CXR Presentation.pptx
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This document discusses different categories of abnormal pulmonary vascularity that can be seen on CXR: 1. Plethora - Increased pulmonary vasculature seen as more end-on vessels, enlarged pulmonary arteries and veins. Indicates left-to-right shunts. 2. Pulmonary venous hypertension - Seen as cephalization of vessels, interstitial edema, frank pulmonary edema. Progresses through 4 stages. 3. PAH - Pruned-tree appearance with diminished vessels in middle and outer lung zones due to constriction of peripheral vessels. 4. Oligemia - Decreased pulmonary vasculature seen in conditions with right-to-left shunts or pulmonary hypertension leading to
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This document summarizes cyanotic congenital heart disease. It describes:
1) The classification of congenital heart diseases into left to right shunts, right to left shunts, and obstructive lesions.
2) The causes of cyanosis including right to left shunting defects like tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of the great arteries, truncus arteriosus, and total anomalous pulmonary venous return.
3) The clinical presentation, evaluation, and management of cyanotic spells in tetralogy of Fallot patients and the surgical repairs for various cyanotic congenital heart defects.
Imaging in pulmonary circulation disease
This document discusses various pulmonary circulation diseases and their imaging appearances. It begins with an overview of pulmonary circulation anatomy and physiology. It then discusses several conditions in more detail:
1) Pulmonary venous hypertension which appears on imaging as interstitial edema, pleural effusions, and alveolar edema in advanced stages.
2) Pulmonary arterial hypertension which is characterized by enlarged pulmonary arteries, pruning of peripheral vessels, and right ventricular strain on imaging.
3) Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations which appear as round opacities on imaging and may cause paradoxical embolism.
4) Pulmonary embolism which most commonly presents as small thrombi in the lung periphery and is diagnosed
Diagnosis of heart diseases from chest x ray
The condition of your lungs. Chest X-rays can detect cancer, infection or air collecting in the space around a lung (pneumothorax). They can also show chronic lung conditions, such as emphysema or cystic fibrosis, as well as complications related to these conditions. Heart-related lung problems.
Helpful radiological signs in cxr25 11-91
This document provides an overview of several helpful radiological signs seen on chest x-rays. It discusses how to distinguish between masses and infiltrates/consolidations. It describes the silhouette sign and how it can indicate the location of lesions based on which anatomical structures they obscure on x-ray. Other signs covered include air bronchograms, air-space patterns indicating conditions like pneumonia, and signs of atelectasis. Pleural diseases like effusions and pneumothorax are also reviewed. The document aims to describe key radiological findings that can aid in diagnosis when interpreting chest x-rays.
Pulmonary embolisim
1. Pulmonary embolism is a sudden blockage in the pulmonary arteries usually caused by blood clots.
2. Symptoms include sudden onset of unexplained dyspnea, hemoptysis, and pleuritic chest pain, though this classic triad is present in less than 20% of patients.
3. Classification is based on clinical presentation and investigations and includes massive, submassive, and minor/non-massive pulmonary embolism.
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This document discusses various developmental anomalies and airway diseases that can be evaluated using computed tomography (CT) of the chest. It covers topics such as tracheal bronchus, bronchial atresia, pulmonary sequestration, pulmonary arteriovenous malformation, scimitar syndrome, tracheal stenosis, saber sheath trachea, tracheobronchomegaly, and tracheobronchomalacia. For each condition, it discusses etiology, clinical features, and imaging findings visible on techniques such as CT, MRI, radiography, and angiography.
Cardiac disease
This patient has signs of mild congestive heart failure on chest x-ray including cardiomegaly and mild pulmonary edema. Further imaging with echocardiogram showed mild aortic regurgitation, likely due to root disease such as hypertension. The patient presents with limited exercise tolerance and mild shortness of breath on exertion consistent with mild heart failure from aortic regurgitation.
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This document summarizes cyanotic congenital heart disease. It describes:
1) The classification of congenital heart diseases into left to right shunts, right to left shunts, and obstructive lesions.
2) The causes of cyanosis including right to left shunting defects like tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of the great arteries, truncus arteriosus, and total anomalous pulmonary venous return.
