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Daikinā€™s view on next
generation refrigerants
Hilde Dhont
Daikin Europe Environmental research center
Climate change : we need to act now


                                                                                                                 To avoid global
                                                                                                             temperature rise, CO2
                                                                                                               concentration in the
                                                                                                              atmosphere must be
                                                                                                             stabilized at 550 ppm,
                                                                                                             450 ppm or even lower
                                                                                                             (depending on various
                                                                                                                  policy targets)



                                                                                                                 The sooner we
                                                                                                                 introduce better
                                                                                                                 alternatives for
                                                                                                                 todayā€™s HFCs, the
                                                                                                                 lower the global
                                                                                                                 warming impact
                                                                                                                 will be

      SRES = Special Report on Emissions Scenarios, prepared by the IPCC (intergovernmental panel on climate change)
     Source: ā€œThe large contribution of projected HFC emissions to future climate forcingā€ by Guus J.M.Velders et.al.
                                                                                                                                2
Kuwait Symposium ā€“ May 2011 ā€“ Daikin Industries, Ltd.
Climate change : developing countries are key
ĆØ(2050 estimation: 76% of all HFC emissions is coming from developing countries


                                                                Impact of
                                                                Refrigeration/AC
                                                                Note: includes stationary and mobile AC



                                                                Impact of
                                                                Commercial Refrigeration




Source: ā€œProjections of global emissions of fluorinated green
house gases in 2050ā€ by Ɩko Recherche                           Impact of
                                                                Developing
                                                                Countries
Quick Gain is important
        The sooner, the better
4


      Factors to Consider When Making a Choice
                                      Peak Load
                                                        Affordability
                   Energy resources

   Climate Change                                   Compact/Light               Safety
                                       High COP
           Lower GWP                              Economy of scale :
                                                    global solutions    Low Toxic
                          High efficiency

Ozone Protection                                  Reliable         No/Low
                   Reduced charge                                Flammable          Natural
                                                                                   resources
     CFC Phase-out                             Easy Install/
                      Low Emissions            Maintenance
                                                                         efficient use
          HCFC Phase-out                                                (do more with less)



                                      Next Generation
                                        refrigerants
Diversity of refrigerant choice
ā€¢ There is no one-size-fits-all solution.
ā€¢ All refrigerant are included on the table of refrigerant choice
  Choose whatever refrigerant is best suited for each application.
ā€¢ Daikin is developing R32 split air ā€“conditioners from residential to
  commercial range because R32 is better suited to these applications




                                                  R32




                                                        5
Not only GWP but GWP x quantity mattersā€¦

          GWP                                     Quantity                      GWP x quantity
                                           120
          (CO2eq)                                 (% kg)                        (CO2eq kg)
                                           100


                                             80
                                                                                                      > 75%
                                                                                                      reduction
                                             60
1000   1810      2088                               100      97              1000              2025
                                                                                      1810
                                             40
                                                                     70
500                                                                           500
                                             20
                          675
                                                                                                      472
                                              0
         R22    R410A     R32                       R22 R410A R32
                                                  R22 R410A R32                       R22     R410A   R32

   ā€¢ The GWP of R32 is only 1/3rd of R410A
   ā€¢ The combined impact of GWP and Quantity can be up to 75% lower
       GWP values are based on IPCC 4th report.
       (Note : for the EU F gas regulation, the GWP values of the IPCC3 apply where R410A is 1975)
                 Copyright Daikin                                                                                 6
Energy-efficiencies                                                                                                              7


              averaged & EU peak load conditions
      ā€¢SEER Comparison (cooling mode)                                                                      ā€¢Peak power comparison
         HPs ļ¼ˆReversibleļ¼‰- 3.5kW-Room AC in Europe                                                             (R410 ratio) under cooling condition
                                                                                                           Outside 35ā„ƒ, room 27ā„ƒ DB, 19.5ā„ƒ WB


                   R22
          R22 (1.14kg)                                                                             R 22



       1234yf single(* 2ļ¼‰
HFO1234yf (1.32 kg) *2                                                                  1234yf si e(*2ļ¼‰
                                                                                                ngl



                R32(* 1)
      R32 (0.84kg) *1                                                                           R 32(*1)


