program
Agenda
PreparaKon
for
installaKon
InstallaKon,
deployment
Post-­‐deployment
configuraKon
Database
creaKon
and
configuraKon
OperaKonal
security
consideraKons
1
2
3
4
5
2

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Security
Terminology
• APack
surface
–
the
code
within
a
computer
system
that
can
be
run
by
unauthorized
users
• Port
–
network
term
referring
to
a
virtual
endpoint
• Service
–
operaKng
system
term
referring
to
a
background
process
or
daemon
• CPU
–
CriKcal
Patch
Update,
quarterly
released
security
patches
for
Oracle
products
Ge)ng
us
on
the
same
page
3

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PreparaKon
for
InstallaKon
• Get
educated
• Collect
security-­‐related
requirements
from
all
stakeholders
• Determine
whether
role-­‐separated
installaKon
is
required
• Plan
network
layout
• Subscribe
to
security
alerts
-­‐
hPp://is.gd/orasec
• Review
MOS
note
1068804.1:
Guidelines
for
enhancing
the
security
for
an
Oracle
Database
Machine
deployment
Security
starts
early
4

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Plan
Network
Layout
• Client
Access
is
entry
point
for
most
accesses
• Management
should
be
restricted
• InfiniBand
is
private
to
machine,
physical
security
protects
it
Perimeter
security
for
networks
5

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InstallaKon
and
Deployment
• Exadata
includes
many
security
features
by
default
• Implement
the
recommended
security
step
during
deployment
– AKA
“Resecure
Machine”
step
• Start
secure,
only
open
what
is
necessary
– “Doing
security”
later
almost
never
happens
(or
works)
• Configure
ASM
audits
to
use
syslog
(audit_syslog_level)
• Configure
ASM
&
DB
init.ora:
audit_sys_operaKons=true
Implement
the
available
features
and
security
plan
6

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Default
Security
Features
• short
package
install
list
• only
necessary
services
enabled
• hPps
management
interface
• sshd
secure
default
sehngs
• password
aging
• maximum
failed
login
aPempts
Implement
the
available
features
and
security
plan
7
• auditd
monitoring
enabled
• cellwall:
iptables
firewall
• CPUs
included
in
patch
bundles,
releases
synchronized
• system
hardening
• boot
loader
password
protecKon

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Resecure
Machine
Step
• In
this
step,
several
security
changes
are
made:
– password
complexity
requirements
are
added
(dis,dis,16,12,8)
– passwords
are
expired
(forcing
reset
on
next
login)
– password
aging
implemented
– permissions
Kghtened
Implement
the
available
features
and
security
plan
8

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Resecure
Machine
Step
$ ./install.sh –cf maa-phys.xml -l
1. Validate Configuration File
2. Setup Required Files
<snip many steps>
17. Install Exachk
18. Create Installation Summary
19. Resecure Machine
9

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Resecure
Machine
Step
$ ./install.sh –cf maa-vm.xml -l
1. Validate Configuration File
2. Create Virtual Machine
3. Create Users
<snip many steps>
17. Create Installation Summary
18. Resecure Machine
10

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Post-­‐Deployment
ConfiguraKon
• Change
all
passwords
for
all
default
accounts
(MOS
1291766.1)
• Perform
validaKon
for
local
policies
or
rules
– See
MOS
1405320.1
for
commonly
idenKfied
audit
findings
• Exadata
Security
–
especially
for
consolidaKon
environments
Address
site-­‐specific
requirements
11

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Post-­‐Deployment
ConfiguraKon
• *New*
in
12.1.2.2.0
• Cells
can
have
remote
access
disabled
–
no
SSH
access
to
OS
• Must
enable
temporarily
for
maintenance
(upgrades)
• New
cell
aPributes:
remoteAccessPerm,
remoteAccessTemp
• Can
temporarily
enable
access,
automaKc
lock
up
at
a
specified
Kme
• Can
sKll
access
console
via
ILOM
• Use
exacli/exadcli
from
DB
nodes
for
cell
commands
Cell
Lockdown
12

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Post-­‐Deployment
ConfiguraKon
cellcli> create role administrator
cellcli> grant privilege all actions on all objects all attributes with
all options to role administrator
cellcli> create user celladministrator password='*'
cellcli> grant role administrator to user celladministrator
Cell
Lockdown
Setup
13

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Post-­‐Deployment
ConfiguraKon
# cellcli -e list cell detail | egrep -i 'cellversion|accesslevel'
accessLevelPerm: remoteLoginDisabled
cellVersion: OSS_12.1.2.2.0_LINUX.X64_150917
exacli> alter cell accessLevelTemp=((accessLevel="remoteLoginEnabled", -
startTime="now", -
duration="30m", -
reason="Quarterly maintenance"))
Cell
Lockdown
14

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Post-­‐Deployment
ConfiguraKon
• Cells
have
syslogconf
cell
aPributes
(for
quite
a
while)
• DB
nodes
have
/etc/rsyslog.conf
– On
12.1.2.1.0
&
later,
also
have
syslogconf
dbserver
aPribute
Centralized
syslog
15

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Post-­‐Deployment
ConfiguraKon
On
receiving
side,
for
rsyslogd,
modify
/etc/rsyslogd.conf:
# Provides UDP syslog reception
$ModLoad imudp
$UDPServerRun 514
The
HUP
rsyslogd:
kill -HUP $(cat /var/run/syslogd.pid)
Centralized
syslog
setup
16

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Post-­‐Deployment
ConfiguraKon
cellcli> alter cell syslogconf=('authpriv.* @syslgsrv', 'security.*
@seclogserver');
cellcli> alter cell validate syslogconf 'authpriv.error';
dbmcli> alter dbserver syslogconf=('authpriv.* @syslgsrv', 'security.*
@seclogserver');
dbmcli> alter dbserver validate syslogconf 'authpriv.error';
Centralized
syslog
17

