Hydrogen can be produced through various processes including steam methane reforming, partial oxidation, coal gasification, water electrolysis, and photolysis. Steam methane reforming is the most efficient current method using natural gas as a feedstock. It involves catalytic reforming of methane with steam at high temperatures. Partial oxidation and coal gasification are other thermal processes that can use diverse carbon-containing feedstocks to produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide through partial combustion reactions. Water electrolysis involves passing an electric current through water to dissociate it into hydrogen and oxygen gas. Alkaline electrolysis is a mature technology while PEM electrolysis offers advantages like easier construction and higher purity products. Photolysis uses solar energy to split water directly into hydrogen
Transient Absorption Spectrometry in Photoelectrochemical Splitting of Water RunjhunDutta
Detailed Description of Application of Transient Absorption Spectrometry in Photoelectrochemical Splitting of Water for studying the electron-hole pair recombination in semiconductor.
[Illustrated with examples (Reference: Research Papers)]
Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) use solid ceramic electrolytes to transport oxygen ions between the cathode and anode. They can operate on hydrogen or natural gas fuels from 700-1000°C. Perovskite materials are commonly used as electrodes or electrolytes due to their mixed ionic and electronic conductivity. SOFCs offer clean electricity generation but challenges remain in reducing costs and operating temperatures before widespread commercialization. Research is ongoing to develop new materials with improved performance at lower temperatures.
A review on ipce and pec measurements and materials p.basnetPradip Basnet
The slides show how to measure the photoelectrochemical (PEC) properties of a light-active photocatalyst (usually semiconductor) and current literature summary for water splitting using sunlight.
Wastewater treatment using microbial fuel cell and simultaneous power generationMahendra Gowda
Waste water contain lots of energy in it only thing is it has to be recovered in a proper way. Microbial Fuel cell is a efficient and energy saving technique in that line.
Microbial fuel cells generate electricity from organic matter through microbial activity. They consist of an anode and cathode separated by a proton exchange membrane. At the anode, microbes degrade organic compounds and transfer electrons to the anode. Protons pass through the membrane to the cathode. Electrons flow through an external circuit to the cathode, where they react with oxygen and protons to form water. Ionic strength, temperature, electrode spacing and material affect performance, with higher ionic strength and temperatures increasing power density up to certain points. Microbial fuel cells produce electricity from waste sources while treating wastewater.
Pd-Substituted (La,Sr)CrO3 for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell AnodesEmmaReneeDutton
Presentation of independent honors research thesis (June 2011) for Bachelor of Science in Materials Science & Engineering at Northwestern University.
Transient Absorption Spectrometry in Photoelectrochemical Splitting of Water RunjhunDutta
Detailed Description of Application of Transient Absorption Spectrometry in Photoelectrochemical Splitting of Water for studying the electron-hole pair recombination in semiconductor.
[Illustrated with examples (Reference: Research Papers)]
Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) use solid ceramic electrolytes to transport oxygen ions between the cathode and anode. They can operate on hydrogen or natural gas fuels from 700-1000°C. Perovskite materials are commonly used as electrodes or electrolytes due to their mixed ionic and electronic conductivity. SOFCs offer clean electricity generation but challenges remain in reducing costs and operating temperatures before widespread commercialization. Research is ongoing to develop new materials with improved performance at lower temperatures.
A review on ipce and pec measurements and materials p.basnetPradip Basnet
The slides show how to measure the photoelectrochemical (PEC) properties of a light-active photocatalyst (usually semiconductor) and current literature summary for water splitting using sunlight.
Wastewater treatment using microbial fuel cell and simultaneous power generationMahendra Gowda
Waste water contain lots of energy in it only thing is it has to be recovered in a proper way. Microbial Fuel cell is a efficient and energy saving technique in that line.
Microbial fuel cells generate electricity from organic matter through microbial activity. They consist of an anode and cathode separated by a proton exchange membrane. At the anode, microbes degrade organic compounds and transfer electrons to the anode. Protons pass through the membrane to the cathode. Electrons flow through an external circuit to the cathode, where they react with oxygen and protons to form water. Ionic strength, temperature, electrode spacing and material affect performance, with higher ionic strength and temperatures increasing power density up to certain points. Microbial fuel cells produce electricity from waste sources while treating wastewater.
Pd-Substituted (La,Sr)CrO3 for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell AnodesEmmaReneeDutton
Presentation of independent honors research thesis (June 2011) for Bachelor of Science in Materials Science & Engineering at Northwestern University.
Microbial fuel cell... Bacteria and it's rule as alternative energy source ... seminar in Microbiology Department faculty of Agriculture zagazig university Egypt
The document discusses different types of fuel cells including hydrogen fuel cells, microbial fuel cells (MFCs), and polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells. It provides details on their working principles, components, and reactions. Hydrogen fuel cells combine hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity, heat, and water. MFCs use microorganisms and organic substrates to generate electricity. PEM fuel cells are currently leading technology for vehicles and applications, using a proton-conducting polymer membrane and platinum catalysts.
Photoelectrochemical splitting of water for hydrogen generation: Basics & Fut...RunjhunDutta
This document discusses photoelectrochemical (PEC) splitting of water for solar hydrogen generation. PEC is an environmentally safe process that uses solar energy and water to generate hydrogen fuel without undesirable byproducts. It has potential for both large and small-scale hydrogen production. The document outlines the basic principles and working of a PEC cell, which involves using a semiconductor photoelectrode to absorb light and drive water splitting reactions at the electrode surfaces to produce hydrogen and oxygen gases. It discusses factors that affect PEC cell performance and various strategies to modify materials and surfaces/interfaces to enhance efficiency. The document concludes that PEC is a promising but still developing technology that requires continued advances in materials science and engineering to optimize large-scale
A microbial fuel cell (MFC) was designed and tested that utilized the microbial respiration from a culture found in a Clemson University partitioned aquaculture system. The MFC consisted of a bamboo stalk housing with graphite anodes and cathodes connected by wires to a potentiometer. Initial polarization and power curves showed the MFC produced around 2.28 watts of power, meeting the goal of 1 watt per cubic meter. Temperature and voltage data were collected. While durable, future work could improve surface area and use non-petroleum materials.
