Cyclones
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The are two different types of cyclones in South Africa. The attention will only be paid on the mid-latitude. The mid-latitude cyclone is a synoptic scale low pressure systems that has counter-clockwise in northern hemisphere and anti-clockwise in the southern hemisphere.
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Cyclones involve a closed circulation around a low pressure center, spinning counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. They bring strong winds inward and cause extensive damage from heavy rain. Cyclones are known by different names depending on location, such as hurricanes in the Atlantic and typhoons in the Western Pacific. Anticyclones circulate clockwise around a high pressure center, pushing winds outward and typically bringing fine weather. Key differences between cyclones and anticyclones are the direction of circulation and associated weather patterns.
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1. Cyclones form over warm ocean waters above 25°C and require specific conditions including low pressure, rising air, and counterclockwise rotation in the Northern Hemisphere.
2. Cyclones can cause strong winds over 150 kph, large waves, flooding from heavy rain, and damage from blown down buildings.
3. The primary effects are immediate damage from high winds, flooding, and storm surge while secondary effects later include disease, starvation, and loss of income from destroyed crops and infrastructure.
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- A cyclone in Orissa in 1999 caused massive damage, making 700,000 people homeless and destroying thousands of lives and property worth billions.
- Cyclones form over tropical seas and have very strong winds revolving around a calm eye. They develop from uneven heating of land and water surfaces.
- Precautions like sheltering inside a strong building and avoiding open areas can help minimize damage and loss of life during storms.
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Cyclones involve a closed circulation around a low pressure center, spinning counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. They bring strong winds inward and cause extensive damage from heavy rain. Cyclones are known by different names depending on location, such as hurricanes in the Atlantic and typhoons in the Western Pacific. Anticyclones circulate clockwise around a high pressure center, pushing winds outward and typically bringing fine weather. Key differences between cyclones and anticyclones are the direction of circulation and associated weather patterns.
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Tropical cyclones form over tropical ocean waters and affect agriculture in Tamil Nadu. They cause heavy rainfall, strong winds, and storm surges that can damage or destroy crops. A case study on Cyclone Thane found it caused over Rs. 5,250 crore in total losses, with over Rs. 4,000 crore in Cuddalore district alone due to damage to agricultural and horticultural crops across 200,000 hectares. Cyclones of increasing intensity can have increasingly catastrophic impacts like total crop destruction and uprooting of large trees. Rainfall distribution depends on cyclone size and speed, with more rainfall occurring close to the center.
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Cyclones are rapidly rotating storm systems that form over warm tropical oceans. They are known as hurricanes in the Atlantic/Northeast Pacific, typhoons in the Northwest Pacific, and tropical cyclones in the South Pacific/Indian Ocean. Cyclones form through the rising of warm, moist air which causes an area of low pressure and draws in surrounding higher pressure air, fueling the storm system through heat release. They can cause extensive damage upon making landfall through strong winds, storm surge, heavy rain, and tornadoes.
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1) An earthquake is caused by a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves.
2) Earthquakes occur along fault lines in the Earth's lithosphere where tectonic plates meet. As the plates slowly move and push against each other, stress builds up until the fault slips, releasing energy in the form of seismic waves.
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Cyclones are areas of closed, circular winds rotating clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere around centers of low atmospheric pressure. They form over warm ocean waters and rely on favorable wind patterns, gaining energy from the ocean. Cyclones can cause heavy rain, strong winds, storm surges, and tornadoes, resulting in impacts like flooding, erosion, mudslides and damage to lives and property. The 1999 Odisha cyclone was the strongest ever recorded in the North Indian Ocean with winds of 160 mph, killing about 10,000 people in India.
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Thunderstorms develop frequently in hot, humid areas like India due to rising temperatures that produce strong upward winds carrying water droplets. These droplets freeze and fall, creating lightning and sound as they interact with the rising air in a thunderstorm. Cyclones form through a complex process where cloud formation releases heat into the atmosphere, warming the air and causing it to rise and the pressure to drop. This cycle draws in more air and forms a low pressure system with very high winds revolving around it, creating a cyclone. Cyclones can be very destructive with strong winds and waves that damage infrastructure and increase flooding.