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Exadata
Security
(ASM,
Griddisks)
ConsolidaIon:
sharing
without
peeking
18
• Privileges
on
griddisk
level
• Restrict
griddisks
to
certain
clusters
and/or
certain
database(s)
• Especially
effecKve
to
manage
mulKple
administrators
• See
whitepapers
– Oracle
Exadata
Database
Machine
ConsolidaKon:
SegregaKng
Databases
and
Roles
-­‐
hPp://is.gd/exaconsolidaKon
– Best
PracKces
for
Database
ConsolidaKon
On
Exadata
Database
Machine
-­‐
hPp://
is.gd/orclconswp

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Database
CreaKon
and
ConfiguraKon
Implement
database-­‐specific
features
and
best
pracIces
19
• Stay
current
with
Exadata
bundle
patches
(888828.1)
– Bundle
patches
include
latest
CPU
patches
• Consider
TDE,
network
encrypKon,
Data
Vault,
Audit
Vault
• Review
whitepaper:
“Cost
EffecKve
Security
and
Compliance
with
Oracle
Database
11g
Release
2”
-­‐
hPp://is.gd/seccompliance11gr2
• Take
the
Enterprise
Data
Security
Assessment
at
hPp://is.gd/
entsecassessment

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Oracle
Database
Security
Defense
in
Depth
Masking & Subsetting
DBA Controls & Cyber Security
Encryption & Redaction
PREVENTIVE
Activity Monitoring
Database Firewall
Auditing and Reporting
DETECTIVE ADMINISTRATIVE
Privilege & Data Discovery
Configuration Management
Key & Wallet Management
20

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OperaKonal
Security
ConsideraKons
Remain
security-­‐minded
when
patching,
upgrading,
backing
up
21
• Changes
permiPed
on
DB
nodes,
not
cells
• Backups
can
be
encrypted
• Patching
or
upgrading
may
“undo”
some
changes;
verify
aper
• DB
node
updates
use
yum
commands
with
excludes
(see
doc
for
excludes)

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OperaKonal
Security
ConsideraKons
Remain
security-­‐minded
when
patching,
upgrading,
backing
up
22
• Periodic
reviews
to
ensure
sehngs
remain
and
vulnerabiliKes
don’t
• Secure
erase
for
storage
cells
is
available
• Disk
drive
retenKon
is
available
• Oracle
Enterprise
Manager
Governance,
Risk
&
Compliance
Manager
conKnuously
reviews
the
system

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OperaKonal
Security
ConsideraKons
Component
Access
Required
Database
–
Patch
set
Database
server
root,
sopware
home
owner,
passwordless
SSH
to
all
sopware
home
owners
(on
other
nodes)
Database
–
Patch
set
Database
server
root,
sopware
home
owner
Grid
Infrastructure
Same
as
Database
Exadata
Database
Server
(OS)
Database
server
root
Exadata
Storage
Server
Database
server
root,
Passwordless
SSH
from
database
server
root
to
storage
server
root
(temporarily
disable
lockdown)
InfiniBand
Switch
Database
server
root,
InfiniBand
switch
root
23
Patching
consideraIons

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Late
Breaking
Security
Updates
MOS
Note
or
URL
DescripIon
Coming
soon
UpdaKng
JDK
on
Exadata
Database
Machine
database
nodes
2060027.1
October
2015
ILOM
security
updates
–
fixes
included
in
Exadata
12.1.2.2.0
images
24

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Summary
PreparaKon
for
installaKon
InstallaKon,
deployment
Post-­‐deployment
configuraKon
Database
creaKon
and
configuraKon
OperaKonal
security
consideraKons
1
2
3
4
5
25

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References
Note
or
URL
DescripIon
hPp://is.gd/orasec
Oracle
Security
Alerts
subscripKon
1068804.1
Guidelines
for
enhancing
the
security
for
an
Oracle
Database
Machine
deployment
1291766.1
How
to
change
OS
user
password
for
Cell
Node,
Database
Node
,
ILOM,
KVM
,
Infiniband
Switch
,
GigaBit
Ethernet
Switch
and
PDU
on
Exadata
888828.1
Database
Machine
and
Exadata
Storage
Server
11g
Release
2
(11.2)
Supported
Versions
1405320.1
Responses
to
common
Exadata
security
scan
findings
hPp://is.gd/exaconsolidaKon
Oracle
Exadata
Database
Machine
ConsolidaKon:
SegregaKng
Databases
and
Roles
hPp://is.gd/entsecassessment
Enterprise
Data
Security
Assessment
26

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References
MOS
Note
or
URL
DescripIon
1938719.1
Exadata
informaKon
on
Bash
shellshock
vulnerability
1935817.1
Exadata
informaKon
on
SSLv3
POODLE
vulnerability
hPp://is.gd/orclpoodle
Generic
info
about
POODLE
for
all
Oracle
products
hPp://is.gd/orclshellshock
Generic
info
about
Bash
Shellshock
for
all
Oracle
products
2069987.1
HOWTO:
Update
JDK
on
Exadata
Database
Nodes
27

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Safe
Harbor
Statement
The
preceding
is
intended
to
outline
our
general
product
direcKon.
It
is
intended
for
informaKon
purposes
only,
and
may
not
be
incorporated
into
any
contract.
It
is
not
a
commitment
to
deliver
any
material,
code,
or
funcKonality,
and
should
not
be
relied
upon
in
making
purchasing
decisions.
The
development,
release,
and
Kming
of
any
features
or
funcKonality
described
for
Oracle’s
products
remains
at
the
sole
discreKon
of
Oracle.
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29