Depositacion electroforetica dentro de campos electricos moduladosMario ML
This document reviews electrophoretic deposition (EPD) under modulated electric fields such as pulsed direct current (PDC) and alternating current (AC). Classical EPD uses continuous direct current which can lead to issues depositing from aqueous suspensions due to water electrolysis. Modulated electric fields can reduce electrolysis and produce more uniform coatings. PDC and AC offer advantages over continuous DC like reducing bubble formation and particle aggregation. While deposition rates may decrease under modulated fields, they allow for depositing biochemical and biological materials in more active states. The document discusses EPD mechanisms and modulated field types, and their applications including in biotechnology.
Sunlight-driven water-splitting using two-dimensional carbon based semiconduc...Pawan Kumar
The overwhelming challenge of depleting fossil fuels and anthropogenic carbon emissions has driven research into alternative clean sources of energy. To achieve the goal of a carbon neutral economy, the harvesting of sunlight by using photocatalysts to split water into hydrogen and oxygen is an expedient approach to fulfill the energy demand in a sustainable way along with reducing the emission of greenhouse gases. Even though the past few decades have witnessed intensive research into inorganic semiconductor photocatalysts, their quantum efficiencies for hydrogen production from visible photons remain too low for the large scale deployment of this technology. Visible light absorption and efficient charge separation are two key necessary conditions for achieving the scalable production of hydrogen from water. Two-dimensional carbon based nanoscale materials such as graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, carbon nitride, modified 2D carbon frameworks and their composites have emerged as potential photocatalysts due to their astonishing properties such as superior charge transport, tunable energy levels and bandgaps, visible light absorption, high surface area, easy processability, quantum confinement effects, and high photocatalytic quantum yields. The feasibility of structural and chemical modification to optimize visible light absorption and charge separation makes carbonaceous semiconductors promising candidates to convert solar energy into chemical energy. In the present review, we have summarized the recent advances in 2D carbonaceous photocatalysts with respect to physicochemical and photochemical tuning for solar light mediated hydrogen evolution.
Microbial fuel cell – for conversion of chemical energy to electrical energyrita martin
A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a bio-electrochemical system that converts the chemical energy in the organic compounds/renewable energy sources to electrical energy/bio-electrical energy through microbial catalysis at the anode under anaerobic conditions. This process is becoming attractive and alternative methodology for generation of electricity. MFC can convert chemical energy directly into electricity without an intermediate conversion into mechanical power. MFC as various benefits Clean; Safe and quiet performance High energy efficiency and It is easy to operate, Electricity generation, Biohydrogen production, Wastewater treatment, Bioremediation .
The document is a working paper from the National Petroleum Council (NPC) on microbial fuel cells (MFCs). It provides an overview of MFC technology, including the basic design of MFCs, mechanisms of electron transfer, various MFC designs, electrode and membrane materials, microbes used, and substrates. MFCs generate electricity through bacteria that oxidize organic substrates and transfer electrons to an anode. This allows wastewater treatment and energy production. While significant technical challenges remain, MFCs show promise as a renewable energy source.
Dhaka | Aug-15 | A Study on Electrochemistry of PKL (Pathor Kuchi Leaf) Elect...Smart Villages
Mohammad Al Mamun, Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, Jagannath University
As part of the series of regional engagements in South Asia, Smart Villages is organising a workshop on off-grid rural energy provision in Bangladesh. The country has the fastest growing programme in the world with an estimated 70,000 solar home systems (SHS) installed per day. More than 3 million SHS have been installed in off-grid rural areas in the country bringing electricity to an estimated 13 million people.
The aim of the workshop is to gain insights from the experience of a wide variety of stakeholders in Bangladesh who are involved in rural off-grid energy provision in the country. This workshop will offer a number of potential lessons to other countries within the region. The workshop provides an opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of the opportunities presented by expansion of solar home systems (SHS) and mini-grids to off-grid rural communities and the challenges faced in this expansion. During this workshop we will also investigate the potential impact of energy access on rural livelihoods in the country.
The workshop is being jointly organised by Smart Villages and Practical Action.
Special topic seminar microbial fuel cellsprasuna3085
The document discusses microbial fuel cells (MFCs), which use bacteria to generate electricity from organic waste. It begins with an introduction to MFCs and their potential applications. It then provides a brief history of MFCs, describes different types of MFCs and their basic working principle. The document also summarizes several research papers on MFCs and concludes with potential applications of MFCs in wastewater treatment, desalination, hydrogen production, powering remote sensors, and more.
The document discusses organic electrochemistry and its applications in fine chemicals and pharmaceutical industry. Some key points:
1) Organic electrochemistry enables the production of chemicals like chlorine and sodium hydroxide through processes like the chlor-alkali process. It is also used in aluminum production and synthesis of adiponitrile.
2) Reactions in organic electrochemistry have advantages like reaction economy, direct control of electron energy, and use of electrons/protons as sole reagents. It allows generation of reactive intermediates and inversion of functional group polarity.
3) Early applications included the umpolung benzoin condensation. Industrial processes now include chlor-alkali, aluminum production, and
The document summarizes a workshop on limiting factors in high temperature electrolysis. It discusses environmental and resource concerns motivating hydrogen production from electrolysis. Renewable and nuclear energy could power electrolysis to produce hydrogen for storage or conversion to synthetic fuels. Key challenges include electrolyzer durability, thermodynamics, heat management, and costs. Large-scale electrolysis tests demonstrate feasibility but further advances are needed for commercialization.
Double layer energy storage in graphene a studysudesh789
This document summarizes research on using graphene for energy storage in electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLCs). Graphene has potential as an electrode material due to its high surface area and conductivity. Studies have measured specific capacitances as high as 205 F/g for graphene electrodes, though capacitance depends on accessible surface area. Graphene electrodes can allow for high power applications with fast charge/discharge rates over 10 kW/kg. Ongoing research aims to prevent restacking of graphene sheets and improve ion accessibility to maximize surface area utilization and energy storage performance.