Propane (0.37kg) 3ļ¼‰
            R290ļ¼ˆ *3
                 *                                                              If IEC is   R 290ļ¼ˆ  *3ļ¼‰
                                                                                disregarded the
                                                                                charge volume
              CO2(* 4)
    CO2 (0.84Kg) *4                                                             is 0.58kg, and
                                                                                               C O 2(*4)
                                                                                SEER could be
                                                                                same as R22 R 410A
                R410A
        R410A (1.2kg)

                              0.0            0.8          0.9       1.0      1.1                          0.
                                                                                                           7
                                                                                                           0.0          1.
                                                                                                                         0
                                                                                                                       1.0              1.
                                                                                                                                         3
                                                                                                                                        1.3
                               0.7           0.8           0.9       1.0      1.1
                                                            Efficiency ratio                                 Power ratio
    Consideration:                                                              Consideration:
    In terms of SEER, CO2 is the worst, and the                                 A big difference exists in the peak power under cooling
    rest of candidates are equivalent to R410A.                                 condition. HFO and CO2 will cause peak power supply
                                                                                problems in large cities.

  (Precondition for Calculation) Note: HX= Heat Exchanger
  *1 Taking low pressure loss into consideration, narrower heat exchanger was used to reduce charge volume.
  *2 To improve efficiency, HX size was increased : Indoor HX x 1,1 + Path x 2, Outdoor HX x 1.2, and connecting pipe increased
     from 3/8=> 5/8
  *3 To meet IEC requirements, charge volume was reduced: Indoor HX x 0.8, Outdoor HX x 0.5, narrower piping was used.
  *4 To Improve efficiency: Outdoor unit HX was increased x 1.1

      Copyright Daikin _ OEWG 31 Montreal 11
SCOP Comparison (Heating mode)

                   SCOP Comparison for 3.5kW split type (R410A Ratio)
                         EuP Average Temp                               EuP Cold Area                           EuP Warm Area

                 R22

      HFO1234yf *2

              R32 *1

       Propane *3

             CO2 *4

             R410A

                        0.0 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0                  0.0 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0                 0.0 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0


                                                    R32 has highest SCOP in all climates
(Precondition for Calculation) Note: HX= Heat Exchanger
*1 Taking low pressure loss into consideration, narrower heat exchanger was used to reduce charge volume.
*2 To improve efficiency, HX size was increased : Indoor HX x 1,1 + Path x 2, Outdoor HX x 1.2, and connecting pipe increased
   from 3/8=> 5/8
*3 To meet IEC requirements, charge volume was reduced: Indoor HX x 0.8, Outdoor HX x 0.5, narrower piping was used.
*4 To Improve efficiency: Outdoor unit HX was increased x 1.1
                                                                                                                                   8
    Copyright Daikin _ OEWG 31 Montreal 11
Example : total global warming impact

    ļ¶ from energy use : Indirect emissions
    ļ¶ from refrigerant : Direct emissions (= emissions during refrigerant production,
         leakage during the lifetime of the product + non recovery at end of life)

          (1) Indirect emissions     (2) Direct emissions      (3) Emissions during refrigerant production

   Example : 3.5kW Room A/C in Europe ā€“ Ecodesign SEER calculation
   (EU Average emissions from electricity = 0.43Kg/kWh)


   R22      (GWP 1810)
                   R22
                                                                                                             In this case, a
                                                                                                             refrigerant
HFO1234yf (GWP 4) 2ļ¼‰
        1234yf single(*                                                                                      with a
                                                                                                             medium GWP
   R32      (GWP 675)1)
                R32(*                                                                                        has a lower
                                                                                                             global
                                                                       (*)                                   warming
  R290      (GWP < 3) 3ļ¼‰
               R290ļ¼ˆ*

                                                                                                             impact than
  R744       (GWP = 1) 4)
                CO2(*                                                                                        a refrigerant
                                                                                                             with a low
 R410A      (GWP 2090)
                 R410A                                                                                       GWP
                          5000      7000        9000        11000      13000     15000     (Kgļ½„CO2)
                                                                                           17000

                            0          7000       9000              11000      13000     15000
                                              (*) Note : adding more R290 could achieve same impact as R32, but           9
     Copyright Daikin _ OEWG 31 Montreal 11   would be considered unsafe by IEC standards
10



 Safety Comparison
Consideration of 2L classification by ASHRAE and ISO.