3) The clinical presentation, evaluation, and management of cyanotic spells in tetralogy of Fallot patients and the surgical repairs for various cyanotic congenital heart defects.
Imaging in pulmonary circulation disease
This document discusses various pulmonary circulation diseases and their imaging appearances. It begins with an overview of pulmonary circulation anatomy and physiology. It then discusses several conditions in more detail:
1) Pulmonary venous hypertension which appears on imaging as interstitial edema, pleural effusions, and alveolar edema in advanced stages.
2) Pulmonary arterial hypertension which is characterized by enlarged pulmonary arteries, pruning of peripheral vessels, and right ventricular strain on imaging.
3) Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations which appear as round opacities on imaging and may cause paradoxical embolism.
4) Pulmonary embolism which most commonly presents as small thrombi in the lung periphery and is diagnosed
Diagnosis of heart diseases from chest x ray
The condition of your lungs. Chest X-rays can detect cancer, infection or air collecting in the space around a lung (pneumothorax). They can also show chronic lung conditions, such as emphysema or cystic fibrosis, as well as complications related to these conditions. Heart-related lung problems.
Helpful radiological signs in cxr25 11-91
This document provides an overview of several helpful radiological signs seen on chest x-rays. It discusses how to distinguish between masses and infiltrates/consolidations. It describes the silhouette sign and how it can indicate the location of lesions based on which anatomical structures they obscure on x-ray. Other signs covered include air bronchograms, air-space patterns indicating conditions like pneumonia, and signs of atelectasis. Pleural diseases like effusions and pneumothorax are also reviewed. The document aims to describe key radiological findings that can aid in diagnosis when interpreting chest x-rays.
Pulmonary embolisim
1. Pulmonary embolism is a sudden blockage in the pulmonary arteries usually caused by blood clots.
2. Symptoms include sudden onset of unexplained dyspnea, hemoptysis, and pleuritic chest pain, though this classic triad is present in less than 20% of patients.
3. Classification is based on clinical presentation and investigations and includes massive, submassive, and minor/non-massive pulmonary embolism.
Ct chest developmental anomalies , airways
This document discusses various developmental anomalies and airway diseases that can be evaluated using computed tomography (CT) of the chest. It covers topics such as tracheal bronchus, bronchial atresia, pulmonary sequestration, pulmonary arteriovenous malformation, scimitar syndrome, tracheal stenosis, saber sheath trachea, tracheobronchomegaly, and tracheobronchomalacia. For each condition, it discusses etiology, clinical features, and imaging findings visible on techniques such as CT, MRI, radiography, and angiography.
Cardiac disease
This patient has signs of mild congestive heart failure on chest x-ray including cardiomegaly and mild pulmonary edema. Further imaging with echocardiogram showed mild aortic regurgitation, likely due to root disease such as hypertension. The patient presents with limited exercise tolerance and mild shortness of breath on exertion consistent with mild heart failure from aortic regurgitation.
Cyanotic Heart Diseases
This document provides information on various cyanotic heart lesions including Tetralogy of Fallot, Transposition of the Great Arteries, Tricuspid Atresia, Ebstein's Anomaly and Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return. It describes the anatomy, clinical features, diagnosis and management of these conditions. Key cyanotic heart lesions are characterized by mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood resulting in central cyanosis.
Congenital heart defects
This document provides information on various congenital heart defects including patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), and tetralogy of Fallot. It describes the anatomy and physiology of each condition, their signs and symptoms, diagnostic testing, potential complications, and treatment options. The key points are: PDA, ASD, and VSD can cause left-to-right or right-to-left blood shunts depending on pulmonary pressures. Tetralogy of Fallot is characterized by four defects that cause deoxygenated blood to mix with oxygenated blood, leading to cyanosis. Surgical closure of defects or transcatheter
Pavm
1. Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) are rare vascular anomalies where abnormal dilated vessels provide a right-to-left shunt between the pulmonary artery and vein.
2. PAVMs are usually diagnosed through imaging like chest X-ray, CT, or MRI which show dilated vessels. Right-to-left shunting can be detected using echocardiography, oxygen studies, or pulmonary angiography.