This document summarizes a study on a plant microbial fuel cell (PMFC). The PMFC generates electricity from the natural interaction between plant roots and soil bacteria. The study constructed a PMFC using a terracotta pot with a graphite anode and zinc cathode. Voltage increased over time as microbes broke down compounds from plant roots. The PMFC achieved steady voltages of 0.88V for a mud-based MFC and 1.01V. PMFCs provide renewable energy without biomass transport and utilize plant-microbe interactions.
The document summarizes a presentation on sediment microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Key points:
- The goal is to produce 1W/m3 of power in a sediment MFC within a $20 budget using recycled materials.
- A literature review covered MFC types and research on materials like graphite and biochar. A 50/50 graphite-biochar mix was selected.
- A designed MFC used screen-enclosed graphite-biochar pouches, copper wires, and a voltmeter within a PVC pipe structure. Testing showed a maximum power density of 0.205 mW/m3.
This document describes how synchrotron-based X-ray spectroscopy techniques like XANES and STXM can provide insights into structure-performance relationships in battery materials to enable faster optimization. These techniques allow mapping of local chemistry, bonding structure, and phase distributions. Studies have shown how surface coatings and composite designs can influence properties like conductivity and stability. Chemical mapping of electrodes also revealed non-uniform reactions related to "hot spots" that correlate with performance. Faster screening of materials and correlation of structural properties with electrochemical data could significantly reduce battery development timelines.
This document summarizes a study that used microbial fuel cells prepared with freshwater sediments from the Rio de la Plata river to produce electricity. The study examined the relationship between current production and changes in the anodophilic microbial community. Microbial communities from the river sediments were able to produce current densities of up to 22.1 mA/m2. Analysis of the anodophilic microbial communities showed that those attached to the anode in fuel cells with added acetate substrate had greater diversity than those without added acetate.
Water splitting on semiconductor catalysts under visible light irradiationMuhammad Mudassir
This document discusses photocatalytic water splitting to produce hydrogen fuel using solar energy. It begins by outlining the need to find renewable hydrogen production methods, as fossil fuel reserves are depleting. It then explains that photocatalytic water splitting uses a photocatalyst to split water into hydrogen and oxygen when exposed to sunlight, providing a renewable method. However, the process is not yet highly efficient due to recombination of the photogenerated charge carriers in the photocatalyst before they can react at the surface to split water. Improving the efficiency and durability of photocatalysts remains an ongoing challenge.
This document summarizes research on using electrodeposited manganese dioxide (MnO2) coatings on porous carbon substrates for capacitive deionization (CDI) applications. Two carbon substrates with different surface areas and morphologies were coated with MnO2 using galvanostatic and cyclic voltammetric deposition. Characterization of the coated electrodes found mixed MnO2 phases present. Testing in half-cell configurations showed that maximum ion uptake per mass was not necessarily optimal for practical CDI applications, where performance per electrode area is more important. The results suggest the structure and deposition method can impact how effectively the electrode volume participates in ion removal reactions.
Hydrogen has the highest energy content by mass of any fuel and can be used as a substitute for hydrocarbons. It has a non-polluting burning process. There are several methods for producing hydrogen, including electrolysis of water, thermo-chemical processes, and from fossil fuels. Electrolysis uses electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen gases. Filter press electrolyzers are most widely used due to their ability to operate at high current densities and production rates. There are challenges to storing hydrogen including its low density and challenges maintaining it as a liquid. Storage methods include high pressure gas, liquid storage using cryogenics, underground storage, and chemically storing it in metal hydrides.
This study offers an overview of the technologies for hydrogen production especially alkaline water electrolysis using solar energy. Solar Energy and Hydrogen (energy carrier) are possible replacement options for fossil fuel and its associated problems of availability and high prices which are devastating small, developing, oil-importing economies. But a major drawback to the full implementation of solar energy, in particular photovoltaic (PV), is the lowering of conversion efficiency of PV cells due to elevated cell temperatures while in operation. Also, hydrogen as an energy carrier must be produced in gaseous or liquid form before it can be used as fuel; but its‟ present major conversion process produces an abundance of carbon dioxide which is harming the environment through global warming. Alkaline water electrolysis is considered to be a basic technique for hydrogen production. In the present study, the effects of electrolyte concentration, solar insolation and space between the pair of electrodes on the amount of hydrogen produced and consequently on the overall electrolysis efficiency are experimentally investigated. The water electrolysis of potassium hydroxide aqueous solution was conducted under atmospheric pressure using stainless steel 316 as electrodes.
The experimental results showed that the performance of alkaline water electrolysis unit is dominated by operational parameters like the electrolyte concentration and the gap between the electrodes. Smaller gaps between the pair of electrodes and was demonstrated to produce higher rates of hydrogen at higher system efficiency
This study shows some attempts to product pure Hydrogen and pure Oxygen as both Hydrogen and Oxygen have there commercial demands.
Microbial fuel cell... Bacteria and it's rule as alternative energy source ... seminar in Microbiology Department faculty of Agriculture zagazig university Egypt
The document discusses different types of fuel cells including hydrogen fuel cells, microbial fuel cells (MFCs), and polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells. It provides details on their working principles, components, and reactions. Hydrogen fuel cells combine hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity, heat, and water. MFCs use microorganisms and organic substrates to generate electricity. PEM fuel cells are currently leading technology for vehicles and applications, using a proton-conducting polymer membrane and platinum catalysts.
Photoelectrochemical splitting of water for hydrogen generation: Basics & Fut...RunjhunDutta
This document discusses photoelectrochemical (PEC) splitting of water for solar hydrogen generation. PEC is an environmentally safe process that uses solar energy and water to generate hydrogen fuel without undesirable byproducts. It has potential for both large and small-scale hydrogen production. The document outlines the basic principles and working of a PEC cell, which involves using a semiconductor photoelectrode to absorb light and drive water splitting reactions at the electrode surfaces to produce hydrogen and oxygen gases. It discusses factors that affect PEC cell performance and various strategies to modify materials and surfaces/interfaces to enhance efficiency. The document concludes that PEC is a promising but still developing technology that requires continued advances in materials science and engineering to optimize large-scale
A microbial fuel cell (MFC) was designed and tested that utilized the microbial respiration from a culture found in a Clemson University partitioned aquaculture system. The MFC consisted of a bamboo stalk housing with graphite anodes and cathodes connected by wires to a potentiometer. Initial polarization and power curves showed the MFC produced around 2.28 watts of power, meeting the goal of 1 watt per cubic meter. Temperature and voltage data were collected. While durable, future work could improve surface area and use non-petroleum materials.