Class 1      Class 2L (Lower               Class2         Class3
(no flame    flammability and maximum       (Lower         (Higher
propagation) burning velocity ā‰¤ 10 cm/s)   flammability   flammability )

             HFO 1234yf
CO2(R744 )
             R32
R410A                                      R152a          Propane (R290)
R22          Ammonia (higher
             chronic toxic)




     Flammability of 2L refrigerants is very low.
11

  Comprehensive Comparison
                                               Ozone
                                                Ozone
                                                 5

                                                 4
 R32 is                                          3
                                                             HFO1234yf


 the Most                Economy
                             Economy
                                                 2

                                                 1
                                                                 LCCP
                                                                LCCP

 Balanced                  R32                   0




                            R410A                                Propane



Characteristics of R32
                                      Safety              Energy
                                                         Energy Efficiency
                                    Safety
ā€¢Zero ODP                                                 Efficiency
ā€¢Superior Energy Efficiency (10% better than R22)
ā€¢Small Global Warming Impact (LCCP)
ā€¢Acceptably Flammable (Class A2L)
ā€¢Supply capability is sufficient (Suppliers exist now)
Do we still need R410A? YES!
    Why?
    ā€¢ Energy efficiency is a Top Priority.
    ā€¢ Today, there are barriers to launch R32 as an alternative for all R410A
      application. Mainly for the high efficient systems.


Restrictions to use flammable       EN 378 allows flammable refrigerant but with limitation on
refrigerant                         absolute max charge and max charge in view of the room
                                    space. It has more strict limitation for R32 than for R410A.
                                    *Future standards may allow larger charges (see new ISO 5149)
       SPAIN                                      <Charge limit under Safety Standards>
       Limit the charge in the
       installation to max.2.5kg.



       FRANCE
       Does not allow flammable
       refrigerant in Public
       Buildings

       ITALY
       Does not allow flammable
       refrigerant in Public
       Buildings that are more
       than 400掔
Conclusion

ļƒ˜ Not only GWP but other impacts on safety,
  environment, economy, energy supply should be
  considered.
ļƒ˜ There is no one-size-fits-all solution.
ļƒ˜ The sooner the better. This is the time to act.
ļƒ˜ R32 is the most balanced and feasible alternative for
  most ranges of air-conditioning and heat pump
  applications for now.

 Daikin will launch R32 products in Japan and other
 countries wherever possible.
Thank you very much !

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Daikin's view on adopting next generation refrigerants with lower global warming potential

