The document summarizes a workshop on limiting factors in high temperature electrolysis. It discusses environmental and resource concerns motivating hydrogen production from electrolysis. Renewable and nuclear energy could power electrolysis to produce hydrogen for storage or conversion to synthetic fuels. Key challenges include electrolyzer durability, thermodynamics, heat management, and costs. Large-scale electrolysis tests demonstrate feasibility but further advances are needed for commercialization.
In this presentation on Basics of Heat Transfer we will look at the different modes of heat transfer in an LED system, thermal conductivity of typical materials used in LED system design, and the various thermal resistances involved in an LED system.
This document summarizes lecture material on corrosion kinetics. It discusses various types of electrochemical cells that can lead to corrosion, including grain boundaries and multiphase materials. It also covers polarization, passivation, galvanic series, corrosion rates, concentration polarization, and experimental polarization curves. Key points include how concentration gradients can limit corrosion current and affect polarization, and how polarization curves are used to determine corrosion kinetics parameters.
CCS Projects Integration Workshop - London 3Nov11 - TCM - Project IntegrationGlobal CCS Institute
This presentation was given at the Global CCS Institute/CSLF meeting on CCS Project Integration that was held in London on 3 November 2011. The aim of the meeting was to share experiences on CCS project integration; and to identify priority integration topics that need further attention to facilitate CCS project development and deployment.
You can view more presentations from the event at http://www.globalccsinstitute.com/community/blogs/authors/klaasvanalphen/2011/11/25/presentations-global-ccs-institutecslf-meeting-ccs
This document analyzes the energy and exergy of an extraction back-pressure steam turbine used in a power plant in India. It evaluates the turbine's energy efficiency, exergy destruction, and exergy efficiency at 70% and 85% of maximum continuous rating. The analysis shows that operating the turbine at 85% rating improves the heat rate by 17.01 kJ/kWh, reducing CO2 emissions by 26.89 kg/h, SO2 emissions by 26.89 kg/h, and ash generation by 41.47 kg/day. Exergy, or the useful work potential of energy, provides a more complete analysis than energy alone by considering both quantity and quality of energy.
The document discusses different carbon capture technologies for power plants, including post-combustion, pre-combustion, and oxy-combustion approaches. Post-combustion using amine scrubbing is the most commercially ready but is also the most energy intensive. Pre-combustion with integrated gasification combined cycle shows potential for improved efficiency. Oxy-combustion is promising for coal plants and a 30MW demonstration plant is under commissioning. All approaches face challenges around energy requirements, corrosion, and CO2 purification that require further technological advances.
This document discusses the thermal insulation properties of aerogel and nanogel filled polycarbonate sheets. It provides CAD models and finite element analysis of standard and nanogel filled sheets of various thicknesses. The standard sheets showed U-values ranging from 1.425 to 2.974 W/m2K while the nanogel filled sheets showed lower U-values ranging from 0.535 to 1.473 W/m2K, representing improvements in thermal insulation of 50-62% compared to standard sheets.
лекция 3 дефекты в полупроводниках ga n alsbSergey Sozykin
1. DFT calculations identify hydrogenated gallium vacancies and oxygen-related defects as promising candidates to explain hot electron degradation in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs.
2. Monte Carlo simulations show a peak in electron concentration and energy near 1.5 eV below the conduction band minimum, matching the activation energy of hydrogenated defects.
3. A model combining DFT defect formation energies and densities with Monte Carlo transport simulations can reproduce experimentally observed shifts in pinch-off voltage over time under electrical stress.
Economic Analysis Of Advanced Ultra Supercritical Pulverized Coal PowerJeffrey Phillips
This document summarizes an economic analysis of advanced ultra-supercritical pulverized coal power plants conducted by EPRI. It analyzed the cost and performance of four new coal power plants with progressively higher steam conditions - subcritical, supercritical, current USC, and advanced USC. The advanced USC case had a steam temperature of 680°C in the superheater and 700°C in the reheater. The analysis found that the increased cost of materials for higher temperature cycles needed to be offset by reductions in the fuel required.
In this presentation on Basics of Heat Transfer we will look at the different modes of heat transfer in an LED system, thermal conductivity of typical materials used in LED system design, and the various thermal resistances involved in an LED system.
This document summarizes lecture material on corrosion kinetics. It discusses various types of electrochemical cells that can lead to corrosion, including grain boundaries and multiphase materials. It also covers polarization, passivation, galvanic series, corrosion rates, concentration polarization, and experimental polarization curves. Key points include how concentration gradients can limit corrosion current and affect polarization, and how polarization curves are used to determine corrosion kinetics parameters.
CCS Projects Integration Workshop - London 3Nov11 - TCM - Project IntegrationGlobal CCS Institute
This presentation was given at the Global CCS Institute/CSLF meeting on CCS Project Integration that was held in London on 3 November 2011. The aim of the meeting was to share experiences on CCS project integration; and to identify priority integration topics that need further attention to facilitate CCS project development and deployment.
You can view more presentations from the event at http://www.globalccsinstitute.com/community/blogs/authors/klaasvanalphen/2011/11/25/presentations-global-ccs-institutecslf-meeting-ccs
This document analyzes the energy and exergy of an extraction back-pressure steam turbine used in a power plant in India. It evaluates the turbine's energy efficiency, exergy destruction, and exergy efficiency at 70% and 85% of maximum continuous rating. The analysis shows that operating the turbine at 85% rating improves the heat rate by 17.01 kJ/kWh, reducing CO2 emissions by 26.89 kg/h, SO2 emissions by 26.89 kg/h, and ash generation by 41.47 kg/day. Exergy, or the useful work potential of energy, provides a more complete analysis than energy alone by considering both quantity and quality of energy.
The document discusses different carbon capture technologies for power plants, including post-combustion, pre-combustion, and oxy-combustion approaches. Post-combustion using amine scrubbing is the most commercially ready but is also the most energy intensive. Pre-combustion with integrated gasification combined cycle shows potential for improved efficiency. Oxy-combustion is promising for coal plants and a 30MW demonstration plant is under commissioning. All approaches face challenges around energy requirements, corrosion, and CO2 purification that require further technological advances.
