This paper discusses fundamental issues in dairy logistics in a tutorial format. We summarize findings of more than twenty student groups who carried out independent literature surveys and interviewed professionals in the industry. The critical issues in carrying out dairy products logistics, the logistics strategies
that are employed by dairy producers in the world and some newly introduced products in the industry and in what ways the introduction of these new products changes the logistics operations are pointed out. The importance of hygiene, cooling, time, humidity, cost, distance, flexibility and meeting the demand is emphasized under the subtitle of critical issues. Except those critical issues, there are some others like short shelf life, quality, emulsion, pasteurization, UHT which depend on the characteristics of the milk and milk products. Logistics strategies in dairy industry are studied by dividing it into two subtitles: the ones that are used in the world and the ones in Turkey. A benchmarking between Turkey and the world is also included at the end. As the variety of milk and milk products increase day by day, the new ingredients of new products also affects the transportation plans. Those impacts are also discussed as a part of our paper. Some descriptive drawings and figures are also embodied. Throughout this paper, only the
production, warehousing and transportation of milk, cheese, yoghurt, and similar dairy products are discussed. Ice-cream especially is set out of the scope as it completely differs from actual dairy products as milk, cheese and yoghurt in the means of production and distribution.
http://research.sabanciuniv.edu.
The document discusses logistics management in the dairy industry. It describes the key aspects of logistics operations including production, packaging, warehousing, transportation, overcoming challenges, and customer service. It provides details on the job responsibilities of logistics management and the processes involved in ensuring efficient transportation and delivery of dairy products from manufacturers to consumers while maintaining quality. Reverse logistics related to product returns is also mentioned.
Warehousing and inventory management involves receiving, storing, and shipping raw materials, work-in-progress, and finished goods between the point of origin and consumption. Warehouses play an important role in optimizing transportation and inventory costs while meeting customer service needs. Modern warehouses have evolved to focus on inventory flow rather than just storage. Key warehouse functions include consolidation, breaking bulk, cross-docking, and distribution center operations. Location, transportation access, labor, and automation are important considerations for warehouse management.
This paper discusses fundamental issues in dairy logistics in a tutorial format. We summarize findings of more than twenty student groups who carried out independent literature surveys and interviewed professionals in the industry. The critical issues in carrying out dairy products logistics, the logistics strategies that are employed by dairy producers in the world and some newly introduced products in the industry and in what ways the introduction of these new products changes the logistics operations are pointed out. The importance of hygiene, cooling, time, humidity, cost, distance, flexibility and meeting the demand is emphasized under the subtitle of critical issues. Except those critical issues, there are some others like short shelf life, quality, emulsion, pasteurization, UHT which depend on the characteristics of the milk and milk products. Logistics strategies in dairy industry are studied by dividing it into two subtitles: the ones that are used in the world and the ones in Turkey. A benchmarking between Turkey and the world is also included at the end. As the variety of milk and milk products increase day by day, the new ingredients of new products also affects the transportation plans. Those impacts are also discussed as a part of our paper. Some descriptive drawings and figures are also embodied. Throughout this paper, only the production, warehousing and transportation of milk, cheese, yoghurt, and similar dairy products are discussed. Ice-cream especially is set out of the scope as it completely differs from actual dairy products as milk, cheese and yoghurt in the means of production and distribution.
A commissary is a licensed food cartel that offers required services and more specifically to a mobile vehicle dispensing food. Commissaries offer a wide range of items including cooking facilities deliveries and portable water provision. They enable MFDV to operate efficiently in a safe environment.
- See more at: http://www.customwritingservice.org/blog/essay-on-a-commissary
DAMO is a third-party logistics company that aggregates and supplies fresh produce to retailers. It offers state-of-the-art facilities like temperature controlled warehouses and vehicles to maintain freshness. DAMO sources products from various markets and distributes to clients like Reliance Fresh across warehouses in Western Uttar Pradesh using SAP ERP software to manage inventory and operations.
WAREHOUSING IN INDIA AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE8902714972
Warehouses are an important part of any supply chain and logistics industry. The Indian warehousing sector is progressively getting redefined from the traditional concept of “Godowns” to modern day setups with automation. Warehousing refers to the activities involving storage of goods on a large-scale in a systematic and orderly manner and making them available conveniently when needed. In other words, warehousing means holding or preserving goods in huge quantities from the time of their purchase or production till their actual use or sale.
Him Hatchery was established in 1958 in Mandi, Himachal Pradesh with the goal of providing better nutrition to address malnutrition. It operates an integrated poultry business including breeder farms, a hatchery, broiler growing farms, a feed mill, and a processing plant. The hatchery sources eggs from breeder farms, hatches chicks, and vaccinates them before distributing day-old chicks. Broiler chickens are grown on company farms and processed in the plant. Products are distributed through a cold chain network of warehouses and refrigerated trucks to ensure quality and freshness. The supply chain faces challenges of inaccurate demand forecasting, lack of integrated systems, and limited third-party logistics providers.
The document discusses logistics management in the dairy industry. It describes the key aspects of logistics operations including production, packaging, warehousing, transportation, overcoming challenges, and customer service. It provides details on the job responsibilities of logistics management and the processes involved in ensuring efficient transportation and delivery of dairy products from manufacturers to consumers while maintaining quality. Reverse logistics related to product returns is also mentioned.
Warehousing and inventory management involves receiving, storing, and shipping raw materials, work-in-progress, and finished goods between the point of origin and consumption. Warehouses play an important role in optimizing transportation and inventory costs while meeting customer service needs. Modern warehouses have evolved to focus on inventory flow rather than just storage. Key warehouse functions include consolidation, breaking bulk, cross-docking, and distribution center operations. Location, transportation access, labor, and automation are important considerations for warehouse management.
This paper discusses fundamental issues in dairy logistics in a tutorial format. We summarize findings of more than twenty student groups who carried out independent literature surveys and interviewed professionals in the industry. The critical issues in carrying out dairy products logistics, the logistics strategies that are employed by dairy producers in the world and some newly introduced products in the industry and in what ways the introduction of these new products changes the logistics operations are pointed out. The importance of hygiene, cooling, time, humidity, cost, distance, flexibility and meeting the demand is emphasized under the subtitle of critical issues. Except those critical issues, there are some others like short shelf life, quality, emulsion, pasteurization, UHT which depend on the characteristics of the milk and milk products. Logistics strategies in dairy industry are studied by dividing it into two subtitles: the ones that are used in the world and the ones in Turkey. A benchmarking between Turkey and the world is also included at the end. As the variety of milk and milk products increase day by day, the new ingredients of new products also affects the transportation plans. Those impacts are also discussed as a part of our paper. Some descriptive drawings and figures are also embodied. Throughout this paper, only the production, warehousing and transportation of milk, cheese, yoghurt, and similar dairy products are discussed. Ice-cream especially is set out of the scope as it completely differs from actual dairy products as milk, cheese and yoghurt in the means of production and distribution.
A commissary is a licensed food cartel that offers required services and more specifically to a mobile vehicle dispensing food. Commissaries offer a wide range of items including cooking facilities deliveries and portable water provision. They enable MFDV to operate efficiently in a safe environment.
- See more at: http://www.customwritingservice.org/blog/essay-on-a-commissary
DAMO is a third-party logistics company that aggregates and supplies fresh produce to retailers. It offers state-of-the-art facilities like temperature controlled warehouses and vehicles to maintain freshness. DAMO sources products from various markets and distributes to clients like Reliance Fresh across warehouses in Western Uttar Pradesh using SAP ERP software to manage inventory and operations.
WAREHOUSING IN INDIA AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE8902714972
Warehouses are an important part of any supply chain and logistics industry. The Indian warehousing sector is progressively getting redefined from the traditional concept of “Godowns” to modern day setups with automation. Warehousing refers to the activities involving storage of goods on a large-scale in a systematic and orderly manner and making them available conveniently when needed. In other words, warehousing means holding or preserving goods in huge quantities from the time of their purchase or production till their actual use or sale.
Him Hatchery was established in 1958 in Mandi, Himachal Pradesh with the goal of providing better nutrition to address malnutrition. It operates an integrated poultry business including breeder farms, a hatchery, broiler growing farms, a feed mill, and a processing plant. The hatchery sources eggs from breeder farms, hatches chicks, and vaccinates them before distributing day-old chicks. Broiler chickens are grown on company farms and processed in the plant. Products are distributed through a cold chain network of warehouses and refrigerated trucks to ensure quality and freshness. The supply chain faces challenges of inaccurate demand forecasting, lack of integrated systems, and limited third-party logistics providers.
A reflective approach to materials management ice cream industrySougat Chakravartty
This document discusses best practices in materials management used by GCMMF, which owns the Amul brand of dairy products. Two key areas discussed are sourcing and the use of information technology. For sourcing, Amul practices direct procurement of milk from farmers, eliminating middlemen. This allows for a direct link between producers and consumers. For information technology, Amul implemented systems like EIAS and DISK to better connect and gather data from producers and automate its large supply chain, improving forecasting, productivity and decision making.
This document provides an overview of the author's visit to the Reliance Retail Limited warehouse in Kondlakoya, India. It first acknowledges those who helped arrange and guide the visit. It then outlines the contents and introduces key concepts like warehouses, warehousing, and warehouse management systems. The next sections describe Reliance Retail's vision, mission, and policies. A detailed account is given of the operations at the Kondlakoya warehouse, including receiving, quality checks, storage, allocation, and dispatch of goods. Specific areas like procurement, quality inspection, and banana ripening are explained in more depth.
This paper uses a single qualitative interview with the Warehouse and Ports Operations (WPO)
Officer to investigate the operations of Kaase Inland Port as a distribution center of Ghana Cocoa Marketing
Company. The findings of the study revealed that during offloading all stakeholders must be present to accept the
result; stacks are built to protect the cocoa bean’s health and the quality control division issue purity certificate
after analyzing the cocoa beans in the laboratory. The main conclusion drawn from study was that best practices
were strictly followed under the inbound and outbound logistics but warehousing was not up to the task. The paper
suggests newer and better methods of warehousing technologies.