  • 1. Daikinā€™s view on next generation refrigerants Hilde Dhont Daikin Europe Environmental research center
  • 2. Climate change : we need to act now To avoid global temperature rise, CO2 concentration in the atmosphere must be stabilized at 550 ppm, 450 ppm or even lower (depending on various policy targets) The sooner we introduce better alternatives for todayā€™s HFCs, the lower the global warming impact will be SRES = Special Report on Emissions Scenarios, prepared by the IPCC (intergovernmental panel on climate change) Source: ā€œThe large contribution of projected HFC emissions to future climate forcingā€ by Guus J.M.Velders et.al. 2 Kuwait Symposium ā€“ May 2011 ā€“ Daikin Industries, Ltd.
  • 3. Climate change : developing countries are key ĆØ(2050 estimation: 76% of all HFC emissions is coming from developing countries Impact of Refrigeration/AC Note: includes stationary and mobile AC Impact of Commercial Refrigeration Source: ā€œProjections of global emissions of fluorinated green house gases in 2050ā€ by Ɩko Recherche Impact of Developing Countries Quick Gain is important The sooner, the better
  • 4. 4 Factors to Consider When Making a Choice Peak Load Affordability Energy resources Climate Change Compact/Light Safety High COP Lower GWP Economy of scale : global solutions Low Toxic High efficiency Ozone Protection Reliable No/Low Reduced charge Flammable Natural resources CFC Phase-out Easy Install/ Low Emissions Maintenance efficient use HCFC Phase-out (do more with less) Next Generation refrigerants
  • 5. Diversity of refrigerant choice ā€¢ There is no one-size-fits-all solution. ā€¢ All refrigerant are included on the table of refrigerant choice Choose whatever refrigerant is best suited for each application. ā€¢ Daikin is developing R32 split air ā€“conditioners from residential to commercial range because R32 is better suited to these applications R32 5
  • 6. Not only GWP but GWP x quantity mattersā€¦ GWP Quantity GWP x quantity 120 (CO2eq) (% kg) (CO2eq kg) 100 80 > 75% reduction 60 1000 1810 2088 100 97 1000 2025 1810 40 70 500 500 20 675 472 0 R22 R410A R32 R22 R410A R32 R22 R410A R32 R22 R410A R32 ā€¢ The GWP of R32 is only 1/3rd of R410A ā€¢ The combined impact of GWP and Quantity can be up to 75% lower GWP values are based on IPCC 4th report. (Note : for the EU F gas regulation, the GWP values of the IPCC3 apply where R410A is 1975) Copyright Daikin 6
  • 7. Energy-efficiencies 7 averaged & EU peak load conditions ā€¢SEER Comparison (cooling mode) ā€¢Peak power comparison HPs ļ¼ˆReversibleļ¼‰- 3.5kW-Room AC in Europe (R410 ratio) under cooling condition Outside 35ā„ƒ, room 27ā„ƒ DB, 19.5ā„ƒ WB R22 R22 (1.14kg) R 22 1234yf single(* 2ļ¼‰ HFO1234yf (1.32 kg) *2 1234yf si e(*2ļ¼‰ ngl R32(* 1) R32 (0.84kg) *1 R 32(*1) Propane (0.37kg) 3ļ¼‰ R290ļ¼ˆ *3 * If IEC is R 290ļ¼ˆ *3ļ¼‰ disregarded the charge volume CO2(* 4) CO2 (0.84Kg) *4 is 0.58kg, and C O 2(*4) SEER could be same as R22 R 410A R410A R410A (1.2kg) 0.0 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 0. 7 0.0 1. 0 1.0 1. 3 1.3 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 Efficiency ratio Power ratio Consideration: Consideration: In terms of SEER, CO2 is the worst, and the A big difference exists in the peak power under cooling rest of candidates are equivalent to R410A. condition. HFO and CO2 will cause peak power supply problems in large cities. (Precondition for Calculation) Note: HX= Heat Exchanger *1 Taking low pressure loss into consideration, narrower heat exchanger was used to reduce charge volume. *2 To improve efficiency, HX size was increased : Indoor HX x 1,1 + Path x 2, Outdoor HX x 1.2, and connecting pipe increased from 3/8=> 5/8 *3 To meet IEC requirements, charge volume was reduced: Indoor HX x 0.8, Outdoor HX x 0.5, narrower piping was used. *4 To Improve efficiency: Outdoor unit HX was increased x 1.1 Copyright Daikin _ OEWG 31 Montreal 11