3. Treatment involves embolization to occlude the abnormal vessels which successfully treats over 99% of PAVMs. Surgery is an alternative for cases that cannot be embolized or if embolization fails.
Chfppt
Congestive heart failure can cause two types of pulmonary edema seen on chest x-rays: pulmonary interstitial edema and pulmonary alveolar edema. Pulmonary interstitial edema appears as thickening of interlobular septa, Kerley B lines, peribronchial cuffing, thickening of fissures, and subpleural fluid. Pulmonary alveolar edema creates a fluffy, bat-wing pattern in the lungs. Left atrial pressure correlates with the severity and type of pulmonary edema seen on chest x-rays.
Sami asd work
1. An atrial septal defect is an opening in the septum between the left and right atria, allowing blood to shunt from the left to the right side of the heart.
2. It is one of the most common congenital heart defects found in adults.
3. Symptoms range from none in small defects to fatigue and shortness of breath from right heart strain in large defects that cause significant shunting of blood from the left to the right atrium.
Pulmonary circulation
This document provides information on imaging of the pulmonary circulation. It describes the anatomy of the pulmonary arteries, veins, and bronchial vessels. It discusses the physiology of the pulmonary circulation and conditions that can cause pulmonary venous or arterial hypertension like cardiogenic pulmonary edema and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Imaging findings of these conditions on chest x-rays are also summarized, including enlarged pulmonary arteries, vascular pruning, and signs of heart strain or lung congestion.
Congenital heart disease and vascular abnormality(x-ray findings)
This document provides an overview of various congenital heart diseases and vascular abnormalities, describing their characteristics and classic radiographic signs. It defines common conditions like transposition of the great vessels, total anomalous pulmonary venous return, partial anomalous pulmonary venous return, endocardial cushion defects, tetralogy of Fallot, aortic coarctation, Ebstein's anomaly. For each condition, it explains the anatomical features and identifies signature radiographic patterns seen on chest x-rays, like the "egg on string sign" and "snowman sign".
Hemodynamic disorders, thrombosis and shock (practical pathology)
This document discusses hemodynamic disorders and thrombosis. It covers several topics including edema, congestion, hemorrhage, thrombosis, embolism, and infarction. Edema is an accumulation of fluid in tissues and organs, and can occur in the lungs (pulmonary edema), abdomen (ascites), and brain. Congestion and hyperemia involve increased blood volume in organs and tissues, seen in conditions like heart failure and liver disease. Thrombosis is the formation of a clot (thrombus) in a blood vessel. Key factors in thrombosis are described by Virchow's triad. Thrombi can embolize and block vessels in other organs, potentially leading to infarction or tissue death.
PULMONARY HYPERTENSION
The document discusses pulmonary hypertension and the pulmonary circulation. It covers:
1) The anatomy of the pulmonary circulation including the pulmonary arterial and bronchial circulations.
2) The physiology of the low pressure pulmonary system and how blood flow is regulated.
3) The classifications, causes, signs and symptoms, and imaging manifestations of various types of pulmonary hypertension including pulmonary arterial hypertension, pulmonary hypertension due to lung/hypoxic diseases, chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, and pulmonary hypertension related to left heart disease.
4) The pathophysiology and histopathological changes seen in different forms of pulmonary hypertension.
CHEST X-RAY.PPT.pptx
This chest x-ray report discusses various abnormalities that can be seen on a chest x-ray including hilar abnormalities, the hilum overlay sign, hilum convergence sign, and continuous diaphragm sign. Specific lung abnormalities are also described such as alveolar disease, interstitial disease, bulging fissure sign, lobar consolidation, Kerley lines, and a miliary pattern. Causes of a miliary pattern include tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, silicosis, histoplasmosis, and haemochromatosis.
Cchd
1. Congenital cyanotic heart disease refers to heart defects present at birth that result in low oxygen levels in the blood. They are classified as those with increased or decreased blood flow to the lungs.