Walmart has become the world's largest retailer through effective supply chain management practices that focus on low prices. It operates over 11,700 stores worldwide using a hub and spoke distribution system with centralized warehouses. Walmart leverages technology like EDI, RFID, and a satellite communication system to efficiently procure inventory in large volumes from suppliers, track sales data, and replenish stores. These practices help Walmart maintain low costs that are passed onto customers through everyday low prices.
This document provides an overview of a seminar on the role and importance of storage and warehouses in the agricultural sector in India. It discusses different types of storage structures, including underground, surface, and bag storage. It then covers the definition and importance of warehousing, as well as different types of warehouses. The remainder summarizes key government organizations that operate warehouses in India, including the Central Warehousing Corporation, State Warehousing Corporations, and Food Corporation of India.
Caspers Company is selecting a new warehouse management system for its expanded regional distribution center in Tampa, Florida. The distribution center will be over 75,000 square feet and dedicate 72% of space to cold storage. Key requirements for the WMS include support for receiving, put-away, quality control, order processing, lot and batch tracking, storage optimization, product traceability, and compatibility with Caspers' current systems. Two potential vendors are Vormittag Associates and Dematic Corporation, which both offer WMS solutions with food industry experience and the necessary functionalities. Caspers will evaluate the vendors based on criteria like history, financials, customer base, implementation timelines, and support for the unique processes in their cold
Warehousing refers to the large-scale storage of goods in a systematic manner from the time of production or purchase until use or sale. The key functions of warehousing include storage, preservation, and facilitating the distribution of goods. There are different types of warehouses such as private, public, government, cooperative, and bonded warehouses which vary based on ownership and target users. An effective warehousing strategy considers factors like demand patterns, customer service levels, and total distribution costs.
This document summarizes a study on risks involved in reverse logistics. It discusses objectives of reverse logistics like product location and collection. It also examines research questions around how companies address reverse logistics problems and the impact on supply chain performance. The research approach used descriptive case studies. Examples analyzed include battery recalls by Nokia and Samsung that involved replacing defective products. True Value Market and OLX reverse logistics processes are also summarized. The conclusion discusses common reverse logistics challenges faced by companies.
This document covers various topics related to transportation and warehousing in supply chain management. It discusses different modes of transportation including road, rail, ropeway, pipeline, water and air transport. It describes factors affecting transportation performance and factors influencing selection of transporters. It also addresses topics like fleet management, multimodal transport, containerization, vehicle scheduling, routing, milk run and cross docking. The document then covers warehousing operations, automation, warehouse management systems, third party warehousing and material handling. It discusses pricing, revenue management and the role of information technology in supply chain management.
This document discusses production management and material management. It covers various topics related to warehousing including definitions, types (private, public, contract, cooperative), functions, organization, machines used, centralization vs decentralization, rationale, needs, principles, quality decisions, problems, and importance. The main points are that warehousing is important for inventory management, facilitates production, provides flexibility, reduces costs and risks, and ensures materials are available when and where needed. It discusses different types of warehouses and considerations for organizing warehouse operations.
The document discusses storage and warehousing. It defines storage as preserving goods from production until use, while warehousing refers to large-scale, systematic storage and organization of goods. It outlines the key features of warehouses including proper location, use of machinery, sufficient space, and safety measures. It also describes different types of warehouses like private, public, government, cooperative, and bonded warehouses. Finally, it discusses modern warehousing trends that use technologies like RFID and voice picking.
This document discusses warehousing concepts and processes. It begins with definitions of warehousing and describes modern approaches to warehouse design that optimize storage and movement of goods. Various types of warehouse storage are outlined for different materials like solids, liquids, and gases. The document also details types of warehouse spaces including commercial, government, transit, open storage, and pre-fabricated. Strategies for determining the optimal number of warehouses and types are presented. Key aspects of warehouse preparation and planning like space layout, allocation, and utilization are covered. The importance of optimizing warehouse operations through techniques like minimizing touches, implementing automation, and establishing performance metrics is highlighted. Finally, the raw material intake and ordering process for a company called Pancali is
High-Velocity Supply Chains for Perishables: A Fresher PropositionCognizant
In the perishables sector, providing the freshest products to customers remains a challenge, since doing so is not tied to a single business function. Developing a high-velocity supply chain is one of the most straightforward strategies for ensuring freshness, reducing shrink and realizing top-and bottom-line improvements.
The document discusses the importance of efficient reefer (refrigerated) transportation for India's cold chain logistics industry. It notes that about 13,300 crore rupees worth of perishable goods like fruits, vegetables and meat are destroyed each year due to poor cold storage and lack of refrigerated transport. Experts say that increasing the number of reefer trucks and developing refrigerated rail transport could help reduce losses and better preserve perishables as they are transported across India. Advanced monitoring technologies are also needed to maintain proper temperatures and humidity levels for perishables in transit.
Article Published in MMR January 2017 IssueMILAN VYAS
This document discusses optimizing warehouse operations through effective slotting and layout. It recommends ranking items by frequency of usage and placing the most popular items in the most accessible locations to minimize travel time during order picking. Additional factors to consider include item characteristics like size, weight and hazard level to ensure appropriate storage. Dynamic slotting is also discussed as a way to temporarily place items for known upcoming orders. The goal is to optimize workflow and efficiency through an analysis of all relevant variables.
This document discusses warehousing and its role in supply chain management. It provides details on the functions of warehousing such as receiving goods, record preparation, identification, storage, packing, and delivery. It describes the basic storage and movement functions performed by warehouses. The document also discusses the economic and service benefits of warehousing models like consolidation, break bulk, and cross dock warehouses. It covers operating principles of warehouse design and factors to consider in warehouse location selection, including the benefits and drawbacks of centralized and decentralized warehousing approaches.
This document appears to be a dissertation submitted for a Master's degree that examines risk in reverse logistics. It includes declarations by the student and faculty supervisor. The introduction provides an overview of reverse logistics and outlines the research questions and significance of the study. The literature review discusses concepts of supply chain management and reverse logistics, including the scope and processes involved in reverse logistics. It also examines some of the challenges of reverse logistics, such as costs and network structures, and the potential financial impacts on supply chain performance.
Automated Packaging Systems provides mail order fulfillment and shipping solutions including bag packaging systems, void-fill and protective packing materials, and mailbag films. Their solutions include compact tabletop and high-speed integrated bagging systems that directly print labels and information onto bags. Case studies show their customers realized annual cost savings up to $212,500 and payback periods as short as 6 months by automating fulfillment operations. They also offer environmentally-friendly bag and packing materials.
Warehousing involves storing goods in commercial buildings until they are needed. There are different types of warehouses including private warehouses owned by companies to store their own goods, public warehouses that anyone can store goods in for a fee, and government warehouses. Warehouses must efficiently receive, store, assemble, and ship inventory. Warehouse management systems use technologies like barcodes and RFID to automate operations and provide visibility of inventory. Automating warehouses can reduce costs and improve productivity.
Flexibility and modularity. Because food powders and granules feature varying densities and flow characteristics, the conveyor must be modular, and capable of running a variety of different dry materials, such as the sugar, ground coffee, and powdered milk that make up cappuccino mixes.
Farm to Fork describes the food supply chain from production to consumption. It involves growing crops and raising animals, processing and packaging raw materials, warehousing and cold storage, transportation between all stages, and lastly distribution to retailers and consumers. Effective supply chain management is needed to move food efficiently while maintaining quality. Technology plays a key role, especially for monitoring temperature controls vital for perishable foods throughout the cold chain.
This document provides an overview of the global food supply chain. It discusses key aspects of food logistics including supply chain management, food categories, warehousing, processing and packaging, transportation, cold chain management, and the use of technology. Maintaining proper temperatures is essential throughout the supply chain to preserve food freshness. Transportation requires an unbroken cold chain using refrigeration and temperature monitoring. Technology helps manage operations and track food from farm to table.
A reflective approach to materials management ice cream industrySougat Chakravartty
This document discusses best practices in materials management used by GCMMF, which owns the Amul brand of dairy products. Two key areas discussed are sourcing and the use of information technology. For sourcing, Amul practices direct procurement of milk from farmers, eliminating middlemen. This allows for a direct link between producers and consumers. For information technology, Amul implemented systems like EIAS and DISK to better connect and gather data from producers and automate its large supply chain, improving forecasting, productivity and decision making.
This document provides an overview of the author's visit to the Reliance Retail Limited warehouse in Kondlakoya, India. It first acknowledges those who helped arrange and guide the visit. It then outlines the contents and introduces key concepts like warehouses, warehousing, and warehouse management systems. The next sections describe Reliance Retail's vision, mission, and policies. A detailed account is given of the operations at the Kondlakoya warehouse, including receiving, quality checks, storage, allocation, and dispatch of goods. Specific areas like procurement, quality inspection, and banana ripening are explained in more depth.
This paper uses a single qualitative interview with the Warehouse and Ports Operations (WPO)
Officer to investigate the operations of Kaase Inland Port as a distribution center of Ghana Cocoa Marketing
Company. The findings of the study revealed that during offloading all stakeholders must be present to accept the
result; stacks are built to protect the cocoa bean’s health and the quality control division issue purity certificate
after analyzing the cocoa beans in the laboratory. The main conclusion drawn from study was that best practices
were strictly followed under the inbound and outbound logistics but warehousing was not up to the task. The paper
suggests newer and better methods of warehousing technologies.
Walmart has become the world's largest retailer through effective supply chain management practices that focus on low prices. It operates over 11,700 stores worldwide using a hub and spoke distribution system with centralized warehouses. Walmart leverages technology like EDI, RFID, and a satellite communication system to efficiently procure inventory in large volumes from suppliers, track sales data, and replenish stores. These practices help Walmart maintain low costs that are passed onto customers through everyday low prices.