  • 8. SCOP Comparison (Heating mode) SCOP Comparison for 3.5kW split type (R410A Ratio) EuP Average Temp EuP Cold Area EuP Warm Area R22 HFO1234yf *2 R32 *1 Propane *3 CO2 *4 R410A 0.0 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.0 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.0 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 R32 has highest SCOP in all climates (Precondition for Calculation) Note: HX= Heat Exchanger *1 Taking low pressure loss into consideration, narrower heat exchanger was used to reduce charge volume. *2 To improve efficiency, HX size was increased : Indoor HX x 1,1 + Path x 2, Outdoor HX x 1.2, and connecting pipe increased from 3/8=> 5/8 *3 To meet IEC requirements, charge volume was reduced: Indoor HX x 0.8, Outdoor HX x 0.5, narrower piping was used. *4 To Improve efficiency: Outdoor unit HX was increased x 1.1 8 Copyright Daikin _ OEWG 31 Montreal 11
  • 9. Example : total global warming impact ļ¶ from energy use : Indirect emissions ļ¶ from refrigerant : Direct emissions (= emissions during refrigerant production, leakage during the lifetime of the product + non recovery at end of life) (1) Indirect emissions (2) Direct emissions (3) Emissions during refrigerant production Example : 3.5kW Room A/C in Europe ā€“ Ecodesign SEER calculation (EU Average emissions from electricity = 0.43Kg/kWh) R22 (GWP 1810) R22 In this case, a refrigerant HFO1234yf (GWP 4) 2ļ¼‰ 1234yf single(* with a medium GWP R32 (GWP 675)1) R32(* has a lower global (*) warming R290 (GWP < 3) 3ļ¼‰ R290ļ¼ˆ* impact than R744 (GWP = 1) 4) CO2(* a refrigerant with a low R410A (GWP 2090) R410A GWP 5000 7000 9000 11000 13000 15000 (Kgļ½„CO2) 17000 0 7000 9000 11000 13000 15000 (*) Note : adding more R290 could achieve same impact as R32, but 9 Copyright Daikin _ OEWG 31 Montreal 11 would be considered unsafe by IEC standards
  • 10. 10 Safety Comparison Consideration of 2L classification by ASHRAE and ISO. Class 1 Class 2L (Lower Class2 Class3 (no flame flammability and maximum (Lower (Higher propagation) burning velocity ā‰¤ 10 cm/s) flammability flammability ) HFO 1234yf CO2(R744 ) R32 R410A R152a Propane (R290) R22 Ammonia (higher chronic toxic) Flammability of 2L refrigerants is very low.
  • 11. 11 Comprehensive Comparison Ozone Ozone 5 4 R32 is 3 HFO1234yf the Most Economy Economy 2 1 LCCP LCCP Balanced R32 0 R410A Propane Characteristics of R32 Safety Energy Energy Efficiency Safety ā€¢Zero ODP Efficiency ā€¢Superior Energy Efficiency (10% better than R22) ā€¢Small Global Warming Impact (LCCP) ā€¢Acceptably Flammable (Class A2L) ā€¢Supply capability is sufficient (Suppliers exist now)
  • 12. Do we still need R410A? YES! Why? ā€¢ Energy efficiency is a Top Priority. ā€¢ Today, there are barriers to launch R32 as an alternative for all R410A application. Mainly for the high efficient systems. Restrictions to use flammable EN 378 allows flammable refrigerant but with limitation on refrigerant absolute max charge and max charge in view of the room space. It has more strict limitation for R32 than for R410A. *Future standards may allow larger charges (see new ISO 5149) SPAIN <Charge limit under Safety Standards> Limit the charge in the installation to max.2.5kg. FRANCE Does not allow flammable refrigerant in Public Buildings ITALY Does not allow flammable refrigerant in Public Buildings that are more than 400掔
  • 13. Conclusion ļƒ˜ Not only GWP but other impacts on safety, environment, economy, energy supply should be considered. ļƒ˜ There is no one-size-fits-all solution. ļƒ˜ The sooner the better. This is the time to act. ļƒ˜ R32 is the most balanced and feasible alternative for most ranges of air-conditioning and heat pump applications for now. Daikin will launch R32 products in Japan and other countries wherever possible.
  • 14. Thank you very much !