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Cyclones are areas of closed, circular winds rotating in the same direction as the Earth. They form as low pressure systems through various processes at different scales. The main types of cyclones are tropical cyclones, which form due to latent heat from thunderstorms, and extratropical cyclones, which form along weather fronts and later become cold core systems. Cyclogenesis refers to the development or strengthening of cyclonic circulation, while cyclolysis is the opposite process. Cyclones exist on other planets like Jupiter and Neptune as well.
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1. The document provides information on mid-latitude cyclones and weather systems in South Africa. It discusses global air circulation patterns and pressure belts.
2. Mid-latitude cyclones develop between 35-60 degrees latitude and consist of warm and cold fronts. They move from west to east and can cause strong winds and heavy rainfall.
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Cyclones are intense rotating storms that form over bodies of water. They are classified as either extra tropical or tropical cyclones. Tropical cyclones develop over tropical oceans and organize into a surface-level wind circulation. Cyclones form through a process where air rises and causes winds to rotate faster, forming a large swirling storm. Cyclones can cause damage through strong winds, heavy rain, power outages, injury and loss of life, and destruction of crops and vegetation. Preparation and mitigation efforts are important to reduce risks from cyclones.
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The document discusses different types of storms and winds including cyclones and tornadoes. It provides details on:
- A 1999 cyclone in Orissa, India that killed thousands and left 700,000 homeless after smashing houses and destroying property.
- How cyclones form over tropical seas due to differences in air pressure and temperature from uneven heating of land and water surfaces. Cyclones bring high winds over 150 km/h and heavy rains.
- The structure of cyclones including an eye of low winds surrounded by a high wind region that causes damage. Precautions people should take during storms like cyclones and tornadoes to stay safe.
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Cyclones are rapidly rotating storm systems that form over warm tropical oceans. They are known as hurricanes in the Atlantic/Northeast Pacific, typhoons in the Northwest Pacific, and tropical cyclones in the South Pacific/Indian Ocean. Cyclones form through the rising of warm, moist air which causes an area of low pressure and draws in surrounding higher pressure air, fueling the storm system through heat release. They can cause extensive damage upon making landfall through strong winds, storm surge, heavy rain, and tornadoes.
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Cyclones form due to rising warm air that cools and condenses to form clouds. If the air starts spinning horizontally over tropical oceans, it can develop into a tropical depression, storm, and eventually a hurricane or typhoon depending on location and wind speeds. Cyclones cause heavy rainfall, landslides, damage to infrastructure and homes, disruption to ecosystems and agriculture, and harm to human and animal life. Coastal areas need to prepare shelters and strengthen infrastructure to mitigate cyclonic damage.
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1) Cyclones form due to low atmospheric pressure and spiral inward in a counterclockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere. They are known as hurricanes, typhoons, or cyclones depending on the region.
2) Cyclones form from either cold or warm cores and consist of a northern and southern hemisphere surrounding a low pressure center.
3) Major factors for cyclone disasters include human-caused climate change, destruction of coastal barriers, and poverty exacerbating storm impacts.
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1) An earthquake is caused by a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves.
2) Earthquakes occur along fault lines in the Earth's lithosphere where tectonic plates meet. As the plates slowly move and push against each other, stress builds up until the fault slips, releasing energy in the form of seismic waves.
3) Earthquakes are measured on the Richter scale based on the logarithm of the wave amplitude as recorded by a seismograph. The magnitude indicates the amount of energy released by an earthquake.
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The document describes the formation and development of cyclones in 7 stages:
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4. An eye forms at the center where winds are light and it is cloudless.