This document provides an overview of a seminar on the role and importance of storage and warehouses in the agricultural sector in India. It discusses different types of storage structures, including underground, surface, and bag storage. It then covers the definition and importance of warehousing, as well as different types of warehouses. The remainder summarizes key government organizations that operate warehouses in India, including the Central Warehousing Corporation, State Warehousing Corporations, and Food Corporation of India.
Caspers Company is selecting a new warehouse management system for its expanded regional distribution center in Tampa, Florida. The distribution center will be over 75,000 square feet and dedicate 72% of space to cold storage. Key requirements for the WMS include support for receiving, put-away, quality control, order processing, lot and batch tracking, storage optimization, product traceability, and compatibility with Caspers' current systems. Two potential vendors are Vormittag Associates and Dematic Corporation, which both offer WMS solutions with food industry experience and the necessary functionalities. Caspers will evaluate the vendors based on criteria like history, financials, customer base, implementation timelines, and support for the unique processes in their cold
Warehousing refers to the large-scale storage of goods in a systematic manner from the time of production or purchase until use or sale. The key functions of warehousing include storage, preservation, and facilitating the distribution of goods. There are different types of warehouses such as private, public, government, cooperative, and bonded warehouses which vary based on ownership and target users. An effective warehousing strategy considers factors like demand patterns, customer service levels, and total distribution costs.
This document summarizes a study on risks involved in reverse logistics. It discusses objectives of reverse logistics like product location and collection. It also examines research questions around how companies address reverse logistics problems and the impact on supply chain performance. The research approach used descriptive case studies. Examples analyzed include battery recalls by Nokia and Samsung that involved replacing defective products. True Value Market and OLX reverse logistics processes are also summarized. The conclusion discusses common reverse logistics challenges faced by companies.
This document covers various topics related to transportation and warehousing in supply chain management. It discusses different modes of transportation including road, rail, ropeway, pipeline, water and air transport. It describes factors affecting transportation performance and factors influencing selection of transporters. It also addresses topics like fleet management, multimodal transport, containerization, vehicle scheduling, routing, milk run and cross docking. The document then covers warehousing operations, automation, warehouse management systems, third party warehousing and material handling. It discusses pricing, revenue management and the role of information technology in supply chain management.
This document discusses production management and material management. It covers various topics related to warehousing including definitions, types (private, public, contract, cooperative), functions, organization, machines used, centralization vs decentralization, rationale, needs, principles, quality decisions, problems, and importance. The main points are that warehousing is important for inventory management, facilitates production, provides flexibility, reduces costs and risks, and ensures materials are available when and where needed. It discusses different types of warehouses and considerations for organizing warehouse operations.
The document discusses storage and warehousing. It defines storage as preserving goods from production until use, while warehousing refers to large-scale, systematic storage and organization of goods. It outlines the key features of warehouses including proper location, use of machinery, sufficient space, and safety measures. It also describes different types of warehouses like private, public, government, cooperative, and bonded warehouses. Finally, it discusses modern warehousing trends that use technologies like RFID and voice picking.
This document discusses warehousing concepts and processes. It begins with definitions of warehousing and describes modern approaches to warehouse design that optimize storage and movement of goods. Various types of warehouse storage are outlined for different materials like solids, liquids, and gases. The document also details types of warehouse spaces including commercial, government, transit, open storage, and pre-fabricated. Strategies for determining the optimal number of warehouses and types are presented. Key aspects of warehouse preparation and planning like space layout, allocation, and utilization are covered. The importance of optimizing warehouse operations through techniques like minimizing touches, implementing automation, and establishing performance metrics is highlighted. Finally, the raw material intake and ordering process for a company called Pancali is
High-Velocity Supply Chains for Perishables: A Fresher PropositionCognizant
In the perishables sector, providing the freshest products to customers remains a challenge, since doing so is not tied to a single business function. Developing a high-velocity supply chain is one of the most straightforward strategies for ensuring freshness, reducing shrink and realizing top-and bottom-line improvements.
The document discusses the importance of efficient reefer (refrigerated) transportation for India's cold chain logistics industry. It notes that about 13,300 crore rupees worth of perishable goods like fruits, vegetables and meat are destroyed each year due to poor cold storage and lack of refrigerated transport. Experts say that increasing the number of reefer trucks and developing refrigerated rail transport could help reduce losses and better preserve perishables as they are transported across India. Advanced monitoring technologies are also needed to maintain proper temperatures and humidity levels for perishables in transit.
Article Published in MMR January 2017 IssueMILAN VYAS
This document discusses optimizing warehouse operations through effective slotting and layout. It recommends ranking items by frequency of usage and placing the most popular items in the most accessible locations to minimize travel time during order picking. Additional factors to consider include item characteristics like size, weight and hazard level to ensure appropriate storage. Dynamic slotting is also discussed as a way to temporarily place items for known upcoming orders. The goal is to optimize workflow and efficiency through an analysis of all relevant variables.
This document discusses warehousing and its role in supply chain management. It provides details on the functions of warehousing such as receiving goods, record preparation, identification, storage, packing, and delivery. It describes the basic storage and movement functions performed by warehouses. The document also discusses the economic and service benefits of warehousing models like consolidation, break bulk, and cross dock warehouses. It covers operating principles of warehouse design and factors to consider in warehouse location selection, including the benefits and drawbacks of centralized and decentralized warehousing approaches.
This document appears to be a dissertation submitted for a Master's degree that examines risk in reverse logistics. It includes declarations by the student and faculty supervisor. The introduction provides an overview of reverse logistics and outlines the research questions and significance of the study. The literature review discusses concepts of supply chain management and reverse logistics, including the scope and processes involved in reverse logistics. It also examines some of the challenges of reverse logistics, such as costs and network structures, and the potential financial impacts on supply chain performance.
Automated Packaging Systems provides mail order fulfillment and shipping solutions including bag packaging systems, void-fill and protective packing materials, and mailbag films. Their solutions include compact tabletop and high-speed integrated bagging systems that directly print labels and information onto bags. Case studies show their customers realized annual cost savings up to $212,500 and payback periods as short as 6 months by automating fulfillment operations. They also offer environmentally-friendly bag and packing materials.
Warehousing involves storing goods in commercial buildings until they are needed. There are different types of warehouses including private warehouses owned by companies to store their own goods, public warehouses that anyone can store goods in for a fee, and government warehouses. Warehouses must efficiently receive, store, assemble, and ship inventory. Warehouse management systems use technologies like barcodes and RFID to automate operations and provide visibility of inventory. Automating warehouses can reduce costs and improve productivity.
Flexibility and modularity. Because food powders and granules feature varying densities and flow characteristics, the conveyor must be modular, and capable of running a variety of different dry materials, such as the sugar, ground coffee, and powdered milk that make up cappuccino mixes.
Farm to Fork describes the food supply chain from production to consumption. It involves growing crops and raising animals, processing and packaging raw materials, warehousing and cold storage, transportation between all stages, and lastly distribution to retailers and consumers. Effective supply chain management is needed to move food efficiently while maintaining quality. Technology plays a key role, especially for monitoring temperature controls vital for perishable foods throughout the cold chain.
This document provides an overview of the global food supply chain. It discusses key aspects of food logistics including supply chain management, food categories, warehousing, processing and packaging, transportation, cold chain management, and the use of technology. Maintaining proper temperatures is essential throughout the supply chain to preserve food freshness. Transportation requires an unbroken cold chain using refrigeration and temperature monitoring. Technology helps manage operations and track food from farm to table.
Shelf life enhancement of milk products.Gail Barnes
While thermal processes such as pasteurization, UHT, and sterilization have a long history of use and are well defined by regulators, there is no similar definition of ESL milk products, and the methods that can be used in ESL milk processing operations. This article by Dr Tatiana Koutchma and Dr Gail Barnes in IFT's Food Technology journal focuses on various treatments for chilled distribution and the way in which new nonthermal UV (ultraviolet) treatment can improve the microbiological quality of both raw and pasteurized milk.
"""Plant-based milk, derived from sources like almonds, soy, oats, and coconuts, offers a nutritious and cruelty-free alternative to traditional dairy. Rich in vitamins and minerals, it caters to diverse dietary preferences while promoting sustainability and environmental well-being.""
""Ghee processing involves the meticulous clarification of butter, separating the milk solids and water to leave behind pure, golden clarified butter. This traditional method enhances the flavor, extends shelf life, and makes ghee a versatile and prized ingredient in culinary applications.""
Read the complete article along with up-to-date articles, Industry buzz, and fun facts on the Food & Beverage industry with PMG's weekly
#FoodTech #IndustryInsights"
Kellogg%27s supply chain from manufacturing to shelfMahaveer Lohana
Kellogg's began in 1906 and is now the world's leading breakfast cereal manufacturer. It produces over 40 cereals across 19 countries and has manufacturing plants worldwide. Kellogg's focuses on growing its cereal and snack businesses. It prioritizes corporate social responsibility and sustainability across its supply chain, working to reduce waste, emissions, and environmental impact at each stage from manufacturing to distribution. Kellogg's collaborates with partners across the supply chain to improve efficiency and lower costs, benefiting both its business and the environment.
"During milk reception, tankers or cans of milk may be used to transport it to the dairy or milk plant. To ensure a steady supply of milk to the pasteurizing equipment, the milk in these containers needs to be graded, emptied, measured by weight or volume, sampled, and bulked.
Pulsed electric fields PEF is a non-thermal method of food preservation. It not only inactivates bacteria at low temperatures but also affects minimally the nutritional and sensory properties of the food product.
Exploring the Latest Innovations and Breakthroughs in the World of F&B industry, continue reading these topics along with Industry Buzz, weekly highlights, and fun facts in this week's edition of Tech-knowledge."