2. Common types with increased pulmonary blood flow include persistent truncus arteriosus and transposition of the great arteries (TGA). Common types with decreased pulmonary blood flow include tricuspid atresia and pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum.
3. TGA accounts for 5-7% of congenital heart defects. It involves the aorta originating from the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery originating from the left ventricle. It requires mixing of blood between the pulmonary and systemic
Chest radiology in intensive care
- Chest radiography is useful for assessing pulmonary edema, infiltrates, effusions, pneumothorax, and positioning of lines and tubes in intensive care patients. Common findings include air bronchograms, hilar enlargement, Kerley lines, and increased vascular pedicle width.
- Pneumomediastinum is suggested by findings like the continuous diaphragm sign, Naclerio's V sign, and double bronchial wall sign. A pneumothorax may be occult or demonstrated by a pleural line with absent lung markings.
- Proper positioning of central lines is important but can be challenging due to anatomical variability. The tip should lie in the SVC above the pericardial
Pleural effusion(X-ray Findings)
This document provides an overview of pleural effusion findings on chest x-rays. It defines the pleural space and reasons fluid may accumulate there. Key signs of pleural effusion on chest x-ray include a blunted costophrenic angle, meniscus sign, and elevated hemidiaphragm. Loculated effusions can form adhesions and appear as smooth, poorly defined masses that droop on upright images. Different views and positions are useful to detect various amounts of pleural fluid.
Radiology: Chest Imaging
- Four densities are seen on chest X-rays: black for air/gas, dark grey for fat, light grey for fluid/solid organs, and white for bone/calcium.
- When reviewing chest X-rays, radiologists follow a systematic approach examining the lungs for opacities, the heart and vessels, under the diaphragm, and the extremities.
- Common findings include infiltrates, masses, pleural effusions, cardiomegaly, pulmonary edema, and fractures. Changes must be interpreted in the context of the patient's history and risk factors.
Chest X rays.pptx
Chest x-rays are commonly used to image the chest. They should be interpreted in the context of clinical findings and compared to prior x-rays. Tissues have different densities: gas is least dense while bone is most dense. Inspiration, penetration, and rotation impact image quality. Standard views include PA, AP, lateral, and decubitus. When interpreting, examine the airway, bones, cardiomegaly, vascular patterns, diaphragm, effusions, and lung fields for abnormalities. Prior films aid in detecting subtle changes over time.
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Pulmonary valve disease occurs when the pulmonary valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery does not function properly. There are several types of pulmonary valve disease including pulmonary stenosis where the valve is narrowed, reducing blood flow to the lungs, and pulmonary regurgitation where the valve leaks, allowing blood to flow backward into the right ventricle. The diseases can cause symptoms such as shortness of breath and fatigue. Treatment depends on the type and severity, ranging from monitoring to surgical procedures to repair or replace the valve.
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- Risk factors for PE include inherited or acquired hypercoagulability states.
- Presentation is often nonspecific but may include dyspnea, chest pain, or syncope. Diagnosis is made using D-dimer, CTA, or V/Q scan.
- CTA directly visualizes intraluminal thrombi and allows assessment of right heart strain. Chronic thromboembolism involves organized thrombi causing pulmonary hypertension.
Acquired Valvular Diseases Radiology
The document describes the anatomy and function of the heart. It discusses the four chambers of the heart, including the right and left atria separated by the interatrial septum and the right and left ventricles separated by the interventricular septum. It also describes the four heart valves - the mitral and tricuspid valves between the atria and ventricles, and the aortic and pulmonary valves at the exits of the ventricles.
Chest X-rays for Undergraduates
The basics of Chest Radiology explained for the undergraduate students. The technical aspects including the various views, exposure, rotation and breath described.
The inside out approach of interpretation explained. The ABCDEFGH description includes Airway, Bones & soft tissue, Cardiac shadow, Diaphragm, Effusion (pleura), Fields (lungs), Gastric bubble and Hila & mediastinum.
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Cynotic conginital heart disease ( tetralogy of fallot & transposition of gre...