Depositacion electroforetica dentro de campos electricos moduladosMario ML
This document reviews electrophoretic deposition (EPD) under modulated electric fields such as pulsed direct current (PDC) and alternating current (AC). Classical EPD uses continuous direct current which can lead to issues depositing from aqueous suspensions due to water electrolysis. Modulated electric fields can reduce electrolysis and produce more uniform coatings. PDC and AC offer advantages over continuous DC like reducing bubble formation and particle aggregation. While deposition rates may decrease under modulated fields, they allow for depositing biochemical and biological materials in more active states. The document discusses EPD mechanisms and modulated field types, and their applications including in biotechnology.
Sunlight-driven water-splitting using two-dimensional carbon based semiconduc...Pawan Kumar
The overwhelming challenge of depleting fossil fuels and anthropogenic carbon emissions has driven research into alternative clean sources of energy. To achieve the goal of a carbon neutral economy, the harvesting of sunlight by using photocatalysts to split water into hydrogen and oxygen is an expedient approach to fulfill the energy demand in a sustainable way along with reducing the emission of greenhouse gases. Even though the past few decades have witnessed intensive research into inorganic semiconductor photocatalysts, their quantum efficiencies for hydrogen production from visible photons remain too low for the large scale deployment of this technology. Visible light absorption and efficient charge separation are two key necessary conditions for achieving the scalable production of hydrogen from water. Two-dimensional carbon based nanoscale materials such as graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, carbon nitride, modified 2D carbon frameworks and their composites have emerged as potential photocatalysts due to their astonishing properties such as superior charge transport, tunable energy levels and bandgaps, visible light absorption, high surface area, easy processability, quantum confinement effects, and high photocatalytic quantum yields. The feasibility of structural and chemical modification to optimize visible light absorption and charge separation makes carbonaceous semiconductors promising candidates to convert solar energy into chemical energy. In the present review, we have summarized the recent advances in 2D carbonaceous photocatalysts with respect to physicochemical and photochemical tuning for solar light mediated hydrogen evolution.
Microbial fuel cell – for conversion of chemical energy to electrical energyrita martin
A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a bio-electrochemical system that converts the chemical energy in the organic compounds/renewable energy sources to electrical energy/bio-electrical energy through microbial catalysis at the anode under anaerobic conditions. This process is becoming attractive and alternative methodology for generation of electricity. MFC can convert chemical energy directly into electricity without an intermediate conversion into mechanical power. MFC as various benefits Clean; Safe and quiet performance High energy efficiency and It is easy to operate, Electricity generation, Biohydrogen production, Wastewater treatment, Bioremediation .
The document is a working paper from the National Petroleum Council (NPC) on microbial fuel cells (MFCs). It provides an overview of MFC technology, including the basic design of MFCs, mechanisms of electron transfer, various MFC designs, electrode and membrane materials, microbes used, and substrates. MFCs generate electricity through bacteria that oxidize organic substrates and transfer electrons to an anode. This allows wastewater treatment and energy production. While significant technical challenges remain, MFCs show promise as a renewable energy source.
Dhaka | Aug-15 | A Study on Electrochemistry of PKL (Pathor Kuchi Leaf) Elect...Smart Villages
Mohammad Al Mamun, Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, Jagannath University
As part of the series of regional engagements in South Asia, Smart Villages is organising a workshop on off-grid rural energy provision in Bangladesh. The country has the fastest growing programme in the world with an estimated 70,000 solar home systems (SHS) installed per day. More than 3 million SHS have been installed in off-grid rural areas in the country bringing electricity to an estimated 13 million people.
The aim of the workshop is to gain insights from the experience of a wide variety of stakeholders in Bangladesh who are involved in rural off-grid energy provision in the country. This workshop will offer a number of potential lessons to other countries within the region. The workshop provides an opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of the opportunities presented by expansion of solar home systems (SHS) and mini-grids to off-grid rural communities and the challenges faced in this expansion. During this workshop we will also investigate the potential impact of energy access on rural livelihoods in the country.
The workshop is being jointly organised by Smart Villages and Practical Action.
Special topic seminar microbial fuel cellsprasuna3085
The document discusses microbial fuel cells (MFCs), which use bacteria to generate electricity from organic waste. It begins with an introduction to MFCs and their potential applications. It then provides a brief history of MFCs, describes different types of MFCs and their basic working principle. The document also summarizes several research papers on MFCs and concludes with potential applications of MFCs in wastewater treatment, desalination, hydrogen production, powering remote sensors, and more.
The document discusses organic electrochemistry and its applications in fine chemicals and pharmaceutical industry. Some key points:
1) Organic electrochemistry enables the production of chemicals like chlorine and sodium hydroxide through processes like the chlor-alkali process. It is also used in aluminum production and synthesis of adiponitrile.
2) Reactions in organic electrochemistry have advantages like reaction economy, direct control of electron energy, and use of electrons/protons as sole reagents. It allows generation of reactive intermediates and inversion of functional group polarity.
3) Early applications included the umpolung benzoin condensation. Industrial processes now include chlor-alkali, aluminum production, and
The document summarizes a workshop on limiting factors in high temperature electrolysis. It discusses environmental and resource concerns motivating hydrogen production from electrolysis. Renewable and nuclear energy could power electrolysis to produce hydrogen for storage or conversion to synthetic fuels. Key challenges include electrolyzer durability, thermodynamics, heat management, and costs. Large-scale electrolysis tests demonstrate feasibility but further advances are needed for commercialization.
Double layer energy storage in graphene a studysudesh789
This document summarizes research on using graphene for energy storage in electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLCs). Graphene has potential as an electrode material due to its high surface area and conductivity. Studies have measured specific capacitances as high as 205 F/g for graphene electrodes, though capacitance depends on accessible surface area. Graphene electrodes can allow for high power applications with fast charge/discharge rates over 10 kW/kg. Ongoing research aims to prevent restacking of graphene sheets and improve ion accessibility to maximize surface area utilization and energy storage performance.