The document discusses the dairy value chain in Vietnam, using evidence from Bavi area. It provides an overview of the dairy sector in Vietnam, including growing milk consumption, production, and issues around imbalances in profits between actors. A survey was conducted in Bavi to understand costs, profits, and relationships between farmers, collectors, processors, and distributors. The analysis found control by dairy companies impacts quantities and benefits for farmers.
Food safety refers to proper food handling procedures to avoid foodborne illness. Emerging food safety technologies include non-thermal processes like pulsed electric fields, cold plasma, and high pressure processing that can kill pathogens without altering food quality. Technologies like blockchain, RFID, and artificial intelligence are improving traceability, transparency, and predictive modeling in the food supply chain. Companies are adopting these innovative technologies to enhance food safety, quality control, and compliance.
ADEX - convencion envases 2012: hak & partnersHernani Larrea
This document summarizes a presentation on food packaging technology and trends in the European Union. It discusses how the Netherlands is a leader in food technology research and exports, with major companies in food processing and packaging systems. It outlines trends like increasing globalization and urbanization, rising meat consumption and a shift to poultry. Key packaging trends enabled include nutrition, convenience and sustainability. The document promotes cooperation between Peru and the Netherlands on food security for urban areas through business, innovation and knowledge transfer.
According to Renub Research latest report, “Refrigerated Transport Market, Global Forecast 2023-2028, Industry Trends, Growth, Insight, Impact of Inflation, Company Analysis” Refrigerated Transport Market is expected to grow with a CAGR of 6.37% from 2022 to 2028.
Supply chain assignment on Milk ProductionAdit Shamanur
The document discusses the supply chain for milk. It begins with an overview of supply chains and diagrams depicting the traditional milk supply chain. It then outlines the six main stages of milk processing: milking, storage, transportation to processing, further storage, transportation to manufacturers, and final transportation to retailers. It notes the key challenges as bargaining power imbalances that disadvantage farmers. It concludes by suggesting improvements like greater interdependence and ensuring sustainable and fair profits across all parts of the supply chain.
Consumer Attitude towards Dairy Products – An Empirical Study in Erode DistrictDr. Amarjeet Singh
This document summarizes a research study that examined consumer attitudes towards dairy products in Erode district, Tamil Nadu, India. The study collected data through a survey of 132 consumers using a structured questionnaire. It found that most respondents were urban consumers who frequently purchase products from Aavin and have been using dairy products for 5-10 years. The study analyzed the relationship between demographic variables and consumer attitudes. It assessed consumer attitudes towards dairy products using 10 statements on a Likert scale. The results provide insight into consumer preferences and attitudes to inform dairy industry marketing strategies in the region.
Crafting frozen delights demands meticulous processing: from sourcing premium ingredients to precision freezing techniques, ensuring each scoop delivers irresistible flavor and texture. Our commitment to excellence transforms mere desserts into memorable indulgences.
Efficient warehouse operations demand reliable equipment. From forklifts to pallet racks, our comprehensive selection of warehouse equipment ensures seamless handling, storage, and distribution, optimizing productivity and safety in every step of your supply chain.
Stay Ahead of the Curve with Our Weekly Food-Tech Insights: Your Gateway to the Latest Innovations, Trends, and Industry buzz!
The document discusses using a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis to evaluate the food packaging industry. Some key strengths of food packaging are that it preserves food quality and provides important labeling information. However, weaknesses include the environmental impact of non-biodegradable materials and potential for contamination. Opportunities exist in developing more sustainable packaging and enhancing convenience, while threats involve changing regulations and challenges of e-commerce. Conducting SWOT analyses allows companies to improve packaging and remain competitive in the evolving market.
Here is a potential outline for a term paper on the trends of Ethiopia's food industry emergence and the way forward:
I. Introduction
- Brief background on Ethiopia's economy and importance of agriculture
- Purpose of paper to examine trends in food industry development and identify gaps
II. Current State of Ethiopia's Food Industry
- Agriculture dominated but limited processing currently
- Major crops, livestock, and exports
- Small scale and traditional practices prevalent
III. Emerging Trends in the Food Industry
- Growth of food processing companies in recent years
- Areas of focus like milling, edible oils, dairy, etc.
- Role of foreign investment and partnerships
- Improving infrastructure like roads,
The document outlines new post-graduate curricula and syllabi for dairy technology programs, including restructured courses with a new focus on traditional and value-added dairy products, membrane processing, and product monitoring. It provides details on the revised course structures, titles, contents, and credit hours. Additional infrastructure and faculty training will be needed to implement the new curricula focusing on emerging technologies.
The document discusses the heat processing of milk and milk products. Some key points:
- Heat treatment is used to kill microorganisms and inactivate enzymes to increase safety and shelf life. The intensity of the heat treatment impacts the results.
- Objectives of heat processing include ensuring consumer safety by eliminating pathogens, increasing keeping quality by killing spoilage organisms, and establishing product properties.
- Heat treatment can cause chemical and physical changes in milk like protein denaturation and Maillard reactions, and impacts properties like viscosity, rennetability, and oxidation stability. It also affects bacterial growth and nutritional composition. Strict control of heating intensity is important.
This document discusses the importance of maintaining proper cold chain management for pharmaceutical products, especially clinical trial materials. It covers definitions of active and passive cold chain systems, requirements for validation of cold chain processes, challenges in global clinical trials, and the roles of service providers and regulations. Proper cold chain is crucial for ensuring product quality and safety.
Supplier and buyer driven channels in a two-stage supply chainGurdal Ertek
This summarizes a research paper that explores supplier and buyer-driven channels in a two-stage supply chain model. It develops models where either the supplier or buyer has dominant bargaining power to determine pricing. The paper shows that when the buyer has power, it is optimal for them to use only a multiplier on wholesale price and not a markup. It also shows market price and sensitivity increases with operational costs. The sensitivity of market price to wholesale price increases non-linearly and is bounded from below. Increasing costs have a decreasing marginal impact on prices and profits. There are cases where suppliers prefer buyer-driven channels and vice versa.
Simulation modeling for quality and productivity in steel cord manufacturingGurdal Ertek
We describe the application of simulation modeling to estimate and improve quality and productivity performance of a steel cord manufacturing system. We describe the typical steel
cord manufacturing plant, emphasize its distinguishing characteristics, identify various production settings and discuss applicability of simulation as a management decision support tool. Besides presenting the general structure of the developed simulation model, we focus on wire fractures, which can be an important source of system disruption.
http://research.sabanciuniv.edu.
Visual and analytical mining of transactions data for production planning ...Gurdal Ertek
The document proposes a framework that combines visual and analytical mining of transaction data for production planning and marketing. The framework uses interactive pie charts for filtering, k-means clustering for analysis, and parallel coordinate plots for comparison. It was implemented in a prototype called CuReMa. Future work could incorporate additional visualizations, data fields, clustering algorithms, and criteria to further analyze enterprise transaction data.
Visual and analytical mining of transactions data for production planning ...Gurdal Ertek
This document proposes a framework that combines visual and analytical mining of transaction data for production planning and marketing. The framework includes three main steps: filtering using interactive visualizations like pie charts, clustering using algorithms like k-means, and comparison using visualizations like parallel coordinate plots. It then describes an implementation of this framework called CuReMa that allows interactive visual querying, analytical clustering, and visual comparison of sales transaction data to help with production planning and marketing decisions.
Visual and analytical mining of transactions data for production planning ...Gurdal Ertek
This document proposes a framework that combines visual and analytical mining of transaction data for production planning and marketing. The framework includes three main steps: filtering using interactive visuals like pie charts, clustering using algorithms like k-means, and comparison using visualizations like parallel coordinate plots. It then describes an implementation of this framework called CuReMa and areas for future work, like incorporating other data fields, algorithms, and criteria.
Visual and analytical mining of sales transaction data for production plannin...Gurdal Ertek
Recent developments in information technology paved the way for the collection of large amounts of data pertaining to various aspects of an enterprise. The greatest challenge faced in
processing these massive amounts of raw data gathered turns out to be the effective management of data with the ultimate purpose of deriving necessary and meaningful information
out of it. The following paper presents an attempt to illustrate the combination of visual and analytical data mining techniques for planning of marketing and production activities. The
primary phases of the proposed framework consist of filtering, clustering and comparison steps implemented using interactive pie charts, K-Means algorithm and parallel coordinate plots
respectively. A prototype decision support system is developed and a sample analysis session is conducted to demonstrate the applicability of the framework.
http://research.sabanciuniv.edu.
In crossdocking, the inbound materials coming in trucks to the
crossdock facility are directed to outbound doors and are directly loaded into trucks that will perform shipment, or are staged for a very brief time period before loading. Crossdocking has a great potential to bring savings in logistics: For example, most of the logistics success of Wal-Mart, the world’s leading retailer, is attributed to crossdocking.In this paper,the types of
crossdocking are identified, the situations and industries where crossdocking is applicable are explained, prerequisites, advantages and drawbacks are listed, and implementation issues are discussed. Finally a case study that describes the crossdocking applications of a 3rd party logistics firm is
presented.
http://research.sabanciuniv.edu.
Application of local search methods for solving a quadratic assignment proble...Gurdal Ertek
This paper discusses the design and application of local search methods to a real-life application at a steel cord manufacturing plant. The case study involves a layout problem that can be represented as a Quadratic Assignment Problem (QAP). Due to the nature of the manufacturing process, certain machinery need to be allocated in close proximity to each other. This issue is incorporated into the objective function through assigning high penalty costs to the unfavorable allocations. QAP belongs to one of the most difficult class of combinatorial optimization problems, and is not solvable to optimality as the number of facilities increases. We implement the well-known local
search methods, 2-opt, 3-opt and tabu search. We compare the solution performances of the methods to the results obtained from the NEOS server, which provides free access to many optimization solvers on the internet.
http://research.sabanciuniv.edu.