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Cyanotic Heart Diseases
This document provides information on various cyanotic heart lesions including Tetralogy of Fallot, Transposition of the Great Arteries, Tricuspid Atresia, Ebstein's Anomaly and Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return. It describes the anatomy, clinical features, diagnosis and management of these conditions. Key cyanotic heart lesions are characterized by mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood resulting in central cyanosis.
Congenital heart defects
This document provides information on various congenital heart defects including patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), and tetralogy of Fallot. It describes the anatomy and physiology of each condition, their signs and symptoms, diagnostic testing, potential complications, and treatment options. The key points are: PDA, ASD, and VSD can cause left-to-right or right-to-left blood shunts depending on pulmonary pressures. Tetralogy of Fallot is characterized by four defects that cause deoxygenated blood to mix with oxygenated blood, leading to cyanosis. Surgical closure of defects or transcatheter
Pavm
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2. PAVMs are usually diagnosed through imaging like chest X-ray, CT, or MRI which show dilated vessels. Right-to-left shunting can be detected using echocardiography, oxygen studies, or pulmonary angiography.
3. Treatment involves embolization to occlude the abnormal vessels which successfully treats over 99% of PAVMs. Surgery is an alternative for cases that cannot be embolized or if embolization fails.
Chfppt
Congestive heart failure can cause two types of pulmonary edema seen on chest x-rays: pulmonary interstitial edema and pulmonary alveolar edema. Pulmonary interstitial edema appears as thickening of interlobular septa, Kerley B lines, peribronchial cuffing, thickening of fissures, and subpleural fluid. Pulmonary alveolar edema creates a fluffy, bat-wing pattern in the lungs. Left atrial pressure correlates with the severity and type of pulmonary edema seen on chest x-rays.
Sami asd work
1. An atrial septal defect is an opening in the septum between the left and right atria, allowing blood to shunt from the left to the right side of the heart.
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3. Symptoms range from none in small defects to fatigue and shortness of breath from right heart strain in large defects that cause significant shunting of blood from the left to the right atrium.
Pulmonary circulation
This document provides information on imaging of the pulmonary circulation. It describes the anatomy of the pulmonary arteries, veins, and bronchial vessels. It discusses the physiology of the pulmonary circulation and conditions that can cause pulmonary venous or arterial hypertension like cardiogenic pulmonary edema and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Imaging findings of these conditions on chest x-rays are also summarized, including enlarged pulmonary arteries, vascular pruning, and signs of heart strain or lung congestion.
Congenital heart disease and vascular abnormality(x-ray findings)
This document provides an overview of various congenital heart diseases and vascular abnormalities, describing their characteristics and classic radiographic signs. It defines common conditions like transposition of the great vessels, total anomalous pulmonary venous return, partial anomalous pulmonary venous return, endocardial cushion defects, tetralogy of Fallot, aortic coarctation, Ebstein's anomaly. For each condition, it explains the anatomical features and identifies signature radiographic patterns seen on chest x-rays, like the "egg on string sign" and "snowman sign".
Hemodynamic disorders, thrombosis and shock (practical pathology)
This document discusses hemodynamic disorders and thrombosis. It covers several topics including edema, congestion, hemorrhage, thrombosis, embolism, and infarction. Edema is an accumulation of fluid in tissues and organs, and can occur in the lungs (pulmonary edema), abdomen (ascites), and brain. Congestion and hyperemia involve increased blood volume in organs and tissues, seen in conditions like heart failure and liver disease. Thrombosis is the formation of a clot (thrombus) in a blood vessel. Key factors in thrombosis are described by Virchow's triad. Thrombi can embolize and block vessels in other organs, potentially leading to infarction or tissue death.
PULMONARY HYPERTENSION
The document discusses pulmonary hypertension and the pulmonary circulation. It covers:
1) The anatomy of the pulmonary circulation including the pulmonary arterial and bronchial circulations.
2) The physiology of the low pressure pulmonary system and how blood flow is regulated.
3) The classifications, causes, signs and symptoms, and imaging manifestations of various types of pulmonary hypertension including pulmonary arterial hypertension, pulmonary hypertension due to lung/hypoxic diseases, chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, and pulmonary hypertension related to left heart disease.