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Cyclones are areas of closed, circular winds rotating in the same direction as the Earth. They form as low pressure systems through various processes at different scales. The main types of cyclones are tropical cyclones, which form due to latent heat from thunderstorms, and extratropical cyclones, which form along weather fronts and later become cold core systems. Cyclogenesis refers to the development or strengthening of cyclonic circulation, while cyclolysis is the opposite process. Cyclones exist on other planets like Jupiter and Neptune as well.
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1. The document provides information on mid-latitude cyclones and weather systems in South Africa. It discusses global air circulation patterns and pressure belts.
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1. The document discusses various atmospheric fronts such as warm fronts, cold fronts, and occluded fronts. It describes the characteristics of each front, including cloud patterns and precipitation.
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Meteorology is the study of atmospheric phenomena including weather and climate. Weather refers to current atmospheric conditions while climate describes average conditions over time for a particular region. Air masses form over large areas and take on characteristics of that region, later influencing other areas as the air mass moves horizontally. Global wind patterns called zones transport air masses. Weather systems form as air masses with different properties interact, such as through fronts which occur at boundaries between air masses.
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Air masses are large bodies of air that bring consistent weather conditions as they move across regions. The US is influenced by continental polar (cP) and maritime tropical (mT) air masses. cP air masses originate in Canada and bring fair weather, while mT air masses originate in the Gulf of Mexico and bring heavy precipitation and humidity to eastern parts of the country. When different air masses meet, they form fronts that are usually accompanied by some form of precipitation. Middle-latitude cyclones are low pressure systems that form along fronts and are the main weather producers in the US, bringing heavy precipitation and winds.
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This presentation encompasses what cyclones (tropical and midlatitude) are and how they form even where they occur. Even though almost all types of cyclones are highlighted in the slide the main focus is on Tropical and Mid-latitude cyclones. This is very helpful when one is searching for specifically the two types of cyclones.
Climatology Arch 302
The document provides an overview of climatology and global climatic factors. It discusses five main climate types - tropical, dry, temperate, continental, and polar. Key global climatic factors that influence climate are also summarized, including solar radiation quality and quantity, the tilt of the Earth's axis, radiation at the Earth's surface, the Earth's thermal balance, winds driven by thermal forces like trade winds and the coriolis effect, mid-latitude westerlies, polar winds, annual wind shifts, and the influence of topography. Climate is defined as averaged weather over 30 years, while weather reflects short-term atmospheric conditions.
Weather Lecture
This document summarizes key concepts about weather and atmospheric systems, including:
1) Air masses are large bodies of air that take on characteristics of the regions where they form, and can be classified by temperature and location.
2) Wind systems like trade winds and jet streams influence weather patterns and the movement of weather systems.
3) Fronts occur at boundaries between air masses and can be cold, warm, or stationary fronts, influencing precipitation and temperature changes.
4) Pressure systems like high and low pressure areas influence cloud coverage and atmospheric circulation. Low pressure typically brings rising air and precipitation.
Tanveer aali
1. Atmospheric circulation occurs due to differences in solar heating between the equator and poles, creating three main circulation cells - the Hadley, Ferrel, and polar cells.
2. The Hadley cell involves warm air rising at the equator, cooling and sinking at 30 degrees latitude, and returning to the equator, transferring heat energy.
3. Seasonal shifts in the position of maximum solar heating cause the circulation cells and associated wind and pressure patterns to shift north and south over the year, strongly influencing the climate of areas like sub-Saharan Africa.
Weather cells and weather systems of atmosphere
Jet streams are fast moving air currents in the upper atmosphere. They were first discovered in the 1920s and knowledge of them increased during World War II. There are two main types: polar and subtropical jet streams. Weather features like storms can form when air rises due to low pressure caused by jet streaks. Other weather systems discussed include air masses, frontal systems like cold fronts and warm fronts, mid-latitude cyclones, thunderstorms, tornadoes, and hurricanes.
Physical Geography Lecture 08 - Precipitation, Air Masses, and Storms 110216
The formation of precipitation. Types of precipitation. Global and U.S. precipitation. Air masses, source regions, classification. Air masses of North America. Fronts. Warm front, cold front, stationary front, occluded front. Life-cycle of a midlatitude cyclone. Weather changes with the passage of a cold front. Midlatitude anticyclones. Lightning, thunder. Tornadoes. Hurricanes. Storm surge.