Financial benchmarking of transportation companies in the New York Stock Exch...Gurdal Ertek
This document summarizes a study that performed financial benchmarking on transportation companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange using data envelopment analysis (DEA) and data visualization. Financial data from 2005 annual reports were used as inputs and outputs for the DEA model to calculate efficiency scores. The scores were then visualized to identify patterns among the companies in different subsectors (marine, railroad, etc.). The visualizations showed that 7 of 18 marine transportation companies were fully efficient, while railroad companies had the lowest average efficiency. This approach provided insights into comparative performance within and across subsectors.
Development of an Interactive Simulation of Steel Cord Manufacturing for Indu...Gurdal Ertek
We developed an interactive simulation program to be used in industrial engineering education, based on an earlier simulation study of a steel cord manufacturing plant. In the class project, the students are asked to design strategies/algorithms for finding the optimal values of operational decision variables by using the program.
http://research.sabanciuniv.edu.
Application of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) for selection of forecast...Gurdal Ertek
In this paper, we described an application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for the ranking and selection of forecasting software. AHP is a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) approach, which is based on the pair-wise comparison
of elements of a given set with respect to multiple criteria. Even though there are applications of the AHP to software selection problems, we have not encountered a study that involves forecasting software. We started our analysis by filtering
among forecasting software that were found on the Internet by undergraduate students as a part of a course project. Then we processed a second filtering step, where we reduced the number of software to be examined even further. Finally we
constructed the comparison matrices based upon the evaluations of three “semiexperts”, and obtained a ranking of forecasting software of the selected software using the Expert Choice software. We report our findings and our insights, together with the results of a sensitivity analysis.
http://research.sabanciuniv.edu.
Spreadsheet Optimization of Flow for WIP Goods at a Yarn and Tire Cord Manufa...Gurdal Ertek
We developed a spreadsheet optimization model to find the optimal material handling policy at a leading yarn and tire cord manufacturer’s facility. The focus of the study is to optimize the movement of looms of yarn and tire cord between two major manufacturing steps. The considered flow network within the
manufacturing facility is a miniature two-stage supply chain, including the middle layer of depots. Movement of material takes place through forklift trucks and cranes, which impose electricity, labor, maintenance, and depreciation costs. After
introducing the company, the facility, and the project goals, we present the underlying linear programming (LP) model and our spreadsheet implementation. The results of our model suggest an annual saving of approximately $22,000 for the facility.
http://research.sabanciuniv.edu.
Optimizing waste collection in an organized industrial region: A case studyGurdal Ertek
In this paper we present a case study which involves the design of a supply chain network for industrial waste collection. The problem is to transport metal waste from 17 factories to containers and from containers to a disposal center (DC) at an
organized region of automobile parts suppliers. We applied the classic mixedinteger programming (MIP) model for the two-stage supply chain to the solution of this problem. The visualization of the optimal solution provided us with several
interesting insights that would not be easily discovered otherwise.
http://research.sabanciuniv.edu.
Demonstrating warehousing concepts through interactive animationsGurdal Ertek
This document describes the development of interactive animations to demonstrate warehousing concepts. The authors created animations using Macromedia Flash to illustrate key warehousing topics like distribution strategies, order picking schemes, pick-to-light systems, bucket brigades, carousels, order picker trucks, and mobile storage systems. The animations are intended to supplement traditional educational materials and improve understanding of warehouse operations and management. Evaluation of the animations' effectiveness at enhancing learning is proposed for future work.
Decision Support For Packing In WarehousesGurdal Ertek
This document summarizes a research paper titled "Decision Support for Packing in Warehouses" by Ertek and Kilic. The paper proposes three algorithms - greedy, beam search, and tree search - to solve a packing problem for an automobile manufacturer's spare parts warehouse. The problem involves optimally packing items from customer orders into boxes to minimize costs. This is a novel 3D multiple bin size bin packing problem that has not been previously analyzed in literature. The paper compares the performance of the proposed algorithms in terms of cost and computation time.
A framework for visualizing association mining resultsGurdal Ertek
Association mining is one of the most used data mining tech-
niques due to interpretable and actionable results. In this study we propose a framework to visualize the association mining results, specifically frequent itemsets and association rules, as graphs. We demonstrate the applicability and usefulness of our approach through a Market Basket Analysis (MBA) case study where we visually explore the data mining results for a supermarket data set. In this case study we derive several
interesting insights regarding the relationships among the items and suggest how they can be used as basis for decision making in retailing.
http://research.sabanciuniv.edu.
Application of the cutting stock problem to a construction company: A case studyGurdal Ertek
This paper presents an application of the well-known cutting stock problem to a construction firm. The goal of the 1Dimensional (1D) cutting stock problem is to cut the bars of desired lengths in required quantities from longer bars of given
length. The company for which we carried out this study encounters 1D cutting stock problem in cutting steel bars (reinforcement bars) for its construction projects. We have developed several solution approaches to solving the company’s problem: Building and solving an integer programming (IP) model in a modeling environment, developing our own software that uses a mixed integer programming (MIP) software library, and testing some of the commercial software packages available on the internet. In this paper, we summarize our experiences with all the three approaches. We also present a benchmark of existing commercial software packages, and some critical insights. Finally, we suggest a visual approach for increasing performance in solving the cutting stock problem and demonstrate the applicability of this approach using the company’s data on two construction projects.
http://research.sabanciuniv.edu.
Benchmarking the Turkish apparel retail industry through data envelopment ana...Gurdal Ertek
This paper presents a benchmarking study of the Turkish apparel retailing industry. We have applied the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) methodology to determine the efficiencies of the companies in the industry. In the DEA model the number of stores, number of corners, total sales area and number of employees were included as inputs and annual sales revenue was included as the output. The efficiency scores obtained through DEA were visualized for gaining insights about
the industry and revealing guidelines that can aid in strategic decision making.
http://research.sabanciuniv.edu.
State of Artificial intelligence Report 2023kuntobimo2016
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a multidisciplinary field of science and engineering whose goal is to create intelligent machines.
We believe that AI will be a force multiplier on technological progress in our increasingly digital, data-driven world. This is because everything around us today, ranging from culture to consumer products, is a product of intelligence.
The State of AI Report is now in its sixth year. Consider this report as a compilation of the most interesting things we’ve seen with a goal of triggering an informed conversation about the state of AI and its implication for the future.
We consider the following key dimensions in our report:
Research: Technology breakthroughs and their capabilities.
Industry: Areas of commercial application for AI and its business impact.
Politics: Regulation of AI, its economic implications and the evolving geopolitics of AI.
Safety: Identifying and mitigating catastrophic risks that highly-capable future AI systems could pose to us.
Predictions: What we believe will happen in the next 12 months and a 2022 performance review to keep us honest.
Analysis insight about a Flyball dog competition team's performanceroli9797
Insight of my analysis about a Flyball dog competition team's last year performance. Find more: https://github.com/rolandnagy-ds/flyball_race_analysis/tree/main
The Building Blocks of QuestDB, a Time Series Databasejavier ramirez
Talk Delivered at Valencia Codes Meetup 2024-06.
Traditionally, databases have treated timestamps just as another data type. However, when performing real-time analytics, timestamps should be first class citizens and we need rich time semantics to get the most out of our data. We also need to deal with ever growing datasets while keeping performant, which is as fun as it sounds.
It is no wonder time-series databases are now more popular than ever before. Join me in this session to learn about the internal architecture and building blocks of QuestDB, an open source time-series database designed for speed. We will also review a history of some of the changes we have gone over the past two years to deal with late and unordered data, non-blocking writes, read-replicas, or faster batch ingestion.
4th Modern Marketing Reckoner by MMA Global India & Group M: 60+ experts on W...Social Samosa
The Modern Marketing Reckoner (MMR) is a comprehensive resource packed with POVs from 60+ industry leaders on how AI is transforming the 4 key pillars of marketing – product, place, price and promotions.
The Ipsos - AI - Monitor 2024 Report.pdfSocial Samosa
According to Ipsos AI Monitor's 2024 report, 65% Indians said that products and services using AI have profoundly changed their daily life in the past 3-5 years.
End-to-end pipeline agility - Berlin Buzzwords 2024Lars Albertsson
We describe how we achieve high change agility in data engineering by eliminating the fear of breaking downstream data pipelines through end-to-end pipeline testing, and by using schema metaprogramming to safely eliminate boilerplate involved in changes that affect whole pipelines.
A quick poll on agility in changing pipelines from end to end indicated a huge span in capabilities. For the question "How long time does it take for all downstream pipelines to be adapted to an upstream change," the median response was 6 months, but some respondents could do it in less than a day. When quantitative data engineering differences between the best and worst are measured, the span is often 100x-1000x, sometimes even more.
A long time ago, we suffered at Spotify from fear of changing pipelines due to not knowing what the impact might be downstream. We made plans for a technical solution to test pipelines end-to-end to mitigate that fear, but the effort failed for cultural reasons. We eventually solved this challenge, but in a different context. In this presentation we will describe how we test full pipelines effectively by manipulating workflow orchestration, which enables us to make changes in pipelines without fear of breaking downstream.
Making schema changes that affect many jobs also involves a lot of toil and boilerplate. Using schema-on-read mitigates some of it, but has drawbacks since it makes it more difficult to detect errors early. We will describe how we have rejected this tradeoff by applying schema metaprogramming, eliminating boilerplate but keeping the protection of static typing, thereby further improving agility to quickly modify data pipelines without fear.
1. 1
Gözegir, N., Ertek, G., Büyüközkan, G. (2008) “Dairy logistics: a tutorial” . CELS 2008,
Jönköping, Sweeden. (presented by Nilay Gözegir).
Note: This is the final draft version of this paper. Please cite this paper (or this final draft) as
above. You can download this final draft from http://research.sabanciuniv.edu.