This document discusses the thermal insulation properties of aerogel and nanogel filled polycarbonate sheets. It provides CAD models and finite element analysis of standard and nanogel filled sheets of various thicknesses. The standard sheets showed U-values ranging from 1.425 to 2.974 W/m2K while the nanogel filled sheets showed lower U-values ranging from 0.535 to 1.473 W/m2K, representing improvements in thermal insulation of 50-62% compared to standard sheets.
лекция 3 дефекты в полупроводниках ga n alsbSergey Sozykin
1. DFT calculations identify hydrogenated gallium vacancies and oxygen-related defects as promising candidates to explain hot electron degradation in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs.
2. Monte Carlo simulations show a peak in electron concentration and energy near 1.5 eV below the conduction band minimum, matching the activation energy of hydrogenated defects.
3. A model combining DFT defect formation energies and densities with Monte Carlo transport simulations can reproduce experimentally observed shifts in pinch-off voltage over time under electrical stress.
Economic Analysis Of Advanced Ultra Supercritical Pulverized Coal PowerJeffrey Phillips
This document summarizes an economic analysis of advanced ultra-supercritical pulverized coal power plants conducted by EPRI. It analyzed the cost and performance of four new coal power plants with progressively higher steam conditions - subcritical, supercritical, current USC, and advanced USC. The advanced USC case had a steam temperature of 680°C in the superheater and 700°C in the reheater. The analysis found that the increased cost of materials for higher temperature cycles needed to be offset by reductions in the fuel required.
The document discusses key materials challenges for electric vehicle batteries, including safety, availability over a wide temperature range, durability for 10-15 years of operation, and cost. It examines several cathode chemistries and their properties, finding that LiFePO4 provides the best safety properties while NCA and NCM offer higher energy density. The document also analyzes anode materials, concluding that while hard carbon has the highest capacity, Li4Ti5O5 may be best for next generation vehicles due to its high rate charging ability especially at low temperatures. Overall, the document determines that LiFePO4 is currently one of the best cathode platforms for electric vehicles, but continued research is needed to improve performance and lower costs.
This document summarizes a numerical simulation of a rotary kiln. The simulation models turbulent combustion, heat transfer, and granular flow inside the kiln. It seeks to understand formation of rings within the kiln and optimize production. The model considers chemical reactions, turbulence, radiation heat transfer, and NOx formation. It was used to test adjusting the fuel-air ratio to reduce temperature peaks that cause rings. Increasing the ratio from 10 to 12 successfully destroyed an existing ring over 24 hours by lowering the liquid phase temperature below self-sustaining levels. The model will further explore configurations to prevent or counteract ring formation and reduce NOx emissions.
This document discusses the design of a lithium target and neutronics components for a boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) facility. It outlines the agenda, describes the target geometry and materials, and discusses factors like target heat, neutron moderation, reflector design, and beam quality parameters. The goal is to optimize the design to produce the highest possible epithermal neutron flux within safety limits on fast neutron and gamma doses. A series of design studies are proposed to evaluate moderating materials, proton beam energy, reflector configuration, and other variables.
Development Of Non Aqueous Asymmetric Hybrid Supercapacitors Part IiiNakkiran Arulmozhi
The document describes research on developing asymmetric hybrid supercapacitors based on lithium-ion intercalated compounds. Specifically, it discusses synthesizing cathode materials of pure LiCoO2 and LiCo1-xAlxO2 with varying amounts of aluminum doping (x=0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6). The materials were characterized using techniques like thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Electrochemical characterization of the materials was also performed through cyclic voltammetry and charge/discharge testing to evaluate their performance in supercapacitors.
The SRM suite software tools can be used to model a variety of combustion applications and fuels. It uses detailed chemical kinetics and can simulate processes like mixture preparation, combustion, and emissions formation. It has been validated against experimental data for fuels like gasoline, diesel, natural gas and more. The software coupling capabilities allow linking with 3D CFD codes to study effects like injection strategies. It has provided insights into advanced combustion modes and ways to reduce emissions from spark ignition and compression ignition engines.
лекция 1 обзор методов вычислительной физикиSergey Sozykin
The document discusses multi-scale modeling of radiation effects in dielectric materials. It summarizes:
1. First-principles quantum mechanical methods are used to simulate defect formation and electronic structure changes at the atomic scale.
2. A quantum transport model calculates current-voltage characteristics based on the defect states. This shows good agreement with experimental I-V curves.
3. A percolation model extends the simulations to larger device scales by parameterizing the defect properties from the smaller scale calculations. This allows modeling transient current behavior over nanosecond timescales.
The multi-scale approach combines atomic-scale simulations with mesoscale modeling to directly compare with experimental measurements of device leakage currents.
The document describes the components and operating principles of an atomic absorption spectrometer. Key components include radiation sources like hollow cathode lamps, a flame atomizer to convert liquid samples into atoms, and a monochromator and detector to measure atomic absorption. Standards of known concentration are used to calibrate the instrument, which can then determine unknown concentrations of metals in liquid samples by correlating absorption measurements to the calibration curve. The technique is useful for quantitative multi-element analysis in fields like chemistry, metallurgy, and environmental testing.
This document discusses several technologies that utilize electron volt oscillations (EVOs) to produce nuclear transmutations at low voltages, including the Hutchison Effect, Adamenko's work, plasma focus generators, and cold fusion. It provides examples of metal transmutations observed after electrical treatment, including production of new isotopes. The document argues that proper design of these EVO-based technologies could allow for electrical output without device destruction by harnessing their common basis in electron clustering effects.