4) The pathophysiology and histopathological changes seen in different forms of pulmonary hypertension.
CHEST X-RAY.PPT.pptx
This chest x-ray report discusses various abnormalities that can be seen on a chest x-ray including hilar abnormalities, the hilum overlay sign, hilum convergence sign, and continuous diaphragm sign. Specific lung abnormalities are also described such as alveolar disease, interstitial disease, bulging fissure sign, lobar consolidation, Kerley lines, and a miliary pattern. Causes of a miliary pattern include tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, silicosis, histoplasmosis, and haemochromatosis.
Cchd
1. Congenital cyanotic heart disease refers to heart defects present at birth that result in low oxygen levels in the blood. They are classified as those with increased or decreased blood flow to the lungs.
2. Common types with increased pulmonary blood flow include persistent truncus arteriosus and transposition of the great arteries (TGA). Common types with decreased pulmonary blood flow include tricuspid atresia and pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum.
3. TGA accounts for 5-7% of congenital heart defects. It involves the aorta originating from the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery originating from the left ventricle. It requires mixing of blood between the pulmonary and systemic
Chest radiology in intensive care
- Chest radiography is useful for assessing pulmonary edema, infiltrates, effusions, pneumothorax, and positioning of lines and tubes in intensive care patients. Common findings include air bronchograms, hilar enlargement, Kerley lines, and increased vascular pedicle width.
- Pneumomediastinum is suggested by findings like the continuous diaphragm sign, Naclerio's V sign, and double bronchial wall sign. A pneumothorax may be occult or demonstrated by a pleural line with absent lung markings.
- Proper positioning of central lines is important but can be challenging due to anatomical variability. The tip should lie in the SVC above the pericardial
Pleural effusion(X-ray Findings)
This document provides an overview of pleural effusion findings on chest x-rays. It defines the pleural space and reasons fluid may accumulate there. Key signs of pleural effusion on chest x-ray include a blunted costophrenic angle, meniscus sign, and elevated hemidiaphragm. Loculated effusions can form adhesions and appear as smooth, poorly defined masses that droop on upright images. Different views and positions are useful to detect various amounts of pleural fluid.
Radiology: Chest Imaging
- Four densities are seen on chest X-rays: black for air/gas, dark grey for fat, light grey for fluid/solid organs, and white for bone/calcium.
- When reviewing chest X-rays, radiologists follow a systematic approach examining the lungs for opacities, the heart and vessels, under the diaphragm, and the extremities.
- Common findings include infiltrates, masses, pleural effusions, cardiomegaly, pulmonary edema, and fractures. Changes must be interpreted in the context of the patient's history and risk factors.
Chest X rays.pptx
Chest x-rays are commonly used to image the chest. They should be interpreted in the context of clinical findings and compared to prior x-rays. Tissues have different densities: gas is least dense while bone is most dense. Inspiration, penetration, and rotation impact image quality. Standard views include PA, AP, lateral, and decubitus. When interpreting, examine the airway, bones, cardiomegaly, vascular patterns, diaphragm, effusions, and lung fields for abnormalities. Prior films aid in detecting subtle changes over time.
PULMONARY VALVE DISEASES.pptx
Pulmonary valve disease occurs when the pulmonary valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery does not function properly. There are several types of pulmonary valve disease including pulmonary stenosis where the valve is narrowed, reducing blood flow to the lungs, and pulmonary regurgitation where the valve leaks, allowing blood to flow backward into the right ventricle. The diseases can cause symptoms such as shortness of breath and fatigue. Treatment depends on the type and severity, ranging from monitoring to surgical procedures to repair or replace the valve.
pulomonary thromboembolism.pptx
This document discusses pulmonary thromboembolism (PE), including:
- The anatomy of the pulmonary vasculature and definitions of acute PE.
- Risk factors for PE include inherited or acquired hypercoagulability states.
- Presentation is often nonspecific but may include dyspnea, chest pain, or syncope. Diagnosis is made using D-dimer, CTA, or V/Q scan.
- CTA directly visualizes intraluminal thrombi and allows assessment of right heart strain. Chronic thromboembolism involves organized thrombi causing pulmonary hypertension.