DAIRY LOGISTICS: A TUTORIAL
Nilay Gözegir, Gürdal Ertek and Gülçin Büyüközkan
Abstract This paper discusses fundamental issues in dairy logistics in a tutorial
format. We summarize findings of more than twenty student groups who carried
out independent literature surveys and interviewed professionals in the industry.
The critical issues in carrying out dairy products logistics, the logistics strategies
that are employed by dairy producers in the world and some newly introduced
products in the industry and in what ways the introduction of these new products
changes the logistics operations are pointed out. The importance of hygiene,
cooling, time, humidity, cost, distance, flexibility and meeting the demand is
emphasized under the subtitle of critical issues. Except those critical issues, there
are some others like short shelf life, quality, emulsion, pasteurization, UHT which
depend on the characteristics of the milk and milk products. Logistics strategies in
dairy industry are studied by dividing it into two subtitles: the ones that are used
in the world and the ones in Turkey. A benchmarking between Turkey and the
2. 2
world is also included at the end. As the variety of milk and milk products increase
day by day, the new ingredients of new products also affects the transportation
plans. Those impacts are also discussed as a part of our paper. Some descriptive
drawings and figures are also embodied. Throughout this paper, only the
production, warehousing and transportation of milk, cheese, yoghurt, and similar
dairy products are discussed. Ice-cream especially is set out of the scope as it
completely differs from actual dairy products as milk, cheese and yoghurt in the
means of production and distribution.
Keywords Dairy Industry, Dairy Logistics, Cross docking, Direct Shipment, Raw
Milk, Warehousing
INTRODUCTION
As the producing lines of dairy products increase daily, the logistics of milk, cheese and yoghurt-
like products continues to gain more importance. To plan a better transportation system of
those products, the first step might include analyzing the market and finding already made
approaches. Dairy products have a life time of production, warehousing and transportation
which is in the following phases: collecting the raw milk, warehousing it in a dairy plant,
bringing it to the retailer and selling it to the customer. Those steps acquire a special
conditioned journey, as dairy products have characteristics different from those of other food
products. Freshness, for example, is very significant for the dairy products’ perish ability and
requires a temperature sensitive system. That temperature sensitive system will create a proper
cold environment, but on the other hand, it will necessitate timing and cost. So the aim might be
decreasing the operation, distribution, and transportation costs, utilizing the raw material,
increasing the market share, and profits of dairy products while meeting the expected customer
demand.
The Turkish Ministry of Agriculture claims that a person should consume everyday at least 1
liter of milk or a dairy equivalent [1]. As milk and milk products are greatly significant for people
because they are rich in protein and vitamins, the logistics of dairy products gains importance.
Both dairy product producers and their logistics firms want to have an arrangement that will
create benefits for both sides. Despite the real problem of dairy industrial firms in finding the
optimized logistic network, other kinds of issues are also applicable to operations research
3. 3
branch. This utilization by operations research has created great savings for the dairy product
producing firms as only buying one of the already constructed software packages will be
sufficient. For these reasons, in this paper, this subject will be studied under three main
categories in details.
ISSUES IN DAIRY LOGISTICS
What are the Most Critical Issues in Carrying out Dairy Products Logistics?
The main aim in the logistics of dairy products is to enable a high standard of qualified, fresh
products with a limited shelf-life. The best time for delivery of perishable products is at most 11
days as the key challenge is maximizing the remaining shelf-life [2]. Thus, an effective logistics
strategy for dairy products must face critical issues that consider the shortest time, the freshest
products, the least cost for transportation and the most utilized customers whom demands are
met. Daily transporting of dairy products is one way to keep food fresh. Unless the time that is
spent between collections and selling is short enough, quality problems may occur. The
possibility for fat and proteins in the milk’s breaking down after 48-72 hours will lead to
bacteria reproduction below certain temperatures [3]. In conclusion, the dairy producers and
retailers obviously are in the need of logistics firms that will care about the special needs and
problems in their working environment, mind the customers’ needs and act accordingly. At that
point, the transportations system will be customized and rearranged according to the particular
dairy firm’s requirements.
Implementing dairy products logistics requires consideration of some critical issues as listed as
below.
Cleanliness and Hygiene: Milk production is done under hygienic environment to
enable a superior quality. Actual hygiene is divided into three distinct groups: physical, chemical
and microbiological hygiene. Physical hygiene is facilitated according to density, freezing point,
osmotic pressure and acidity of the milk or dairy product. The solution is neutrality; meaning
that having a pH around 7, is significant. Chemical hygiene depends on the product’s
transportation and storage. There is a possibility of having oxidation/breakdown of the fat and
protein in the milk or dairy product, so protecting the food from oxygen and direct sunlight is
really important in the transportation and storage of milk and dairy products. The last kind of
hygiene is microbiological and consists of a temperature critical issue which prevents
microbiological reproduction [4]. A precaution that can be done in this case is consciously
4. 4
choosing the material of milk containers used for transportation. The material might be one that
is effortless to wash, clean and antisepticise; rustproof and doesn’t displace any substance to the
milk. [5]. In the Philippines, they use wood, metal or thermoplastic solids to surround the fresh
dairy products in the vehicle that transports the dairy product. [6]. On the other hand, if the
vehicle doesn’t have any cooling system, the pasteurized, fresh milk is placed in isolated boxes
which have ice packets around. A firm referenced by Nestle about professionalism in Material
Handling Automation advises an overhead monorail system. The overhead monorail system is
able to transport the dairy food from production to distribution centers with pallet
transportation. This monorail system seems to be suitable and advantageous because they are
not floor mounted and this makes the ordinary cleaning of the floor much less problematic [7].
Cooling and Temperature: As temperature is a significant effective on the
reproduction of bacteria, the control of milk’s temperature is a critical issue in dairy logistics.
Bacterial spoilage can be prevented by controlling the existing temperature. For controlling the
temperature of the environment of dairy food, proper cooling systems are obviously needed.
Time: Time is the third section of the most important critical issues list that contains
hygiene and temperature, because with time there is likeliness for bacterial spoilage or non-
freshness of a dairy product. That is why there are batch numbers and best before dates for each
product. For maximizing the delivery of perfect products to the customers, the best before dates
and batch numbers should be cautiously scrutinized.
Humidity: Humidity is another significant environmental characteristic for high-
qualified milk production. Sometimes air might not be appropriate for milk transportation
because of being too moist or dry. Moist or dry air has the probability to create a suitable
condition for bacteria and other germ reproduction. However, maintaining proper air
circulation inside the transportation vehicle and the needed humidity is not so easy. Actually,
the trucks are constructed in such a way to let in the air flow. With the air flow, the vehicle will
then have the requisite condition.
Cost: Cost is not exactly effective factor on dairy product freshness but very much so on
the profit. The transportation cost, the loss from dairy products remaining after best before
dates, the refrigeration cost-- all effects the entire cost manner of logistics of dairy products. The
transporting cost is about 25% of total production cost of a dairy product in the USA [8].
According to this high percentage, different solutions for decreasing the cost of transportation
are tried to be found. One way is reducing the frequency of gathering milk from producers.
Another is reducing the transportation cost from delivery to central depots. Actually, the main
challenge of having depots is decreasing the transporting cost of milk and milk products.
5. 5
Distance: Distance is a supplementary, but critical issue according to time and cost,
because time is important for the product’s transportation as it has to meet a specific best before
date and cost is also significant as the amount that perishes before purchase returns to the dairy
firm as a loss in that term. Thus, transportation communications are effective on the firm’s
profit.
Flexibility: Flexibility and throughput are also critical issues under the specific times.
As one can have less and the other one more demand in the consecutive period of time, the
logistics firm should be reasonable and easily adapted to the new demand.
Meeting demand: After the flexibility issue, meeting demand shares great importance
as the utilization of customers has high vitality. If the customer satisfaction is relatively low, the
firm will lose customers and sales.
Since dairy products have short shelf life and some best before dates to be projected, forecasting
becomes more critical in the dairy firms’ operation. Because a better forecasting system brings
greater efficiency in inventory holding, more utilization of machines will result in a high
increases in firm profits. Besides forecasting, packaging is another essential issue in dairy
production because packages have a crucial role on keeping the milk fresh for a long time. Last,
according to the critical issues listed above, transportation vehicles should be designed or
chosen according to those properties’ availabilities. The trucks should be able to provide needed
equipment for making the existing properties remain from collection to retailing time, but those
changes are expensive and the most cost-effective ones are always best for dairy firms.
Critical Issues Related with the Characteristics of Dairy Products
According to milk’s chemical content, it is a product that spoils easily. It should be consumed
closest after placement on market shelves. Before it takes its place on the shelves, milk should
be kept and carried in fairly low temperature to avoid perishing before its best before date. It is
a difficult process for retailers to keep dairy products on a specific desired level. The reason for
this difficulty obviously relates to the short time for storage and hygiene. However, only some
establish cold chains for the transportation of raw milk from villages. The fact that not all firms
establish cold chains is due to the high costs of establishing and maintaining cold chains for
dairies. However, milk and its constituents are able to create a suitable environment for the
micro-organisms inside the food to reproduce and increase. Some micro-organisms already
exist in the milk but their reproduction does not start immediately after the milking process
finishes. Hence it is required to instantly cool the milk and checking the amount of micro-
organisms will be helpful afterwards. Normally, there are around 103 and 105 antibodies per ml
6. 6
in the milk and that kind of milk can be protected for 2 days when the temperature is around 4
Celsius. When the number of antibodies is more than 106, that milk is called low quality milk
and not suitable for use. When antibodies are around 103 and 105 and 2 days pass, there are two
kinds of change. One is caused by the microorganisms in the milk and the other one by
chemical changes [9]. Those changes may have different reasons to occur. One is about the
internal conditions of the food such as pH, and the other is chemical conditions of the food such
as temperature, level of oxygen in the atmosphere and humidity [9]. There are a few
characteristics of dairy products that affect their logistics :
Short Shelf Life: As the dairy products do not have ability to long last because of its
chemical ingredients, these products should be delivered and consumed in a short period of
time.