Jeffrey Brown – Summit Power Group – Texas Clean Energy Project: coal feedsto...Global CCS Institute
Jeffrey Brown, Vice-President, Project Finance, Summit Power Group, presented on the Texas Clean Energy Project’s coal feedstock poly-generation plant with CCUS at the Global CCS Institute's Japanese Members' Meeting held in Tokyo on 8 June 2012
Xiaoxing Xi - Magnesium Diboride Thin Films for Superconducting RF Cavitiesthinfilmsworkshop
http://www.surfacetreatments.it/thinfilms
Magnesium Diboride Thin Films for superconducting RF cavities (Xiaoxing Xi - 40')
Speaker: Xiaoxing Xi - Temple University | Duration: 40 min.
Abstract
MgB2 has a Tc of 40 K, a low residual resistivity, and a high Hc . RF cavities coated with MgB2 films have the potential for a higher Q and gradient than Nb cavities with an operation temperature of 4.2 K or higher. At Temple University, we have started a project to study issues related to the application of MgB2 to RF cavities, and to coat single-cell RF cavities with MgB2 film for characterization by the collaborators in accelerator-compatible environment. The key technical thrust of this project is the deposition of high quality clean MgB2 films and coatings using a hybrid physical-chemical vapor deposition technique. I will review the progress to date in this project.
The document discusses Sm-Co permanent magnets, including their properties, manufacturing process, temperature compensated and high temperature grades. It describes the microstructure and thermal stability of Sm-Co magnets. Various applications are mentioned that benefit from Sm-Co magnets' high maximum operating temperatures, corrosion resistance and straight-line demagnetization curves, such as traveling wave tubes, ion propulsion systems and medical devices.
This document provides information about nuclear energy, including:
1) Nuclear energy is obtained by manipulating the internal structure of atoms through nuclear fission or fusion and is used globally to produce large amounts of electricity.
2) Over 440 nuclear reactors around the world produce 25% or more of the electricity for more than 15 countries.
3) Nuclear power plants emit far fewer greenhouse gases and air pollutants than fossil fuel plants.
The document summarizes research on high-temperature electrolysis (HTE) conducted at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL). It discusses INL's role in HTE research and development under the DOE initiative. Key areas covered include experimental work, modeling, demonstration projects, and a workshop on degradation mechanisms. Experimental results showed good initial performance but degradation over time. The workshop discussed various degradation mechanisms observed and potential mitigation strategies. INL's ongoing work focuses on developing improved cell compositions and demonstrating long-term stable performance.
The Idaho National Laboratory sponsored a workshop on solid-oxide electrolysis cell degradation issues. The workshop brought together participants from government, industry, and academia to discuss degradation in SOECs and SOFCs. The workshop concluded with a list of research priorities to address SOEC performance degradation over time. The paper summarizes the workshop recommendations and describes recent activities at INL to improve long-term SOEC cell performance, including electrolysis cell and stack testing at increasing scales along with materials development and computational modeling.
This document summarizes research on high temperature steam electrolysis (HTSE) for hydrogen production. It discusses the development of HTSE stack designs at CEA, including testing of multi-cell stacks at 800-825°C with pure water vapor. The stacks demonstrated performance and durability. In parallel, CEA is researching new materials like layered perovskites to increase cell and stack performance. Studies with ICMCB-CNRS found that electrolyte supported cells using nickelate Nd2NiO4+δ as the oxygen electrode showed three times higher performance at 800°C than cells using regular LSM.
Présentation faite lors des réunions publiques de la liste EPY2015 pour les élections départementales 2015 sur le Canton de Maurepas. Candidats : Alexandra Rosetti, Yves Vandewalle, Evelyne Aubert et Grégory Garestier.
The document summarizes experimental activities on high temperature electrolysis at the Idaho National Laboratory. It describes testing various cell designs from different vendors at the button cell and bench scale levels. This includes evaluating cell material performance and long term degradation. It also discusses the integrated laboratory scale facility for testing multi-stack manifolds and assessing technology readiness by addressing thermal management and heat recuperation challenges.
The document discusses the state of the art of solid oxide electrolyser stacks (SOEC) for hydrogen production and the RelHy project. It summarizes that current SOEC stacks show good cell performance but poor durability and efficiency at the stack level. The RelHy project aims to [1] achieve high cell performance of ~1 A/cm2 at ≤1.5V and >60% water conversion at 800°C, [2] decrease degradation rates of single repeating units (SRUs) to ~1% per 1000 hours, and [3] integrate optimized materials and design innovations into a 25-cell electrolyzer stack prototype to be tested. The goal is to develop a reliable and efficient SOEC stack by
L'appel de Nîmes lancé par Laurent NEYRET lors de la conférence de Nîmes sur la Sécurité et les crimes contre l'environnement, organisée par FITS, INTERPOL et NÎMES MÉTROPOLE.
CSIRO's Materials Science and Engineering group has capabilities in thermoelectric materials research, including processing materials to nanostructures, characterizing their properties, and testing devices; their work aims to develop high performance thermoelectric materials with ZT over 2 for applications such as waste heat recovery; they also conduct theoretical research and design/analysis of solar thermoelectric systems.
Hydrogen can be produced through various processes including steam methane reforming, partial oxidation, coal gasification, water electrolysis, and photolysis. Steam methane reforming is the most efficient current method using natural gas as a feedstock. It involves catalytic reforming of methane with steam at high temperatures. Partial oxidation and coal gasification are other thermal processes that can use diverse carbon-containing feedstocks to produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide through partial combustion reactions. Water electrolysis involves passing an electric current through water to dissociate it into hydrogen and oxygen gas. Alkaline electrolysis is a mature technology while PEM electrolysis offers advantages like easier construction and higher purity products. Photolysis uses solar energy to split water directly into hydrogen
The document discusses key materials challenges for electric vehicle batteries, including safety, availability over a wide temperature range, durability for 10-15 years of operation, and cost. It examines several cathode chemistries and their properties, finding that LiFePO4 provides the best safety properties while NCA and NCM offer higher energy density. The document also analyzes anode materials, concluding that while hard carbon has the highest capacity, Li4Ti5O5 may be best for next generation vehicles due to its high rate charging ability especially at low temperatures. Overall, the document determines that LiFePO4 is currently one of the best cathode platforms for electric vehicles, but continued research is needed to improve performance and lower costs.