Weather and Climate.ppt
The document discusses the differences between weather and climate. Weather is the short-term conditions in a localized area, while climate describes average conditions over a long period of time in a large area. The Earth's tilt and rotation, along with factors like latitude, altitude, proximity to water, and wind and ocean currents, influence weather and climate patterns around the world by affecting temperature and precipitation. Together these factors create different climate zones with varying characteristics.
Chapter seven
The document discusses different types of weather systems and atmospheric phenomena. It defines various terms like air mass, fronts, midlatitude cyclones, and anticyclones. It describes the characteristics and movement of these weather systems. Midlatitude cyclones are large low pressure systems that move with the westerlies and are responsible for day-to-day weather changes in many populated regions. Anticyclones are high pressure systems that also move with the westerlies but are prone to stagnation over regions.
Climate and weather
Tropical cyclones form in several areas around the world during different seasons. The key factors for formation include warm ocean waters over 27 degrees Celsius, high humidity, low wind shear, and the Coriolis effect. Tropical cyclones develop through initial, developing, mature, and decaying stages. In the mature stage, the eye is well-developed and wind speeds reach hurricane strength. When tropical cyclones move over land, friction slows winds and less evaporation causes the storm to weaken.
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Physical Geography Lecture 08 - Precipitation, Air Masses, and Storms 110216
Physical Geography Lecture 08 - Precipitation, Air Masses, and Storms 110216
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Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptx
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
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学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(Newcastle毕业证书)纽卡斯尔大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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留信网认证的作用:
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2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
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5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Climate Change All over the World .pptx
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Wildlife-AnIntroduction.pdf so that you know more about our environment
All about wildlife, if you are fond of animals and wildlife then do follow us for more content like this
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
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The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
在线办理(lboro毕业证书)拉夫堡大学毕业证学历证书一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(lboro毕业证书)拉夫堡大学毕业证学历证书》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...
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Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
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In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Promoting Multilateral Cooperation for Sustainable Peatland management
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Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...
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Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...
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Cyclones
- 1. SESSION TWO: MID-LATITUDE AND TROPICAL CYCLONES TOPIC 1: MID-LATITUDE CYLONES KEY CONCEPTS: In this session we will focus on summarising what you need to know about: Mid-Latitude Cyclones: - Introduction - Stages of Development - Cold Front Conditions - Warm Front Conditions - Cold Front Occlusion - Warm Front Occlusion - Satellite Photo of Mid-Latitude Cyclone - Synoptic Map of Mid-Latitude Cyclone
- 2. Mid-latitude cyclone It is important to note that Mid-latitude are associated with the westerlies and Tropical cyclones with the easterlies. When studying this section we need to use synoptic maps, satellite photographs and pictures showing the impact of the cyclones. INTRODUCTION: These are low pressure weather systems that occur in the middle latitudes of the earth, usually between 30° and 60° latitude north and south of the equator. They are sometimes called temperate cyclones, extra-tropical cyclones, mid-latitude cyclones, frontal depressions or wave cyclones. The system is made up of a cold front and a warm front. The cold fronts reach South Africa mostly in winter when all the pressure belts and wind systems move slightly north. This is why the south-western Cape receives winter rainfall. The rain is brought by cold fronts passing over this area passing from east to west. The warm front is bent southwards away from South Africa
- 3. STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE MID-LATITUDE CYCLONE: Initial stage Pressure differences exist between the warm tropical air and cold polar air resulting in a pressure gradient (around polar front) Due to a disturbance in winds high in the atmosphere or mountain ranges a wave forms A cell of low pressure begins Mature stage Air flows around low. (clockwise – SH and anticlockwise – NH) Polar front forms cold and warm front Fronts divide area into cold and warm sector Occluded stage Cold front overtakes warm front resulting in only cold air on the ground (lighter warm air is pushed up