This document summarizes a study on a plant microbial fuel cell (PMFC). The PMFC generates electricity from the natural interaction between plant roots and soil bacteria. The study constructed a PMFC using a terracotta pot with a graphite anode and zinc cathode. Voltage increased over time as microbes broke down compounds from plant roots. The PMFC achieved steady voltages of 0.88V for a mud-based MFC and 1.01V. PMFCs provide renewable energy without biomass transport and utilize plant-microbe interactions.
The document summarizes a presentation on sediment microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Key points:
- The goal is to produce 1W/m3 of power in a sediment MFC within a $20 budget using recycled materials.
- A literature review covered MFC types and research on materials like graphite and biochar. A 50/50 graphite-biochar mix was selected.
- A designed MFC used screen-enclosed graphite-biochar pouches, copper wires, and a voltmeter within a PVC pipe structure. Testing showed a maximum power density of 0.205 mW/m3.
This document describes how synchrotron-based X-ray spectroscopy techniques like XANES and STXM can provide insights into structure-performance relationships in battery materials to enable faster optimization. These techniques allow mapping of local chemistry, bonding structure, and phase distributions. Studies have shown how surface coatings and composite designs can influence properties like conductivity and stability. Chemical mapping of electrodes also revealed non-uniform reactions related to "hot spots" that correlate with performance. Faster screening of materials and correlation of structural properties with electrochemical data could significantly reduce battery development timelines.
This document summarizes a study that used microbial fuel cells prepared with freshwater sediments from the Rio de la Plata river to produce electricity. The study examined the relationship between current production and changes in the anodophilic microbial community. Microbial communities from the river sediments were able to produce current densities of up to 22.1 mA/m2. Analysis of the anodophilic microbial communities showed that those attached to the anode in fuel cells with added acetate substrate had greater diversity than those without added acetate.
Water splitting on semiconductor catalysts under visible light irradiationMuhammad Mudassir
This document discusses photocatalytic water splitting to produce hydrogen fuel using solar energy. It begins by outlining the need to find renewable hydrogen production methods, as fossil fuel reserves are depleting. It then explains that photocatalytic water splitting uses a photocatalyst to split water into hydrogen and oxygen when exposed to sunlight, providing a renewable method. However, the process is not yet highly efficient due to recombination of the photogenerated charge carriers in the photocatalyst before they can react at the surface to split water. Improving the efficiency and durability of photocatalysts remains an ongoing challenge.
This document summarizes research on using electrodeposited manganese dioxide (MnO2) coatings on porous carbon substrates for capacitive deionization (CDI) applications. Two carbon substrates with different surface areas and morphologies were coated with MnO2 using galvanostatic and cyclic voltammetric deposition. Characterization of the coated electrodes found mixed MnO2 phases present. Testing in half-cell configurations showed that maximum ion uptake per mass was not necessarily optimal for practical CDI applications, where performance per electrode area is more important. The results suggest the structure and deposition method can impact how effectively the electrode volume participates in ion removal reactions.
Hydrogen has the highest energy content by mass of any fuel and can be used as a substitute for hydrocarbons. It has a non-polluting burning process. There are several methods for producing hydrogen, including electrolysis of water, thermo-chemical processes, and from fossil fuels. Electrolysis uses electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen gases. Filter press electrolyzers are most widely used due to their ability to operate at high current densities and production rates. There are challenges to storing hydrogen including its low density and challenges maintaining it as a liquid. Storage methods include high pressure gas, liquid storage using cryogenics, underground storage, and chemically storing it in metal hydrides.
This study offers an overview of the technologies for hydrogen production especially alkaline water electrolysis using solar energy. Solar Energy and Hydrogen (energy carrier) are possible replacement options for fossil fuel and its associated problems of availability and high prices which are devastating small, developing, oil-importing economies. But a major drawback to the full implementation of solar energy, in particular photovoltaic (PV), is the lowering of conversion efficiency of PV cells due to elevated cell temperatures while in operation. Also, hydrogen as an energy carrier must be produced in gaseous or liquid form before it can be used as fuel; but its‟ present major conversion process produces an abundance of carbon dioxide which is harming the environment through global warming. Alkaline water electrolysis is considered to be a basic technique for hydrogen production. In the present study, the effects of electrolyte concentration, solar insolation and space between the pair of electrodes on the amount of hydrogen produced and consequently on the overall electrolysis efficiency are experimentally investigated. The water electrolysis of potassium hydroxide aqueous solution was conducted under atmospheric pressure using stainless steel 316 as electrodes.
The experimental results showed that the performance of alkaline water electrolysis unit is dominated by operational parameters like the electrolyte concentration and the gap between the electrodes. Smaller gaps between the pair of electrodes and was demonstrated to produce higher rates of hydrogen at higher system efficiency
This study shows some attempts to product pure Hydrogen and pure Oxygen as both Hydrogen and Oxygen have there commercial demands.
Computational screening of two dimensional materials for hydrogen evolution reactions
This presentation discusses screening 2D materials computationally for hydrogen evolution reactions. The document outlines the research methodology which involves searching potential 2D materials, assessing their dynamical stability, electronic properties, band edge diagrams, Gibbs free energy calculations, and optical properties. Several potential 2D materials are listed along with their bandgaps and charge mobilities. The goals are to reduce the bandgap of photoelectrodes, increase charge carrier mobility for photocatalysis, optimize Gibbs free energy values, and increase hydrogen adsorption efficiency.
Electrolytic Hydrogen A Future Technology Of Energy StorageAdhyayDeshmukh
This document is a seminar report on electrolytic hydrogen as a future energy storage technology. It provides an overview of electrolytic hydrogen production through water electrolysis and hydrogen energy storage systems. It discusses the types of electrolyzers used, including alkaline, solid oxide, and polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzers. It also covers the need for energy storage in modern power systems, such as for load levelling, peak shaving, and integrating renewable energy sources. The document evaluates the pros and cons of electrolytic hydrogen production and its potential economic benefits compared to conventional energy storage technologies.