This document summarizes a numerical simulation of a rotary kiln. The simulation models turbulent combustion, heat transfer, and granular flow inside the kiln. It seeks to understand formation of rings within the kiln and optimize production. The model considers chemical reactions, turbulence, radiation heat transfer, and NOx formation. It was used to test adjusting the fuel-air ratio to reduce temperature peaks that cause rings. Increasing the ratio from 10 to 12 successfully destroyed an existing ring over 24 hours by lowering the liquid phase temperature below self-sustaining levels. The model will further explore configurations to prevent or counteract ring formation and reduce NOx emissions.
This document discusses the design of a lithium target and neutronics components for a boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) facility. It outlines the agenda, describes the target geometry and materials, and discusses factors like target heat, neutron moderation, reflector design, and beam quality parameters. The goal is to optimize the design to produce the highest possible epithermal neutron flux within safety limits on fast neutron and gamma doses. A series of design studies are proposed to evaluate moderating materials, proton beam energy, reflector configuration, and other variables.
Development Of Non Aqueous Asymmetric Hybrid Supercapacitors Part IiiNakkiran Arulmozhi
The document describes research on developing asymmetric hybrid supercapacitors based on lithium-ion intercalated compounds. Specifically, it discusses synthesizing cathode materials of pure LiCoO2 and LiCo1-xAlxO2 with varying amounts of aluminum doping (x=0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6). The materials were characterized using techniques like thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Electrochemical characterization of the materials was also performed through cyclic voltammetry and charge/discharge testing to evaluate their performance in supercapacitors.
The SRM suite software tools can be used to model a variety of combustion applications and fuels. It uses detailed chemical kinetics and can simulate processes like mixture preparation, combustion, and emissions formation. It has been validated against experimental data for fuels like gasoline, diesel, natural gas and more. The software coupling capabilities allow linking with 3D CFD codes to study effects like injection strategies. It has provided insights into advanced combustion modes and ways to reduce emissions from spark ignition and compression ignition engines.
лекция 1 обзор методов вычислительной физикиSergey Sozykin
The document discusses multi-scale modeling of radiation effects in dielectric materials. It summarizes:
1. First-principles quantum mechanical methods are used to simulate defect formation and electronic structure changes at the atomic scale.
2. A quantum transport model calculates current-voltage characteristics based on the defect states. This shows good agreement with experimental I-V curves.
3. A percolation model extends the simulations to larger device scales by parameterizing the defect properties from the smaller scale calculations. This allows modeling transient current behavior over nanosecond timescales.
The multi-scale approach combines atomic-scale simulations with mesoscale modeling to directly compare with experimental measurements of device leakage currents.
The document describes the components and operating principles of an atomic absorption spectrometer. Key components include radiation sources like hollow cathode lamps, a flame atomizer to convert liquid samples into atoms, and a monochromator and detector to measure atomic absorption. Standards of known concentration are used to calibrate the instrument, which can then determine unknown concentrations of metals in liquid samples by correlating absorption measurements to the calibration curve. The technique is useful for quantitative multi-element analysis in fields like chemistry, metallurgy, and environmental testing.
This document discusses several technologies that utilize electron volt oscillations (EVOs) to produce nuclear transmutations at low voltages, including the Hutchison Effect, Adamenko's work, plasma focus generators, and cold fusion. It provides examples of metal transmutations observed after electrical treatment, including production of new isotopes. The document argues that proper design of these EVO-based technologies could allow for electrical output without device destruction by harnessing their common basis in electron clustering effects.
Jeffrey Brown – Summit Power Group – Texas Clean Energy Project: coal feedsto...Global CCS Institute
Jeffrey Brown, Vice-President, Project Finance, Summit Power Group, presented on the Texas Clean Energy Project’s coal feedstock poly-generation plant with CCUS at the Global CCS Institute's Japanese Members' Meeting held in Tokyo on 8 June 2012
Xiaoxing Xi - Magnesium Diboride Thin Films for Superconducting RF Cavitiesthinfilmsworkshop
http://www.surfacetreatments.it/thinfilms
Magnesium Diboride Thin Films for superconducting RF cavities (Xiaoxing Xi - 40')
Speaker: Xiaoxing Xi - Temple University | Duration: 40 min.
Abstract
MgB2 has a Tc of 40 K, a low residual resistivity, and a high Hc . RF cavities coated with MgB2 films have the potential for a higher Q and gradient than Nb cavities with an operation temperature of 4.2 K or higher. At Temple University, we have started a project to study issues related to the application of MgB2 to RF cavities, and to coat single-cell RF cavities with MgB2 film for characterization by the collaborators in accelerator-compatible environment. The key technical thrust of this project is the deposition of high quality clean MgB2 films and coatings using a hybrid physical-chemical vapor deposition technique. I will review the progress to date in this project.
The document discusses Sm-Co permanent magnets, including their properties, manufacturing process, temperature compensated and high temperature grades. It describes the microstructure and thermal stability of Sm-Co magnets. Various applications are mentioned that benefit from Sm-Co magnets' high maximum operating temperatures, corrosion resistance and straight-line demagnetization curves, such as traveling wave tubes, ion propulsion systems and medical devices.
This document provides information about nuclear energy, including:
1) Nuclear energy is obtained by manipulating the internal structure of atoms through nuclear fission or fusion and is used globally to produce large amounts of electricity.
2) Over 440 nuclear reactors around the world produce 25% or more of the electricity for more than 15 countries.
3) Nuclear power plants emit far fewer greenhouse gases and air pollutants than fossil fuel plants.
The document summarizes research on high-temperature electrolysis (HTE) conducted at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL). It discusses INL's role in HTE research and development under the DOE initiative. Key areas covered include experimental work, modeling, demonstration projects, and a workshop on degradation mechanisms. Experimental results showed good initial performance but degradation over time. The workshop discussed various degradation mechanisms observed and potential mitigation strategies. INL's ongoing work focuses on developing improved cell compositions and demonstrating long-term stable performance.