Editor's Notes

  1. Meine sehr geehrten Damen und Herren, Mein Name ist Hilde Dhont. Ich bin fĆ¼r das Umweltforschungszentrum von Daikin Europe tƤtig. Dort konzentrieren wir uns auf die zukĆ¼nftigen Tendenzen bei Gesetzgebung und Normierung in Europa und in der Welt. In meiner PrƤsentation mƶchte ich den Schwerpunkt auf einen wichtigen Aspekt in Bezug auf die Klimaproblematik setzen, die Auswahl von KƤltemitteln.
  2. Klimawandel: Wir mĆ¼ssen sofort handeln!Auf dieser Folie wird erlƤutert, warum die Auswahl des KƤltemittels wichtig fĆ¼r die Lƶsung der Probleme des Klimawandels ist. Die grĆ¼ne Linie zeigt Ihnen den weltweiten Anstieg der Emissionen an Treibhausgasen. Bis zum Jahr 2050 steigen diese Emissionen mƶglicherweise auf bis zu 40Ā bis 60Ā Gigatonnen an CO2-Ƅquivalent pro Jahr. Wen wir einen globalen Temperaturanstieg verhindern mƶchten, muss die Kombination aus Treibhausgasen in der AtmosphƤre bei 550Ā ppm stabilisiert werden, einige reden von 450Ā ppm oder sogar darunter. Die meisten Emissionen von Treibhausgasen werden durch die Verwendung fossiler Brennstoffe verursacht. Daher werden Energieeffizienz und die Verwendung erneuerbarer Energiequellen so wichtig. Unten in der Grafik kƶnnen Sie jedoch sehen, dass die Emissionen von so genannten ā€žfluorierten Gasenā€œ ebenfalls eine Rolle spielen. Die blaue Linie verdeutlicht den weltweiten Anstieg an FCKW-Emissionen seit den 60er Jahren. Aufgrund der Tatsache, dass FCKWs auch ozonschƤdigende Gase sind, wurde die Verwendung dieser Gase im Rahmen von Vereinbarungen im Protokoll von Montreal gestoppt. Wenn es das Protokoll von Montreal nicht gƤbe, wƤre der Einfluss von FCKWs auf den Klimawandel dramatisch gestiegen, wie Sie hier ebenfalls sehen kƶnnen. Heute ist der Einfluss von H-FCKW wie R22 und von HFCs wie R410A oder R134a auf den Klimawandel recht gering. H-FCKWs werden in den kommenden Jahren durch das Protokoll von Montreal verboten sein. Diese H-FCKWs werden jedoch durch FCKWs ersetzt. Daher wird erwartet, dass die FCKW-Emissionen bedeutend ansteigen werden. Je frĆ¼her wir also bessere Alternativen zu den heutigen FCKWs einfĆ¼hren, desto kleiner wird der Einfluss auf die globale ErwƤrmung sein.
  3. Vielfalt der Auswahl an KƤltemittelnWas sollen nun die Hersteller von Anlagen tun? Offensichtlich gibt es keine einzelne Alternative, die sƤmtliche Probleme bezĆ¼glich der KƤltemittel lƶst. Alle KƤltemittel liegen zur Auswahl auf dem Tisch, und die Anlagenhersteller werden fĆ¼r jede einzelne Anwendung entscheiden mĆ¼ssen, welches KƤltemittel am besten geeignet ist. Daikin entwickelt zurzeit Split-Klimaanlagen mit R32 fĆ¼r den Wohn- und Gewerbebereich, da wir der Meinung sind, dass R32 fĆ¼r diese Anwendungen gut geeignet ist. Andere Bereiche wie z.Ā B. die KĆ¼hllagerung werden sich mit CO2, R32, Ammoniak und oder HFO-Gemischen befassen. Sie werden R32 bei KaltwassersƤtzen antreffen, neben HFOs und mƶglicherweise HFO-Gemischen. Die Autoindustrie setzt auf das HFO R1234yf, aber auf diesem Markt sind wir nicht aktiv. Ich mƶchte nun erlƤutern, warum Daikin an der Verwendung von R32 so interessiert ist.
  4. Nicht nur das Treibhauspotenzial ist von Bedeutung, auch das TreibhauspotenzialĀ multipliziert mit der Mengeā€¦ An erster Stelle sei gesagt, dass das Treibhauspotenzial von R32 (ca.Ā 700) nur 1/3 des Treibhauspotenzials von R410A (ca.Ā 2.100) betrƤgt. AuƟerdem ist es mƶglich, die KƤltemittel-FĆ¼llmenge bei gleicher Leistung zu verringern. Durch kleine VerƤnderungen in der Konstruktion kann die FĆ¼llmenge ca. 10Ā bis 15Ā % geringer ausfallen. Bei einer optimalen Auslegung kann die FĆ¼llmenge um bis zu 30Ā % geringer sein. Wenn Sie sich also den Einfluss von Treibhauspotenzial UND FĆ¼llmenge zusammen ansehen, kann R32 eine Verringerung an CO2-Ƥquivalenten Emissionen von minus 75Ā % erreichen.