1. The document provides a historical overview of water electrolysis from its discovery in 1789 to modern developments. Nicholson and Carlisle were the first to develop the technique in 1800, and by 1902 there were over 400 industrial units in operation.
2. It explains the theory behind water electrolysis, including the chemical reactions that produce hydrogen and oxygen, factors that determine minimum voltage requirements, and sources of inefficiency.
3. Various methods for producing hydrogen through water electrolysis are briefly described, including alkaline electrolysis, proton exchange membrane electrolysis, and producing hydrogen as a byproduct of chloralkali production. Advanced alkaline systems and high-pressure designs are highlighted.
Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe but does not exist naturally on Earth. It has potential as a clean fuel for vehicles and devices. Currently it is mainly produced from methane, but can also be generated through electrolysis and other methods. Hydrogen is colorless, odorless and highly flammable. It can power vehicles and devices through combustion or in fuel cells, which generate electricity through electrochemical reactions with oxygen and have higher efficiency than combustion engines. Widespread use of hydrogen faces challenges including lack of infrastructure and need for cost reductions in production and fuel cells.
Green Hydrogen Production from Renewable Energy SourcesIRJET Journal
This document discusses methods for producing green hydrogen from renewable energy sources. It describes three main ways to produce hydrogen using solar energy: thermochemical processes, photoelectrochemical processes, and electrolysis. Thermochemical processes use high heat from solar energy to split water molecules. Photoelectrochemical cells use solar light to drive an electrochemical reaction that splits water. Electrolysis uses an electric current produced by photovoltaic solar panels to drive water electrolysis. The document also discusses producing hydrogen through electrolysis powered by offshore wind farms, and producing hydrogen from biomass resources. The goal of these green hydrogen production methods is low-carbon and renewable alternatives to hydrogen produced from fossil fuels.
The document discusses polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). It describes PEMFCs as consisting of an anode, cathode, proton-conducting electrolyte membrane, and catalyst. PEMFCs operate at around 50-100°C and can convert the chemical energy of hydrogen and oxygen directly into electricity with an electrical efficiency of around 53-58% for transportation applications. The basic elements and chemical reactions of a PEMFC are also outlined.
The document provides an overview of fuel cell technology. It discusses the brief history of fuel cells and the basic principles of electrolysis and how fuel cells work by reversing the electrolysis process. It describes the main components of a fuel cell and the five most common types: alkaline, molten carbonate, phosphoric acid, proton exchange membrane, and solid oxide fuel cells. The benefits of fuel cells are highlighted such as efficiency, reliability and fuel flexibility. Challenges for different fuel cell types are also summarized, for example high operating temperatures of solid oxide fuel cells can limit applications.
This document summarizes proton exchange membrane water electrolysis. It discusses how water electrolysis produces hydrogen and oxygen gas through an electric energy input that splits water molecules. A proton exchange membrane electrolyzer uses bipolar plates, gas diffusion layers, a membrane electrode assembly, and electrocatalysts. The membrane allows for hydronium ion transport without electron conduction. Electrolysis provides a method for renewable energy storage and production of hydrogen as an energy carrier or for green methanol synthesis.
in this ppt it was explained that the importance of dssc and the working principles and the notes during the research work..
the concept was explained in the ppt was very clear......
The document provides an overview of fuel cell technology, including a brief history, the basics of how fuel cells work through electrolysis in reverse, the main types of fuel cells and their components and operating temperatures, benefits of fuel cells such as efficiency and reliability, and current and future applications in automotive, stationary power, and residential power units.
Cost Reduction of Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell by Changing Composition of Ethanol...ijsrd.com
global demand for electrical power is on the rise, while tolerance for pollution and potentially hazardous forms of power generation is on the decline. Traditional forms of power generation - primarily made up of centralized fossil fuel plants - are becoming less favored due to the lack of clean, distributed power generation technologies. The need is well recognized for clean, safe and reliable forms of energy that can provide prescribed levels of power consistently, and on demand. Most forms of non - combustion electric power generation have limitations that impact wide spread use of technology, especially as a power source of electrical power (i.e. baseload power). Fuel cell technology on other hand has advanced to the point where it is viable challenger to combustion - based plants for growing numbers of baseload power application. If the cost is reduced by changing its material, this will be added an advantage to the large production of direct ethanol fuel cell production.
This document discusses solar hydrogen fuel cell technology. It begins by introducing the principles of the solar hydrogen energy cycle, where excess solar energy is used to produce hydrogen via electrolysis. The hydrogen can then be stored and used in a fuel cell to generate electricity when solar power is unavailable. The document then describes the key components of a solar hydrogen system, including photovoltaic panels, electrolyzers, hydrogen storage, fuel cells, and DC/AC inverters. It provides details on different types of electrolyzers and fuel cells, explaining their basic operations and applications. The goal is to explain the principles and interactions of the components in a solar hydrogen energy system.
This document discusses hydrogen production through electrolysis. Currently, the main method is water electrolysis, which produces hydrogen and oxygen. However, electrolysis is an expensive process. The document explores alternative anode reactions that could produce hydrogen using less electricity than water electrolysis, such as the oxidation of alcohols or chlor-alkali production. Future areas of research discussed include high-temperature steam electrolysis, alkaline membrane electrolysis, thermo-electrochemical cycles, and improving existing electrolysis techniques in order to more efficiently produce hydrogen through electrolysis.
The document discusses several methods for producing hydrogen through water splitting, including:
- Steam reforming of methane, the most common current method.
- Electrolysis, where an electric current splits water into hydrogen and oxygen. More efficient variations include steam electrolysis and thermochemical electrolysis.
- Photochemical and photobiological systems use sunlight to drive the water splitting reaction.
- Thermal water splitting uses very high temperatures of around 1000°C.
- Gasification and biomass conversion also produce hydrogen from other feedstocks.