The Idaho National Laboratory sponsored a workshop on solid-oxide electrolysis cell degradation issues. The workshop brought together participants from government, industry, and academia to discuss degradation in SOECs and SOFCs. The workshop concluded with a list of research priorities to address SOEC performance degradation over time. The paper summarizes the workshop recommendations and describes recent activities at INL to improve long-term SOEC cell performance, including electrolysis cell and stack testing at increasing scales along with materials development and computational modeling.
This document summarizes research on high temperature steam electrolysis (HTSE) for hydrogen production. It discusses the development of HTSE stack designs at CEA, including testing of multi-cell stacks at 800-825°C with pure water vapor. The stacks demonstrated performance and durability. In parallel, CEA is researching new materials like layered perovskites to increase cell and stack performance. Studies with ICMCB-CNRS found that electrolyte supported cells using nickelate Nd2NiO4+δ as the oxygen electrode showed three times higher performance at 800°C than cells using regular LSM.
Présentation faite lors des réunions publiques de la liste EPY2015 pour les élections départementales 2015 sur le Canton de Maurepas. Candidats : Alexandra Rosetti, Yves Vandewalle, Evelyne Aubert et Grégory Garestier.
The document summarizes experimental activities on high temperature electrolysis at the Idaho National Laboratory. It describes testing various cell designs from different vendors at the button cell and bench scale levels. This includes evaluating cell material performance and long term degradation. It also discusses the integrated laboratory scale facility for testing multi-stack manifolds and assessing technology readiness by addressing thermal management and heat recuperation challenges.
The document discusses the state of the art of solid oxide electrolyser stacks (SOEC) for hydrogen production and the RelHy project. It summarizes that current SOEC stacks show good cell performance but poor durability and efficiency at the stack level. The RelHy project aims to [1] achieve high cell performance of ~1 A/cm2 at ≤1.5V and >60% water conversion at 800°C, [2] decrease degradation rates of single repeating units (SRUs) to ~1% per 1000 hours, and [3] integrate optimized materials and design innovations into a 25-cell electrolyzer stack prototype to be tested. The goal is to develop a reliable and efficient SOEC stack by
L'appel de Nîmes lancé par Laurent NEYRET lors de la conférence de Nîmes sur la Sécurité et les crimes contre l'environnement, organisée par FITS, INTERPOL et NÎMES MÉTROPOLE.
CSIRO's Materials Science and Engineering group has capabilities in thermoelectric materials research, including processing materials to nanostructures, characterizing their properties, and testing devices; their work aims to develop high performance thermoelectric materials with ZT over 2 for applications such as waste heat recovery; they also conduct theoretical research and design/analysis of solar thermoelectric systems.
Hydrogen can be produced through various processes including steam methane reforming, partial oxidation, coal gasification, water electrolysis, and photolysis. Steam methane reforming is the most efficient current method using natural gas as a feedstock. It involves catalytic reforming of methane with steam at high temperatures. Partial oxidation and coal gasification are other thermal processes that can use diverse carbon-containing feedstocks to produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide through partial combustion reactions. Water electrolysis involves passing an electric current through water to dissociate it into hydrogen and oxygen gas. Alkaline electrolysis is a mature technology while PEM electrolysis offers advantages like easier construction and higher purity products. Photolysis uses solar energy to split water directly into hydrogen
The document provides an overview of fuel cell technology. It discusses the brief history of fuel cells and the basic principles of electrolysis and how fuel cells work by reversing the electrolysis process. It describes the main components of a fuel cell and the five most common types: alkaline, molten carbonate, phosphoric acid, proton exchange membrane, and solid oxide fuel cells. The benefits of fuel cells are highlighted such as efficiency, reliability and fuel flexibility. Challenges for different fuel cell types are also summarized, for example high operating temperatures of solid oxide fuel cells can limit applications.
The document discusses polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). It describes PEMFCs as consisting of an anode, cathode, proton-conducting electrolyte membrane, and catalyst. PEMFCs operate at around 50-100°C and can convert the chemical energy of hydrogen and oxygen directly into electricity with an electrical efficiency of around 53-58% for transportation applications. The basic elements and chemical reactions of a PEMFC are also outlined.
Dhaka | Aug-15 | A Study on Electrochemistry of PKL (Pathor Kuchi Leaf) Elect...Smart Villages
Mohammad Al Mamun, Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, Jagannath University
As part of the series of regional engagements in South Asia, Smart Villages is organising a workshop on off-grid rural energy provision in Bangladesh. The country has the fastest growing programme in the world with an estimated 70,000 solar home systems (SHS) installed per day. More than 3 million SHS have been installed in off-grid rural areas in the country bringing electricity to an estimated 13 million people.
The aim of the workshop is to gain insights from the experience of a wide variety of stakeholders in Bangladesh who are involved in rural off-grid energy provision in the country. This workshop will offer a number of potential lessons to other countries within the region. The workshop provides an opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of the opportunities presented by expansion of solar home systems (SHS) and mini-grids to off-grid rural communities and the challenges faced in this expansion. During this workshop we will also investigate the potential impact of energy access on rural livelihoods in the country.
The workshop is being jointly organised by Smart Villages and Practical Action.
The document provides an introduction to fuel cells, including:
1) A brief history of the first fuel cell invented in 1839.
2) Motivations for developing fuel cell technology such as limited fossil fuel resources and reducing CO2 emissions.
3) An overview of different types of fuel cells including PEMFC, AFC, PAFC, MCFC, and SOFC and their ideal efficiencies, applications, and current status.