  5. Energieeffizienz unter Normal- und Spitzenlastbedingungen in der EUDies ist ein Vergleich fĆ¼r ein Split-System von 3,5Ā kW. In der linken Grafik sehen Sie den Vergleich der Effizienz auf Basis einer saisonalen Effizienz (SEER). In der rechten Grafik sehen Sie den Vergleich des Energieverbrauchs bei einer AuƟentemperatur von 35Ā°C (der EER-Wert). Als Bezug wird R410A verwendet, also mit dem WertĀ 1 bzw. 100Ā %. Sie sehen auf der linken Seite, dass bezĆ¼glich SEER CO2 die schlechteste Lƶsung ist, und die Ć¼brigen Kandidaten sind mit R410A ebenbĆ¼rtig. R32 hat eine hƶhere Energieeffizienz. Propan kann so effizient wie R410A sein, aber Sie mĆ¼ssten 580Ā Gramm in dieses System einfĆ¼llen, und dies ist nach IEC-Sicherheitsvorschriften nicht akzeptabel. Wenn Sie die Menge an Propan aus SicherheitsgrĆ¼nden verringern, verringert sich offensichtlich auch die Effizienz dieses Systems. Auf der rechten Seite sehen Sie den Energieverbrauch bei 35Ā°C. Wie Sie erkennen kƶnnen, gibt es groƟe Unterschiede zwischen den KƤltemitteln. CO2, jedoch auch HFOs verbrauchen unter solchen extremen Bedingungen wesentlich mehr Energie und wĆ¼rden dadurch Probleme bei der Stromversorgung verursachen, nicht nur in SchwellenlƤndern, sondern auch in StƤdten in Europa.
  6. Diese Grafik vergleicht die Effizienz im Heizbetrieb bei durchschnittlichen, kalten und warmen Klimabedingungen fĆ¼r Europa. Hier kƶnnen Sie sehen, dass R32 in allen Klimazonen den hƶchsten SCOP-Wert aufweist. CO2 ist auch hier die schlechteste Lƶsung fĆ¼r eine derartige Anwendung, insbesondere in durchschnittlichen und in warmen Klimazonen.
  7. Energieeffizienz fĆ¼r KĆ¼hlung und Heizung ist wichtig, weil es der Hauptteil der Lebenszyklusbetrachtung der gesamten Performance eines Produkts ist. Dies zeigt sich in dieser Grafik. Der gelbe Balken zeigt die durch die elektrische Leistungsaufnahme des Produkts verursachte CO2 Emission, die sogenannten indirekten Emissionen. Der orange Teil zeigt die vom KƤltemittel verursachten CO2 Emissionen, das, was wir die direkten Emissionen nennen. Und der blaue Teil zeigt die von der Produktion des KƤltemittels selbst verursachten CO2 Emissionen, die ein Problem fĆ¼r das KƤltemittel R22 waren.Auf der Grafik kƶnnen Sie sehen, dass R32 die niedrigsten Emissionen Ć¼ber den gesamten Lebenszyklus hat, also ein Produkt das ein KƤltemittel mit einem mittleren GWP verwendet tatsƤchlich eine niedrigeren Einfluss auf die globale ErwƤrmung hat, als ein KƤltemittel mit einem niedrigen GWP . Es ist damit klar, dass nur der GWP kein ausreichender Parameter ist, um damit die Wirkung von KƤltemitteln auf den Klimawandel heranzuziehen.
  8. In internationalen Standards wird mehr und mehr davon ausgegangen, dass R32, HFOs wie R1234yf und Ammoniak eine viel geringere Brandgefahr darstellen, und daher wurde eine neue Einstufung fĆ¼r die Brennbarkeit vorbereitet. In KlasseĀ 1 finden sich nichtbrennbare KƤltemittel wie CO2, R410A und R22. In KlasseĀ 3 sind die hochbrennbaren KƤltemittel wie Propan (R290) eingeordnet. In KlasseĀ 2 stehen die KƤltemittel mit einer geringeren Brennbarkeit. KlasseĀ 2A ist eine neue Unterklasse mit KƤltemitteln mit einer geringeren Brennbarkeit, die eine Brenngeschwindigkeit von 10Ā cm je Sekunde oder darunter aufweisen. Die Brenngeschwindigkeit ist ein wichtiger Parameter, da sie angibt, wie viel Zeit Ihnen bleibt, sich von einem mƶglichen Brandherd zu entfernen. Damit Sie sich vorstellen kƶnnen, was das in der Praxis bedeutet, mƶchte ich Ihnen einige Tests zeigen, die das Verhalten von R290 im Vergleich zu R32 und R1234yf verdeutlichen.
  9. Nun, brauchen wir R410A zukĆ¼nftig immer noch ? Die Antwort ist: Ja. Warum? Weil es immer noch einige Barrieren in Bauordnungen und Sicherheitsnormen fĆ¼r das Verwenden von R32 gibt. Zum Beispiel: Spanien begrenzt die FĆ¼llmenge mit max. 2.5 kg. Frankreich erlaubt keine leicht entflammbaren KƤltemittel in ƶffentlichen GebƤuden. Italien ermƶglicht R32 nicht in ƶffentlichen GebƤuden mit mehr als 400 m Ā². Und der gegenwƤrtige EN378 Sicherheitsstandard, die FĆ¼llmenge ist auf etwa 12 kg begrenzt. Mehr kann mit zusƤtzlichen MaƟnahmen wie BelĆ¼ftung gefĆ¼llt werden, aber dies ist nicht immer praktisch mƶglich.
  10. Schlussfolgerung Jedoch verwendet Daikin R32 ebenso viel als mƶglich in Japan, in Europa und vielen LƤndern rund um die Welt. Es gibt keine einzelne Alternative, die sƤmtliche Probleme lƶst, aber je frĆ¼her wir handeln, desto besser kƶnnen wir die Klimawandelprobleme angehen.
  11. Danke fĆ¼r Ihre freundliche Aufmerksamkeit.