Quality: The quality of dairy products depends on some known, accepted standards. Those
standards are considering the cooling of the milk on farms and the microbiological contents of
the milk. Quality is a significant aspect of milk’s long lastingness, as it is mentioned that poor
quality and controlling enables the pasteurized milk to last for only three days [10]. Therefore,
this kind of milk should be transported in the fastest way, in order not to perish.
Emulsion: Milk is actually a kind of emulsion constructed from little fat drops inside water.
There is a thin protein layer in the milk and when heated, a thin coating is created. That is
because of protein coagulation in the milk which can be avoided by agitation to milk.
It is obvious that dairy products can become easily corrupted. There are some ways to longer
their qualified periods. Two are pasteurization and UHT (Ultra High Temperature) processes.
Pasteurization: Pasteurization is cleaning the harmful bacteria off the food by heating it to a
specific temperature. The limit temperature is the one that will not affect the proteins inside
the food. When the food is heated till the limit temperature, some harmful bacteria will begin to
thicken their cell walls and some will become spores to protect themselves. Then at that point
the food is immediately cooled. The bacteria prepared for the hot environment cannot do
transduction and their cell walls break down while they die [11]. Generally, pasteurization is a
process to create healthy food, but it is important to keep the food at constant refrigeration
such as some degree about 8 Celsius after the pasteurization process.
UHT: The best way for keeping dairy food fresh and unthreatened is the cold chain. The cold
chain implies “Afford to keep dairy products between 0o C and 4 o C during the process of
production, transportation, sales and storage.” [12]. In spite of pasteurized milk that is more
perishable and a cooling required food, UHT milk is able to stay fresh from up to 6 months
7. 7
without any temperature requirements [13]. The substructure of UHT is cleaning the bacteria
off the raw milk and filling the cleaned milk in pre-cleaned packages. One more UHT cleaning
step is sterilization. Milk pasteurized over 135 o C will have a much longer shelf-life even when
the package is subjected to fairly hot temperatures. There are pasteurization and
homogenization phases throughout UHT processing. There are many advantages of UHT such
as:
1. High quality: Decreasing the concocting time by increasing the temperature to high values
and immediately decreasing it makes firms offer better quality products.
2. Long shelf-life: UHT enables 6 month duration shelf lives for dairy products without any
cooling. This opportunity makes more flexible logistics of dairy products [14].
3. Packaging size: There is no necessity to use a specific package as processing of UHT has
anything to do with container size. This actually allows producers to fill huge containers.
4. Cheaper packaging: Packaging, storing and transporting UHT processed dairy products are
simply much cheaper than other strategies [15]. UHT is done with special carton packages, and
thus packaging becomes cheaper. Glass bottles have relatively high costs and are mainly used
for delivering pasteurized milk [14].
As dairy products can be grouped into pasteurized and UHT processed, their transportation
from factories to demand points differ. As expected, the fresh milk transportation requires
much more interest than does UHT milk does, fresh milk is transported in frigo trucks that are
specially cooled vehicles as there is a specific value of temperature to be met.
To summarize, milk can be brought to the dairy plant in 3 possible ways, as illustrated in
Figure 1:
1. Cooled collection centers
2. Un cooled collection centers
3. Farmers bringing their milk directly to the dairy plant.
8. 8
FIGURE 1
Different ways of transporting raw milk
Dairy and Other Retail Products Differences
Dairy products are perishable and need special care while transportation. For example, the
milk that will be carried cannot be collected from all different producers as it will significantly
consume too much time to visit each producer and take milk. On the other hand, the quality of
produced milk differs from one other, so they should not be carried together in the same truck.
As a result, in each transporting procedure large amounts of milk are carried to a distinct
number of central depots that belong to dairy retailers. In conclusion, the simple logistics of
milk are between factory and central depots. This one-to-one transportation of dairy products is
called direct shipment. These directly shipped products are under significant observation as
usually they are controlled by a temperature monitoring system put inside the truck. This
system is able to keep all the temperature data during transportation and locates the problems
at accurate times. Consequently, they are always capable of avoiding spoilage and its probable
costs.
On the other hand, for products apart from dairies, direct shipment is not a usual choice to
transport nonperishable products. Warehouse storing is an important preference in those kinds
9. 9
as the shelf lives of them are not even a problem. Detergents as being storable products can be
carried with warehousing strategy. Besides, the non-perishable products such as beans or beer
can be carried by using cross-docking strategy. Even around a year is suitable for non-
perishable products not to decay.
To sum up, the differentiated term in the dairy product transportation is in the means of
conditions and amount of costs. These conditions affect retailers as they are never able to keep
dairy products in warehouses. This means dairy products can never be kept as safety stock
during either in raw milk collection or at the dairy plant and safety stock which is the amount
that is stocked in the warehouses is not possible for dairies. Although safety stock provides
always the relevant amount and is a way to increase the service excellence to customer, in dairy
products that is not possible as no warehousing occurs [16].
LOGISTIC STRATEGIES IN THE DAIRY INDUSTRY
World-wide Logistics Strategies by Dairy Producers
Supply Chain is an important branch that starts with the production and ends with distribution.
There are three main transporting strategies that are warehousing (Figure 2), direct shipment
(Figure 3) and cross docking (Figure 4). Warehousing is storing goods for a specific time
throughout the entire transportation process. This strategy involves a special procedure where
the product is taken back and prepared for packaging and being sent to customers. Cross
docking is the newly introduced and mostly chosen way. It is again a method that concerns
storing, but when it is compared to the warehousing, the storing period is much less. It is
typically around 1 day, but there are times when it is less than one hour. Direct shipment
strategy is directly transporting products from plants to retailers [17].
10. 10
FIGURE 2
Transportation with Warehousing
FIGURE 3
Transportation by Direct Shipment
Generally speaking, countries around the world use warehousing and direct shipment as cross
docking is a newly introduced term. In spite of regulations that restrict selling milk without
pasteurization, farmers in some countries continue to sell unhealthy milk firsthand. Kenya is a
good example of that kind of country. Farmers in Kenya are used to this kind of distribution
as they earn more revenue by this kind of selling because of the customers’ unwillingness to buy
high priced dairy products [18]. Except for Kenya’s people’s contravention against high-priced
milk, India does not have a well-developed healthy system for keeping raw milk because the
plants are very far from collection centers. The long distance is the reason that Kenya’s
government collects raw milk twice a day. For solving this problem, either cooling basic facilities
might be introduced or collection centers should be placed near farms [19]. On the other hand,
in Mexico and India, attempts to introduce a new strategy to be introduced for selling the milk
are based on automatic vending machines that do not even require packaging. Because this
strategy allows customers to come to vending machine and get their own milk, this practice is
beneficial for the firms as they are not spending any money for packaging [20].
In general, countries prefer the much cheaper direct shipment and cross docking strategies
instead of classical warehousing.
A large number of the dairy producers exploit third party firms for the logistics of their products
as accomplishing all transportation activities with actual processes would be difficult. Such
outsourcing can significantly decrease the costs of transportation, and the firms can concentrate
on their core competencies.
11. 11
FIGURE 4
Transportation by Cross docking
FIGURE 5
Consumption of Milk in Turkey
Logistics Strategies Employed by Dairy Producers in Turkey
The strategies used in Turkey are analogous to the worldwide strategies.
At first, as the demand for dairy products was not so high, the usage of cross docking method
was not high either. On the other hand, cross docking has been newly introduced in the big cities
such as Istanbul, Ankara or Izmir as they are the ones with higher demand. Opposite to that,
direct shipment is a broadly used strategy because there are many local producers around
Turkey who usually prefer distributing their products directly to demand spots.
Warehousing is another unpopular way for transporting dairies in Turkey. The giant worth of
having a warehouse disables firms from using the warehousing strategy.
The number of big companies is fairly less than the number of local ones. Regarding that the
local ones do not prefer to use warehouses as much as big companies do, it would be said that
the demand for warehousing also decreases.
The dairy industrial firms in Turkey can simply be divided in two: professional companies and
small dairy barns. Professional companies prefer to use logistics methods employed worldwide
with novel technological machinery and large production. On the other hand, there are small
dairy barns that work with the neighborhood grocery in a small informal distribution channel
[21]. Apart from these strategies, there are various distribution channels for all of the dairy
producers. Despite the existence of distribution channels, the geographical structure is
12. 12
particularly harsh in eastern Turkey. That can be one reason why companies use their own
trucks for transportation as they are concerned about the quality of dairies.
Also optimization is not occurring in the self-transporting dairy firms as there are not enough
experienced workers and professional firms. In comparison, the 3PL (third party logistics) users
are professional firms which work with known brands. These kind of dairy firms bargain with
that professional transportation firms which take their job seriously.
Differences between Logistics Strategies in the World and Turkey
There are many differences between Turkey and other countries around the world regarding
dairy logistics. The top rated companies usually use cross docking strategy as long as the newly
introduced information technology systems permit them for following the actual status.
Additionally those systems are too expensive for small Turkish firms. Next, geographical
disparities greatly affect the logistics of milk and milk products. In European and American
countries distribution channels have been already well planned and established, reducing
logistics and warehousing costs. However, in Turkey, the existence of farmers in rural areas is
one of the reasons that complicate the transportation of dairy products. Another special and
very significant differentiation of Turkey is the absence of refrigerated farms while uncooled
farms exist everywhere. The milk thus must be collected periodically to prevent spoilage. Unless
there are refrigerator systems in the farms, the amount of transportation should increase and
this will lead to an increase in cost. Farms, in more developed countries, are definitely
constructed with refrigerators. By this way, that raw milk will be able to be more durable
without bacteria or any other kind of spoilage. There is also the reality of the small dairy barn’s
existence in Turkey. Even in countries smaller than Turkey, the small dairy barns either come
together and form bigger companies or may not have a right to exist in the market and shut
down. Lastly, 3PL usage is another issue which differentiates Turkey from other countries. In
Turkey, outsourcing is an almost brand-new tendency although other countries have already
been using it for a few years.