Presentation Power Sources Lithium Seawater Battery (LiSWB)chrisrobschu
A lithium-seawater battery is being developed for
undersea sensors and vehicles. This new energy source promises
significantly higher energy density than Commercial Off the Shelf
(COTS) primary batteries for air independent, undersea
operations. The critical enabler for this effort is a water and gas
impermeable, glass-ceramic electrolyte (GCE). The electrolyte
provides an ionic pathway between lithium and seawater and it
prevents direct contact between them. As a result, anodes made
with GCEs have shown high voltage and high efficiency in
aqueous electrolytes. The lithium metal anode is encased in a
collapsible pouch composed of a flexible laminate and a thin (250
μm) glass-ceramic electrolyte “window”. The aluminum foil
based laminate is impermeable to water and atmospheric gases.
A metal tab protrudes from the pouch as an electrical lead and a
non aqueous Li-ion electrolyte fills the gap between Li and the
ceramic membrane. Critical elements for high efficiency and high
voltage are low pouch permeability (keeping water and
atmospheric gases out and nonaqueous electrolyte in), the shape
of the pouch with respect to collapse and pressure tolerance, and
the electrochemical performance of the GCE pouch anodes in seawater.
Power sources spring2010-presentation schumacher
Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) use solid ceramic electrolytes to transport oxygen ions between the cathode and anode. They can operate on hydrogen or natural gas fuels from 700-1000°C. Perovskite materials are commonly used as electrodes or electrolytes due to their mixed ionic and electronic conductivity. SOFCs offer clean electricity generation but challenges remain in reducing costs and operating temperatures before widespread commercialization. Research is ongoing to develop new materials with improved performance at lower temperatures.
Tungsten-cermet fuels show promise for long-life, high-performance nuclear thermal rockets by containing uranium and fission products better than previous fuel types. Further development and testing of tungsten-cermet fuels is needed to validate their performance in nuclear thermal rocket reactors for applications like Mars missions. Controls and sensors would be required to monitor critical parameters like neutron flux, temperature, strain, and propellant flow for safe reactor operation.
The document summarizes research on developing large format aqueous electrolyte polyionic battery technology for low-cost, multi-hour stationary energy storage. Key points include:
- The technology uses an aqueous hybrid ion chemistry with a manganese oxide cathode and carbon composite anode in a sodium sulfate electrolyte.
- It achieves high cycle life, low cost, safety and sustainability through using abundant, nontoxic materials and a simple manufacturing process.
- Testing shows the technology delivers over 100 Wh/kg energy density, over 3000 cycles, and remains stable during deep cycling and partial state of charge conditions.
This document provides an overview of redox reactions and electrochemistry. It discusses key concepts such as oxidation, reduction, and redox reactions. Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between reactants. An oxidation half-reaction is the loss of electrons while a reduction half-reaction is the gain of electrons. Electrochemical cells drive spontaneous redox reactions and can be used to determine pH and as batteries. Corrosion is the oxidative deterioration of metals that occurs through galvanic cells formed on metal surfaces.
This study offers an overview of the technologies for hydrogen production especially alkaline water electrolysis using solar energy. Solar Energy and Hydrogen (energy carrier) are possible replacement options for fossil fuel and its associated problems of availability and high prices which are devastating small, developing, oil-importing economies. But a major drawback to the full implementation of solar energy, in particular photovoltaic (PV), is the lowering of conversion efficiency of PV cells due to elevated cell temperatures while in operation. Also, hydrogen as an energy carrier must be produced in gaseous or liquid form before it can be used as fuel; but its‟ present major conversion process produces an abundance of carbon dioxide which is harming the environment through global warming. Alkaline water electrolysis is considered to be a basic technique for hydrogen production. In the present study, the effects of electrolyte concentration, solar insolation and space between the pair of electrodes on the amount of hydrogen produced and consequently on the overall electrolysis efficiency are experimentally investigated. The water electrolysis of potassium hydroxide aqueous solution was conducted under atmospheric pressure using stainless steel 316 as electrodes.
The experimental results showed that the performance of alkaline water electrolysis unit is dominated by operational parameters like the electrolyte concentration and the gap between the electrodes. Smaller gaps between the pair of electrodes and was demonstrated to produce higher rates of hydrogen at higher system efficiency
This study shows some attempts to product pure Hydrogen and pure Oxygen as both Hydrogen and Oxygen have there commercial demands.
The document provides an overview of fuel cell technology, including a brief history, the basics of how fuel cells work through electrolysis in reverse, the main types of fuel cells and their components and operating temperatures, benefits of fuel cells such as efficiency and reliability, and current and future applications in automotive, stationary power, and residential power units.
Second sneak peak of Metal Core PCB Design webinar featuring the Thermal Management for LED Applications segment: What is the role of the PCB? by Clemens Lasance, former Principal Scientist Emeritus with Philips Research. With over 30 years experience in the field, Clemens' passion and scrutiny for the subject has established him as the principally renowned expert pertaining to thermal management.
Dinesh Mullangi Departmental seminar 12th August 2015mullangi dinesh
The document describes research into developing porous carbon-germanium nanoparticle composites for use as anode materials in lithium-ion batteries. Key points include:
- The composite, called 3D-Ge/C, was synthesized and shown through characterization to have a 3D nanostructure with large pore volume and surface area for lithium ion accessibility.
- Electrochemical testing found the material exhibited excellent performance as an anode, including high specific capacity close to the theoretical maximum, superior cyclability retaining 99.6% of capacity over 100 cycles, and ability to charge and discharge rapidly even at ultrahigh rates.
- When used in full cells paired with a lithium cobalt oxide cathode, the 3
This document discusses opportunities for using nanotechnology to improve energy applications. It notes that nanomaterials have increased surface areas and unique interface and size effects that can be exploited. Examples highlighted include using nanostructures to improve photovoltaics, hydrogen storage, and thermoelectric devices. Challenges include developing scalable synthesis methods and understanding multiscale transport phenomena. Overall, the document argues that nanoscience research has potential to transform energy technologies by manipulating energy carriers at the nanoscale and linking structures to functions.