Acquired Valvular Diseases Radiology
The document describes the anatomy and function of the heart. It discusses the four chambers of the heart, including the right and left atria separated by the interatrial septum and the right and left ventricles separated by the interventricular septum. It also describes the four heart valves - the mitral and tricuspid valves between the atria and ventricles, and the aortic and pulmonary valves at the exits of the ventricles.
Chest X-rays for Undergraduates
The basics of Chest Radiology explained for the undergraduate students. The technical aspects including the various views, exposure, rotation and breath described.
The inside out approach of interpretation explained. The ABCDEFGH description includes Airway, Bones & soft tissue, Cardiac shadow, Diaphragm, Effusion (pleura), Fields (lungs), Gastric bubble and Hila & mediastinum.
The basic cardiac and lung pathologies discussed.
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Congenital heart disease and vascular abnormality(x-ray findings)
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CXR Presentation.pptx
- 1. CXray assessment of pulmonary vascularity
- 2. Abnormal pulmonary vascularity can be divided into four categories • Plethora • Pulmonary venous hypertension • PAH • Oligemia
- 3. Plethora • The vascular shadows can be traced in the lateral one-third of the lung fields • End on vessels are more in number ( ≥ 3 in one lung field or ≥5 in both lung fields) • The end on vessel diameter is more than that of accompanying bronchus. • Normally it is 1.2:1 and in plethora it is ≥1.5:1. • The size of the RDPA in normally < 14 mm • It is increased (> 16 mm in male and >14 mm in female) • If the ratio of RDPA to trachea is more than 1 it indicates significant left to right shunt. • To have plethora left to right shunts should be at least 1.5:1 • En face vessel bellow 10th posterior rib • Prominent vessels bellow the crest of the diaphragm • Prominent hilar vessel on lateral view
- 5. Moderately restrictive VSD wit plethora
- 6. VSD with plethora acquired RVOT obstruction resulting into oligemia
- 7. PDA with plethoric lungs
- 8. PDA with Eisenmengerization Oligemia
- 9. ASD before and after device closure
- 10. Pulmonary venous hypertension • Stages (Larry Elliot) • I – cephalization • Staghorn or inverted moustache appearance • II – Interstitial Edema • III – Frank pulmonary edema • Bat-wing appearance on CXR • IV – Chronic pulmonary hypertension • Hemosiderosis • Ossification Braunwald 11th Edition
- 11. Cephalization: “Viking Helmet” sign
- 13. Kerley lines • Kerley's A lines (arrows) • Linear opacities extending from the periphery to the hila • They are caused by distention of anastomotic channels between peripheral and central lymphatics. • Kerley's B lines (white arrowheads) • Short horizontal lines situated perpendicularly to the pleural surface at the lung base • They represent edema of the interlobular septa. • Kerley's C lines (black arrowheads) • Reticular opacities at the lung base • Representing Kerley's B lines en face.
- 14. Alveolar edema
- 15. MR with pulmonary venous hypertension
- 16. Non-restrictive VSD with increased PA and PV vascularity
- 17. Ossification
- 18. Pulmonary arterial hypertension • Prominent central pulmonary arteries constriction of the peripheral vessels • With onset of PAH there is RV and RA enlargement
- 19. Normally
- 21. • Pruned-tree appearance • Diminution in the size of arteries in the middle and lateral thirds of the lungs • Pruning is defined as > 50% loss of vessel diameter at any degree branching and is suggestive of PAH • Outer 2 cm of the lung appears devoid of vasculature (Braunwald 11th Edition)
- 22. Pruning
- 23. ASD with PAH Decreased vascularity
- 24. PDA with reversal Oligemic lungs
- 26. TOF – empty pulmonary bay
- 27. Lacy reticular pattern in TOF secondary to systemic to intrapulmonary collaterals
- 30. Normal
- 33. Redistribution: UL vessels more prominent than the lower lobe vessels
- 34. Pulmonary edema
- 36. Lateral view showing dilated PA
- 38. Non-restrictive PDA with increased PA vascularity, enlarged LV