Low current electrolysis is discussed as a more efficient method, similar to the water splitting that occurs in photosynthesis. Producing hydrogen directly from water without electrolysis is also mentioned. Overall
Techno-Economic Study of Generating/Compressing Hydrogen Electrochemically, A...Keith D. Patch
The impending hydrogen economy will utilize hydrogen from a number of sources; most notably reformers and water electrolyzers. In the later case, the primary energy source can be conventional (fossil fuels, hydroelectric, nuclear) or renewable (solar, wind, biomass).
However, regardless of the source of the primary energy or the method of hydrogen production, there is a common requirement that the hydrogen be sufficiently compressed to achieve adequate energy density storage and to allow the rapid transfer of gas from central to local or mobile storage systems. In the case of water electrolyzers, the hydrogen can be directly produced at elevated pressures. Independent of the source of the hydrogen, pressurization can also be accomplished subsequent to its production by the use of mechanical or electrochemical compressors.
While current electrolyzer developments have targeted hydrogen production at pressures of 340 bar and higher, careful attention must be paid to trade-offs between the electrolyzer system capital costs, operating costs, and system reliability. The technical and economic impact of varying scenarios has a profound effect on the overall economics of the hydrogen production and, ultimately, on the economics of the hydrogen economy.
A.B. LaConti, T. Norman, K.D. Patch. W. Schmitt, & L.J. Gestaut Giner, Inc.
A. Rodrigues, General Motors, Fuel Cell Activities (GM)
Proceedings of the International Hydrogen Energy Forum (Volume 2) 2004, Beijing, China
This document provides an overview of modeling and simulation approaches for an alkaline water electrolyzer. It describes the electrolysis process and reaction equations. A thermodynamic model is presented that calculates the reversible voltage and thermoneutral potential from changes in Gibbs free energy and enthalpy with temperature. The document also discusses sources of cell overpotential including activation, ohmic resistance, and gas bubble formation that increase the actual operating voltage above the minimum reversible value. Flow rates of hydrogen and oxygen produced are calculated from Faraday's laws using current and Faraday efficiency.
3. Production from hydrocacbon
Steam methane reforming(SMR):
• This is today's most efficient method for the production of synthesis
gas CO + H2. With raw material is natural gas should be applied in
the gas sources such as the U.S., Saudi Arabia. In addition, the
source of naphtha is to be used in Europe.
• The reactions:
Besides natural gas, naphtas are also used as raw materials:
• Generally, a nickel catalyst is used for the reaction, loaded to an
alumina base material at 10–15 wt%. Besides nickel, platinum and
ruthenium are also used as catalysts.
5. Production from hydrocarbon
Partial Oxidation (POX):
This process can be used with diverse materials, from gases, liquids and even solids
such as coal.
The reactions:
POX can easily be performed without the presence of a catalyst. High temperatures
of 1200–1450 C and pressures of 3 –7.5 MPa (Texaco process) are needed to
ensure high conversion rates.
The catalytic partial oxidation (CPO) reaction, however, can take place at lower
temperatures and may lead to a significantly enhanced H2 yield from the fuel
6. Production from hydrocarbon
Coal Gasification
During World War II, the syngas is produced by this
method for the production of gasoline. At present,
hardly used due to its high price. However in some
coal-rich countries such as South Africa, it was
maintained.
The reactions:
Then CO is converted to CO2 and H2:
7. LOGO Water Electrolysis
Electrolysis of water is the decomposition of water (H2O) into oxygen
(O2) and hydrogen gas (H2) due to an electric current being passed through
the water.
Electrical energy input
∆G = 237.13 kJ
Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, Section 2.Physical and Chemical Data
Energy exchange the
processes for one mole
of water ∆H = 285.83 kJ
Energy from
environment
T∆S = 48.7 kJ
8. Alkaline electrolysis
- Alkaline electrolyte electrolyzers represent a
very mature technology that is the current
standard for large-scale electrolysis.
Common electrolyte: aqueous potassium
hydroxide (KOH) at 30% concentration
Operation Conditions: 70-100oC and 1- 30bar
Operational voltage: 1.7-2.2 V
Current density: 0.2-0.6 A/cm2
Electricity Consumption: 4.2 – 5.6 kWh/Nm3
Can utilize cost effective electrode
materialsDiaphragm often asbestos
Efficiency: 70-80% (based on hydrogen HHV) [1]
Russell H. Jones & George J. Thomas, “Materials for the
Hydrogen economy”, 2008, p.40
9. PEM Electrolysis [1]
Polymer electrolyte water
Operational principle electrolysis (PEWE) uses a
The water flows from the plate to the polymer electrolyte membrane as
anode through the current collector, and a medium of ion transfer instead of
reacts to make protons. solution electrolyte in AWE. This
Current collectors are porous conductors method is often called polymer
that allow electrons to transfer from electrolyte membrane or proton
electrode to outer circuit and allow reactant exchange membrane (PEM) water
gas from bipolar plate to electrode. electrolysis, too.
The protons are transported through the
PEM to cathode side, and hydrogen is
generated at the cathode.
The PEM also works as a separator of
product gases.
[1] Seiji Kasahara et al., “Water electrolysis” in
“ Nuclear hydrogen production handbook”, 2011
10. PEM Electrolysis
Advantages Disadvantages
Corrosive liquid Components should
electrolyte is not be corrosion
required resistant due to
strong acidity of the
PEM.
Construction of Uniform contact
facility is easy between the PEM
and the electrodes
should be achieved
No electric Cost of the PEM,
resistance by gas electrodes and
bubbles between current collectors is
electrodes can be high
made.
Purity of product gas
is high
11. Steam electrolysis[1]
The process of the high-temperature electrolysis (HTE) of steam is a reverse reaction of the
solid-oxide fuel cell (SOFC): an oxygen ionic conductor is usually used as a solid-oxide
electrolyte.
The electrical energy demand, ΔG, decreases with increasing temperature. The ratio of ΔG to
ΔH is about 93% at 100 C and about 70% at 1000 C
An assembly unit consisting of 15 cells
Outer diameter: 12mm
Active area: 75 cm2
Hydrogen production rate: 100 NL/h.
Operation Conditions: 800oC
Operational voltage: 1.3 V
Current density: 0.45 A/cm2
[1] Seiji Kasahara et al., “Steam electrolysis” in
“ Nuclear hydrogen production handbook”, 2011
12. Photoelectrolysis
Photoelectrolysis involves splitting water directly into hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) using the
energy of sunlight.