This document discusses various battery technologies including primary and secondary cells. It provides details on dry cells, lead-acid batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, and fuel cells. The key points are:
- Primary cells cannot be recharged while secondary cells can be recharged by passing current in the opposite direction.
- Dry cells are inexpensive but have a limited shelf life. Lead-acid batteries are rechargeable and commonly used in vehicles. Nickel-cadmium batteries can be recharged hundreds of times.
- Fuel cells directly convert chemical energy to electrical energy and include hydrogen-oxygen and methanol-oxygen types. They do not require recharging and have applications in space, military, and stationary power
This document reviews direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFCs) and their challenges. DEFCs are a type of alkaline fuel cell that can use ethanol as a fuel. They have some advantages over direct methanol fuel cells, but also face challenges including slow electrocatalysis kinetics, ethanol crossover through membranes, and issues with water and heat management. Improvements have been made to catalysts, membrane materials, and cell designs, but further addressing these challenges is still needed to improve DEFC performance and durability.
The Idaho National Laboratory is actively researching the use of solid oxide fuel cells as electrolyzers to produce hydrogen and syngas on a large scale. They have conducted single cell tests, multi-cell stack tests, and multi-stack tests using cells from Ceramatec Inc. and NASA Glenn Research Center. Stack testing included 10 cell and 20 cell stacks up to a 720 cell 15 kW stack. Tests were run for hundreds of hours to over 1000 hours in a bench-scale or new 15 kW integrated laboratory test facility. Results and observations of cell performance degradation will be presented.
This document discusses specifications for solid oxide electrolysis stacks to be coupled with wind turbines or nuclear power. It provides an overview of a workshop on high temperature water electrolysis limiting factors held in Karlsruhe, Germany in June 2009. The document discusses the potential for high temperature steam electrolysis to produce hydrogen using excess electricity from wind power or nuclear power. It examines considerations for solid oxide electrolysis stack specifications including operating temperature, degradation rate, operating profile, current density, and cell voltage.
This document outlines specifications for solid oxide electrolyser stacks that could be coupled with wind turbines or nuclear power. Haldor Topsøe A/S is responsible for analyzing a scenario where power is supplied by wind turbines, looking at optimal operating strategies based on Danish electricity price data. Helion is studying a nuclear power-based case, using its parent company Areva's expertise. There are differences between the wind and nuclear scenarios but specifications for lifetime, current density, and degradation rate of the electrolyser stacks are similar. The detailed specifications and a comparison to other electrolyser technologies will be presented.
This document summarizes the RelHy project which aims to improve the durability of high temperature steam electrolysis cells for hydrogen production. Previous research demonstrated hydrogen production rates up to 0.1 gH2cm-2 hr-1 using yttria stabilized zirconia electrolytes and nickel-yttria stabilized zirconia cathodes with lanthanum strontium manganite anodes. However, degradation rates were too high. The RelHy project will operate and characterize several improved solid oxide electrolysis cells with modified interconnects, protective layers, contact layers, and seals to identify degradation mechanisms and allow market viability. Initial results using traditional materials are presented.
This document summarizes the status, problems, and perspectives of solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) for high-temperature electrolysis. SOECs are attractive because electrolysis is more efficient at higher temperatures, electrochemical processes are faster, and materials are inexpensive. While the technology was explored in the 1970s-80s, new interest has emerged due to energy and climate issues. Risø National Laboratory has developed SOECs using anode-supported nickel-zirconia cells and achieved high performance and reproducibility at the pre-pilot scale. However, further cell performance improvements are needed before comprehensive stack and system development. Other SOEC materials and designs are being explored including alternative electrolytes and hydrogen/o
This document discusses the status, problems, and perspectives of solid oxide electrolyser cells (SOECs). It was shown over 25 years ago that solid oxide fuel cells could operate in electrolysis mode to electrolyze both water and carbon dioxide. Recently, interest in hydrogen production has revived interest in using solid oxide cells as electrolyzers. The document will discuss the development of solid oxide cell performance over the last 25 years and challenges in achieving high performance, reliability, and durability. Examples are given of initial SOEC performance electrolyzing water and carbon dioxide with area-specific resistances as low as 0.19 cm2 and 0.24 cm2 respectively at 850°C. The results and durability issues are related to electrode structures
1. RelHy International Workshop on
High Temperature Electrolysis Limiting Factors
June 09-10, 2009
Karlsruhe, Germany
S. Elangovan, J. Hartvigsen,
Feng Zhao, Insoo Bay, and Dennis Larsen
Office of Naval Research Contract: N00014-08-C-0680
DOE subcontract through Idaho National Lab.