THE IMPACT OF INCREASING PRODUCT VARIETY
Milk could be taken may be a component of many different healthy delicious food [22]. As an
illustration, some people love to drink milk and fruit-juice at breakfast. For that reason, a milk-
13. 13
juice drink could be a pleasant originality for those people. Except that one, pro-biotics and pre-
biotics are collaborators for constructing a protection cover against a range of infections in the
human body [23]; furthermore, pro-biotics have a literal association with milk and products
made from milk as dairy foods have the ability to inhibit pro-biotic bacteria. This means putting
some protein and pro-biotics together by producing a kind of dairy product is a good idea since
they have countless advantages for human health. With that action, a new product that is
neither an exact dairy food nor a medicine will be created and there is a high demand for those
kinds of products. The most acknowledged assistance is the facilitation to digestion system,
support to urinary and genital organs, increased defense against infections, help for
manufacturing vitamins such as biotin, B6 or folic acid and reducing the threat for some cancers
[24].
Various kinds of pro-biotic products exist in the world market. Among those different kinds,
some have been introduced in different countries, some have different ingredients, but they are
all mostly pro-biotics. Soy based dairy products are an example of using soy constituents and
have many functions for human health. Fermentation is a rarely used method for creating new
dairy products from milk such as kefir, buttermilk, cheese and yoghurt. Fermentation is
accomplished with mesophillic and thermophillic bacteria, also lactose fermenting yeast [25].
Although there are many different kinds, pro-biotic yoghurt is the mostly chosen dairy in a list
which contains soy milk, juice-milks, and fermented dairies [26]. Kefir is another kind of dairy
product mostly produced in Turkey nowadays; the word kefir means ‘good feeling’ in Turkish.
It is a kind of dairy product which is made from kefir granules of bacteria and yeasts [27].
Similar to kefir in Turkey, there are new dairy drinks that contain vitamins and began in the
Spanish Dairy market. Sweden launched a new dairy product that has the ability to stable the
stomach and intestine activities. The United Kingdom created light version of the classical pro-
biotic yoghurt [28].
The other various products such as soy based or pro-biotic ones do not differ that much from the
rest of the simple dairies. The soy based or pro-biotic products also are unpreserved; it can be
claimed that some are even more unpreserved than the actual dairy food. This idea leads that
the same amount of significance should be given to cool in the trucks that are used in
transportation of soy based or pro-biotic dairy products. Some of the newly introduced dairy
products have a more elongated shelf lives which actually simplifies transportation and storage
conditions, but some of the pro-biotic dairy foods are much more vulnerable to temperature
value changes as pro-biotic bacteria exists in dairy food. Thus, cooling system should be
14. 14
outstanding enough to maintain appropriate environment. Then again, pro-biotic bacteria are
anaerobic. They cannot continue living in an environment with oxygen [24]. To make them
continue living, oxygen level should stand in the least level to prevent the food from spoiling.
Therefore, a distinctive characteristic of transportation trucks is the ability to keep oxygen at a
specific level. Furthermore, pro-biotic dairy products have a peculiarity as hypersensitivity
against a level of pH. Pro-biotic bacteria require an acidic atmosphere to endure. The pH level
must be enough high and the effect of temperature on pH levels again should be considered.
The new kinds of dairies also have sensitivity to the environment with humidity similar to the
actual dairy foods such as milk and cheese. The most important dissimilarity of these products is
their place in the market. As long as the demand of the pro-biotic food is not too high, the cost of
logistics is apparently higher. In spite of some newly introduced products that have longer shelf
lives, some have much shorter shelf lives. Those with shorter shelf lives require better managed
transporting, which in turn needs reliable forecasts of sales volume to plan the transportation
process. Apparently, trendy and new products do not usually wait on the market shelves for an
extensive time of period.
CONCLUSIONS
In summary, this paper’s significance lies in the many valuable approaches and detailed
research about the logistics of dairy products. The information is over ally gathered from the
project reports of senior manufacturing systems engineering students. More comment and
much more detailed analysis are included and the last version of the paper is formed. According
to the latest version, the main points may be summarized as below.
Sometimes there are situations where negative responses against the product or out of stock
problems exist. The existence of those kinds of things will obviously cause enormous quantities
of excess product and high costs. Consequently, producers and retailers are affected by the
reaction of the customers about the product which usually occurs because of transportation. At
what time a new product is presented, unless it is a completely different creation, the plan of
transportation will remain the same. In contrast, if the demand is great, a new logistics strategy
might be useful. The new strategy may be putting a new truck in the transportation system.
Therefore, new products might be controlled in the volume and profit for precise assessments
about new transporting approaches.
15. 15
REFERENCES
[1] Turkish Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs. Available under http://www.tarim.gov.tr ,
1999.
[2] Second Annual State of Logistics Survey for South Africa (2005), “Defining research
priorities for developmental logistics”, Second Annual State of Logistics Survey for South
Africa, pp.26
[3] Urraburu, J. P. (2000) Milk Collection, Preservation and Transport from Farm to Collection
Point. Available under
http://www.fao.org/ag/AGAinfo/subjects/documents/LPS/DAIRY/ecs/Papers/di_pap12.htm
[4] DeLaval, (2006) How to Transport Raw Milk to the Dairy Plant. Available under
http://www.delaval.com/Dairy_Knowledge/EfficientCooling/Milk_Collection.htm (Retrieved
on July 2007)
[5] The Dairy Products (Hygiene) Regulations. Available under
http://www.opsi.gov.uk/SI/si1995/Uksi_19951086_en_1.htm, 1995.
[6] Republic of Philippines Department of Agriculture, (2005). Philippine National Standard.
Available under http://bafps.da.gov.ph/Pages/Code_Drafts5.htm (Retrieved on July 2007)
[7] Nestle Foods Company , Product Informations. Available under
http://www.nestle.com.tr/nestlehtml/content.asp?cntID=0053&bultenID=24 (Retrieved on
July 2007)
[8] Foodtechnology, (2004) Transport costs up need for efficiency.Available under
http://www.ap-foodtechnology.com/news/ng.asp?id=55989-transport-costs-up
[9] Roberts, B. (2005); “Culturally Speaking: Aspects of Shelf-life”. Available under
http://www.dairyfoods.com/CDA/Archives/35e4f45b6f0a7010VgnVCM100000f932a8c0____
(Retrieved on July 2007)
[10] Farina, E. (2003) The Latin American Perspective on the Impacts of the Global Food
Economy: The Case of Brazil. Available under
http://www.agribusinessaccountability.org/page/270/1 (Retrieved on July 2007)
[11] Wikipedia, Pasteurization. Available under http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasteurization ,
(Retrieved on July 2007)
16. 16
[12] Dairy and Foods. “Cold Chain , A Magic to Keep Milk Fresh”. Available under
http://www.brightdairy.com/e_main/quality_3.php (Retrieved on July 2007)
[13] Farina, E. (2003) The Latin American Perspective on the Impacts of the Global Food
Economy: The Case of Brazil. Available under
http://www.agribusinessaccountability.org/page/270/1 (Retrieved on July 2007)
[14] Goff, D. (1995) “Dairy Science and Technology”, Dairy Science and Technology Education
Series, pp. 878.
[15] Dairy Consultant, Ultra Heat Treatment Basics. Available on
http://www.dairyconsultant.co.uk/pages/UHT_Process.htm (Retrieved on July 2007)
[16] Nahmias, S., (1997), “Production and Operations Analysis” Chicago:Irwin, 3rd Ed.,
Chapter 4-5.
[17] Gue, K. (n.d.) Cross docking. Monterey, CA. Available under
http://web.nps.navy.mil/~krgue/Crossdocking/crossdocking.html (Retrieved on July 2007)
[18] Karanja, A.M. (2003); “The Dairy Industry in Kenya, The Past Liberalization Agenda”
[19] Sathe, B. S. (2003) Livestock Investment Opportunities in India: Dairy /Milk Production.
Available under http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/ARTICLE/AGRIPPA/657_en-03.htm
(Retrieved on July 2007)
[20] Tuszynski B.W., “Packaging, Storage and Distribution of Processed Milk”
[21] Voorbergen, M. (2004) “The Turkish dairy sector gearing up for EU entry”, Rabobank
International.
[22] Dairy Foods (2004), The Future Is Bright with Consumer-led Innovation. Available under
http://www.dairyfoods.com/CDA/Articles/Feature_Article/c17012e5dd0a7010VgnVCM10000
0f932a8c0____ (Retrieved July 2007).
[23]ISAPP (2002), Report From Definitions and Standards. Available under
http://www.isapp.net/PDF/def_std.pdf (Retrieved on July 2007)
[24] Brannon, C. (2006) “To Keep the Doctor Away – A Billion a Day”, Today’s Dietitian, Vol. 7,
No. 9; pg.12.
[25] Strugnell, C.J., 1995, “Consumer acceptability of fatty. spreads”, Journal of Consumer
Studies and Home. Economics.
17. 17
[26] Redruello, F. (2004). Health trends shape innovation for dairy industry. Available under
http://www.euromonitor.com/ (Retrieved on July 2007)
[27] Rhee, J. (2006), George Economy, President and Founder. Available under
http://www.accesse.info/CaseStudies/heliosnutritionfiles/heliosnutrition.html (Retrieved on
July 2007)
[28] Decision News Media SAS. Available under http://www.dairyreporter.com/, 2003.
(Retrieved on July 2007)