The reactive decomposition occurs at 1.23 V, so the minimum bandgap for successful water
splitting is 1.23 eV, corresponding to light of 1008nm. [2]
Operational principle [3]
TiO2 electrode electrowas irradiated with light
consisting of wavelengths shorter than 415 nm (3.0
eV), photocurrent flowed from the Pt electrode to the
TiO2 de through the external circuit.
The direction of the current revealed that the
oxygen occurs at the TiO2 electrode and the
hydrogen occurs at the Pt electrode.
This observation shows that water can be
decomposed, using UV light, without the application
of an external voltage.
13. Photoelectrolysis
This GaInP2
/GaAs multiple-
band-gap
photoelectrochemi
cal cell uses only
illumination and
can generate
hydrogen at
greater than 12%
conversion
efficiency.
Technical Target: Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production *
Characteristics Unit 2003 Status 2006 Status 2013 Target 2018 Target
Usable semiconductor
eV 2.8 2.8 2.3 2.0
bandgap
Chemical conversion process
% 4 4 10 12
efficiency (EC)
Plant solar-to-hydrogen
% Not availble Not availble 8 10
efficiency (STH)
Plant durability Hr Not availble Not availble 1000 5000
* Todd G. Deutsch & John A. Turner , Semiconductor Materials for Photoelectrolysis , May 16th, 2012 , p.3
14. Photobiological hydrogen
Microalgae and cyanobacteria are photoautotrophic organisms because they
can use light as the energy source and the carbon dioxide as carbon source
Under anaerobic conditions, microalgae can produce H2, by water photolysis,
using light as the energy source. The catalyst is a hydrogenase, an enzyme that
is extremely sensitive to oxygen, a by-product of photosynthesis.
15. Photobiological hydrogen
• The photosynthetically active radiation
(400–700 nm for green algae, and 400–
950 nm for purple bacteria) or on the full
solar irradiance (all wavelengths).
• In the Netherlands, 420 h would be
needed for the production of 1 GJ of
hydrogen per year. In southern Spain,
this would be 250h.
16. LOGO
Hydrogen Storage
An application-specific issue.
18. Compressed
•Volumetric and Gravimetric densities are inefficient, but
the technology is simple, so by far the most common in
small to medium sized applications.
•3500, 5000, 10,000 psi variants.
19. Liquid (Cryogenic)
•Compressed, chilled, filtered, condensed
•Boils at 22K (-251 C).
•Slow “waste” evaporation •Gravimetrically and volumetrically efficient
•Kept at 1 atm or just slightly over. but very costly to compress
20. Metal Hydrides (sponge)
•Sold by “Interpower” in Germany
•Filled with “HYDRALLOY” E60/0
(TiFeH2)
•Technically a chemical reaction,
but acts like a physical storage
method
•Hydrogen is absorbed like in a
sponge.
•Operates at 3-30 atm, much
lower than 200-700 for
compressed gas tanks
•Comparatively very heavy, but
with good volumetric efficiency,
good for small storage, or where
weight doesn’t matter
21.
22. Carbon Nanofibers
Complex structure
presents a large surface
area for hydrogen to
“dissolve” into
Early claim set the
standard of 65 kgH2/m2
and 6.5 % by weight as a
“goal to beat”
The claim turned out not
to be repeatable
Research continues…
23. Methanol
Broken down by reformer, yields CO, CO2, and
H2 gas.
Very common hydrogen transport method
Distribution infrastructure exists – same as
gasoline
24. Ammonia
Slightly higher volumetric efficiency than methanol
Must be catalyzed at 800-900 deg. C for hydrogen
release
Toxic
Usually transported as a liquid, at 8 atm.
Some Ammonia remains in the catalyzed hydrogen
stream, forming salts in PEM cells that destroy the
cells
Many drawbacks, thus Methanol considered to be a
better solution
25. Alkali Metal Hydrides
“Powerball” company, makes
small (3 mm) coated NaH
spheres.
“Spheres cut and exposed to
water as needed”
H2 gas released
Produces hydroxide solution
waste
26. Sodium Borohydrate
Sodium Borohydrate is the most popular of many
hydrate solutions
Solution passed through a catalyst to release H2
Commonly a one-way process (sodium metaborate
must be returned if recycling is desired.)
Some alternative hydrates are too expensive or toxic
The “Millennium Cell” company uses Sodium
Borohydrate technology
27. Amminex
•Essentially an Ammonia storage method
•Ammonia stored in a salt matrix, very stable
•Ammonia separated & catalyzed for use
•Likely to have non-catalyzed ammonia in hydrogen
stream
•Ammonia poisoning contraindicates use with PEM
fuel cells,
but compatible with alkaline fuel cells.
28. Amminex
•High density, but relies on ammonia production for fuel.
•Represents an improvement on ammonia storage,
which still must be catalyzed.
•Ammonia process still problematic.
29. Diammoniate of Diborane (DADB)
So far, just a computer
simulation.
Compound discovered
via exploration of
Nitrogen/Boron/Hydrogen
compounds (i.e. similar to
Ammonia Borane)
Thermodynamic
properties point towards
spontaneous hydrogen
re-uptake – would make
DADB reusable (vs. other
borohydrates)
30. Solar Zinc production
Isreli research effort
utilizes solar furnace to
produce pure Zinc
Zinc powder can be
easily transported
Zinc can be combined
with water to produce H2
Alternatively could be
made into Zinc-Air
batteries (at higher
energy efficiency)
31. Alkaline metal hydride slurry
SafeHydrogen, LLC
Concept proven with Lithium
Hydride, now working on
magnesium hydride slurry
Like a “PowerBall” slurry
Hydroxide slurry to be re-
collected to be “recycled”
Competitive efficiency to Liquid
H2
32. Storage Method Comparison
Sodium Hydride slurry .9 1.0 Must reclaim used slurry
DADB .1 - .2 .09-.1 (numbers for plain “diborane”and sodium
borohydride, should be similar)
Amminex 9.1 .081
Zinc powder unsure
US DOE goal 9.0 .081