2. Energy, Environment & Economy
• Environment
– Climate Change
• GHG sources
– 8 tons CO2/kW-yr from coal or oil
– Leaky natural gas pipelines
– Ruminants
• Ozone hole - no, that’s a different topic
– Habitat Impacts One Thing Is Clear
• Drilling in Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
Energy Is The Key To Prosperity
• Wind turbines in Chesapeake Bay
– Air pollution
• Limited Resources
– Oil
• National security
– Gas
• Heating vs. power generation
• Transportation issues
– Renewables
3. Carbon Free Energy Source Options
• Renewable energy resources
– Large Scale Wind
• 800 GW at class 4+ US wind sites
– Small Hydro
• 45GW potential, 2000 sites
– Concentrator Photovoltaic
• Land area 12km2 /GW
– Biomass
• Ag/Forestry byproduct
• Carbon neutral cycle assuming production
and processing are carbon free
• Nuclear
– 25 new plants announced
– Increased output of existing units
• Note trend in figure since 1970
• Hydrogen production from electrolysis
• High temperature 29 tons/GW-hr
• Conventional 21 tons/GW-hr
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/pdf/pages/sec1_6.pdf
4. Storing Hydrogen With CO2
• Energy Sources
– Wind, Solar (PV & heat), Hydro, Nuclear
• Carbon Sources
– Metallurgical Reduction, Cement Kilns
– Fermentation, Digester gas
– Biomass gasifiers
– Fossil Power Systems
• Conversion Technology
– SOFC electrolyzer, steam+CO2=> syngas
• Products
– SNG, Fischer Tropsch liquids
5. Why Electrolytic Synfuels
• Electrolysis efficiency
• Energy storage density
• Fits in existing distribution infrastructure
• Synergy with intermittent energy sources
• No added CO2 emissions
• Reduced work of compression
• Compatible with existing vehicle fleet
– 20 to 50 year crossover
6. The New Alchemy: C ⇒ Au
• Turning carbon into gold
– Low value carbon
• CO2 -$55/ton (Norway C tax)
• Coal $20-100/ton
• Bitumen ~ $100/ton
– High value carbon
• Natural Gas $444/ton carbon
($7/decatherm)
• Crude Oil $888/ton carbon ($105/bbl)
• Refined fuel (pre-tax) ~$1000/ton carbon
7. Synthetic methane from electrolysis of CO2
Gas analysis in volume %
From From
Electrolysis Methanation
Unit
CH4 CO H2 CH4 CO H2
Test 1 .0 14.3 60.7 42.5 0 13.8
Test 2 .7 18.5 58.0 47.7 0 9.2
Test 3 .3 20.1 63.5 50.0 0 9.4
Test 4 .1 15.8 58.9 42.0 0 4.6
Test 5 .1 15.2 59.5 40.4 0 8.2
FEED TO ELECTROLYSIS IS CO2 + H2O + ELECTRIC ENERGY
8. FT- Liquid Products
• Ceramatec produced catalyst
– FeCuK composition
– 8mm La promoted alumina rings
– Automated in-situ reduction
profile using dewpoint controlled
temperature ramp
– Oil fraction
– Water fraction
235 C Reactor Operation
9. One Technology - Multiple Modes Of Operation
Solid Oxide Stack Module
NG
Biogas
Diesel Fuel Syngas
JP-8
Coal
Electricity CO2 & Steam
+ Electricity
Steam + Hydrogen
Electricity (High Purity)
10. SOFC - SOEC Differences
• Cells tested to date are virtually identical
– Same electrolyte, electrodes, pattern, etc.
• SOEC seals more challenging
– Higher back pressure on seals due to product
collection
– Low molecular weight stream vs. reformate
• Diffusion mechanism more active relative to
hydrodynamic
• Hydrogen permeation in metal icon destabilizes air
side scale
11. Repeat Unit Elements
Ferritic Stainless Steel Separator
Corrugated Ferritic Stainless Steel or High Ni alloy
50 µm
50 µm Cobaltite (current distribution layer)
air
electrode Manganite + Zirconia Composite
electrolyte Sc - ZrO2 (partially stabilized)
Ni + ceria cermet
H
electrode Ni (current distribution layer)
Corrugated Ni flow field on hydrogen side
21. Pre-ILS Module Test at Ceramatec
• “Half-ILS Module” test at Ceramatec
– Integrated Laboratory Scale (ILS) Demonstration
– 2x60 cell stacks, 10x10 cm cells
– Summer 2006, ~2000 hr operation
– Cells & Stacks same as full ILS modules 2007,2008
– Show performance scales with stack height
– Assess system issues with tall stacks
– Exercise component production capacity
– Probably most extensive post test examination
• Tested component examination
– ANL, MIT, UNLV, Ceramatec
22. Half ILS Initial Performance
– 3.8 kW
– 1,200 Liters/hr
– Electrical Efficiency = 96.4%
– System thermal distribution issues
– 2,000 hrs total operation
– 1,000 hrs on CO2/H2O
• Syngas production sufficient for 100
gallons of FT diesel
24. Half-ILS Post-Test Observations
• Electrodes
– Oxygen electrode delamination for 2,000 hr test
• No delamination in short stacks tested for shorter periods (~300 hrs)
– Hydrogen electrode & current distribution layer in good condition
• Electrolyte
– No cracking
– Some cubic to tetragonal/mono-clinic transition noted
• Metal Interconnect Edge Corrosion
– Edge rail coating & elimination of silica in seal eliminated the corrosion seen
in early SOEC stacks
– Cr transport to air electrode bond layer
– Sr migration from air electrode/bond layer
• Gross changes in bond layer chemistry, phase assemblage, conductivity and performance
• Initial Performance Reproducible – short to tall stacks
• Unacceptably High Initial Degradation
26. Full-ILS Module #3 Post Test Examination
Hydrogen electrode attached,
bond layer separated with icon
Oxygen electrode delamination
27. ILS Module #3 Post Test Examination
It appears a layer deposited
at electrode interface is causing
the delamination
Oxygen electrode and icon
contacting layer (bond layer)
28. ILS Module #3 Post Test Examination
EDS Indicates only ScSz at the
interface. The apparent deposition
layer is a layer of zirconia that
has spalled off. Our hypothesis is
that Mn diffusing in from the
manganite electrode introduces
enough electronic conductivity
to allow oxygen to evolve inside
the electrolyte, build up pressure
and split off a layer near the
electrode.
29. ILS Module #3 Post Test Examination
Electrode section in following EDS Maps
Manganite-Zirconia Composite
Manganite Electrode
Cobaltite (LSCo) icon
contacting layer (bond layer)
41. Hydrogen Electrode & Bond Layer
Adherent and conductive hydrogen electrode
Most areas of bond layer separated with flowfield
42. Oxygen Electrode and Bond Layer
Extensive delamination of standard manganite Perovskite electrodes
No delamination of new cobalt-ferrite Perovskite electrodes
46. High Temperature Electrolysis
• Leverage decades of SOFC R&D
• Inputs
– e- (green electrons)
– steam => hydrogen
– co-electrolysis of H2O + CO2 => syngas
– heat input optional, depends on operating point
• Most efficiency means of hydrogen production
– e- to hydrogen
• η=100% at 1.285V
• η= 95% at 1.35V
• η=107% at 1.20V, (heat required)
• Hot O2 and steam byproduct
– Valuable for biomass gasification