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The document summarizes various cardiovascular conditions including atherosclerosis, atheromatous plaque, complicated plaque, syphilitic aortitis, cor bovinum, myocardial infarction, brown atrophy of the heart, and hemangioma. Atherosclerosis is a disease affecting arteries characterized by fatty plaques. Atheromatous plaque contains a fibrous cap, cellular area with macrophages and foam cells, and a soft lipid-rich core. Complicated plaques develop pathological changes like calcification, thrombosis, and aneurysm. Syphilitic aortitis mostly affects the ascending aorta in tertiary syphilis, showing thickening of the vessel wall. Cor bovinum is massive left ventricular hypertrophy
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Blood vessels
a brief information about human body vessels ,, their anatomy function location ,classification by different perspective and abnormalities of vessels ,
Atherosclerosis morphology
description of gross and microscopic morphology of an atherosclerotic lesion, includes fatty streak, simple plaque and fatty plaque.
acute coronary syndrome
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) occurs when a plaque in the coronary arteries ruptures or erodes, restricting blood flow. Plaque forms over time as LDL cholesterol builds up in artery walls due to risk factors like smoking, diabetes, and hypertension. The plaque contains an inflammatory necrotic core covered by a fibrous cap. Rupture occurs when the cap thins, exposing the core and triggering a clot. Medications treat ACS by lowering cholesterol and inflammation to stabilize plaques and prevent clots.
Blood Vessel Diseases
- Hemangioma is a benign tumor of blood vessels characterized by increased and abnormal blood vessels. Cavernous hemangioma involves large, dilated vascular channels in the liver. It arises from endothelial cells and can cause abdominal pain from compression.
- Coronary artery atherosclerosis involves plaques with necrotic cores, cholesterol, and inflammatory cells that can rupture and cause thrombosis, potentially leading to myocardial infarction.
- Aortic aneurysm is an abnormal dilation of the aorta that can contain thrombi and cause emboli in the lungs through fragmentation. Medial calcification or Monckeberg's sclerosis involves calcification of medium arteries and can cause hypertension.
Embolism
An embolism is the obstruction of blood vessels by a mass or clot that has detached from its origin and traveled through the bloodstream. Embolisms can be classified based on the material causing the obstruction and the source and direction of blood flow. Common types of embolisms include pulmonary, fat, air, amniotic fluid, and tumor embolisms. Pulmonary embolisms originate in the lower leg veins and are caused by stasis, hypercoagulability, or a saddle embolism. Fat embolisms result from trauma or medical conditions and obstruct arterioles and capillaries. Decompression sickness is a form of gas embolism that affects scuba divers or caisson workers
Hemodynamic disorder 1
This document discusses hemodynamic disorders and edema. It begins by defining the normal composition of body water and the three body compartments it is contained in. It then defines edema as excess fluid in the interstitial tissue space and describes different types of edema based on location. The pathophysiology of edema involves either increased hydrostatic pressure or reduced plasma osmotic pressure. Specific causes of edema are discussed like congestive heart failure, liver disease, and malnutrition. The document also covers morphology, hemorrhage, congestion, hemostasis, and hemorrhagic disorders.
Hyperemia and infarction
Hyperemia and congestion both refer to an increase in blood volume within tissues, but have different mechanisms. Hyperemia is an active process of arteriolar dilation that increases blood flow, as seen with inflammation. Congestion is a passive process where impaired venous outflow causes blood to accumulate. Infarction occurs when vascular occlusion causes ischemic necrosis of tissue. It is a major cause of illness and death, with most cardiovascular deaths due to myocardial or cerebral infarction. Arterial thrombosis, embolism, and hypoperfusion underlie most infarctions. The risk depends on vascular anatomy, occlusion rate, and tissue vulnerability to ischemia.
Vascular system
Hypertension leads to damage of small arteries and arterioles. It is a major risk factor for heart disease, stroke, cardiac hypertrophy and failure. Primary causes are genetic factors and environmental influences like stress, obesity, and high salt intake. Sustained high blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg can lead to accelerated hypertension with complications like renal failure and retinal damage within 1-2 years if untreated. The pathogenesis involves an imbalance between cardiac output and peripheral resistance resulting from increased blood volume or vasoconstriction. Over time, structural changes in vessel walls occur with thickened walls and narrowed lumens.
Recommended
Blood vessels
a brief information about human body vessels ,, their anatomy function location ,classification by different perspective and abnormalities of vessels ,
Atherosclerosis morphology
description of gross and microscopic morphology of an atherosclerotic lesion, includes fatty streak, simple plaque and fatty plaque.
acute coronary syndrome
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) occurs when a plaque in the coronary arteries ruptures or erodes, restricting blood flow. Plaque forms over time as LDL cholesterol builds up in artery walls due to risk factors like smoking, diabetes, and hypertension. The plaque contains an inflammatory necrotic core covered by a fibrous cap. Rupture occurs when the cap thins, exposing the core and triggering a clot. Medications treat ACS by lowering cholesterol and inflammation to stabilize plaques and prevent clots.
Blood Vessel Diseases
- Hemangioma is a benign tumor of blood vessels characterized by increased and abnormal blood vessels. Cavernous hemangioma involves large, dilated vascular channels in the liver. It arises from endothelial cells and can cause abdominal pain from compression.
- Coronary artery atherosclerosis involves plaques with necrotic cores, cholesterol, and inflammatory cells that can rupture and cause thrombosis, potentially leading to myocardial infarction.
- Aortic aneurysm is an abnormal dilation of the aorta that can contain thrombi and cause emboli in the lungs through fragmentation. Medial calcification or Monckeberg's sclerosis involves calcification of medium arteries and can cause hypertension.
Embolism
An embolism is the obstruction of blood vessels by a mass or clot that has detached from its origin and traveled through the bloodstream. Embolisms can be classified based on the material causing the obstruction and the source and direction of blood flow. Common types of embolisms include pulmonary, fat, air, amniotic fluid, and tumor embolisms. Pulmonary embolisms originate in the lower leg veins and are caused by stasis, hypercoagulability, or a saddle embolism. Fat embolisms result from trauma or medical conditions and obstruct arterioles and capillaries. Decompression sickness is a form of gas embolism that affects scuba divers or caisson workers
Hemodynamic disorder 1
This document discusses hemodynamic disorders and edema. It begins by defining the normal composition of body water and the three body compartments it is contained in. It then defines edema as excess fluid in the interstitial tissue space and describes different types of edema based on location. The pathophysiology of edema involves either increased hydrostatic pressure or reduced plasma osmotic pressure. Specific causes of edema are discussed like congestive heart failure, liver disease, and malnutrition. The document also covers morphology, hemorrhage, congestion, hemostasis, and hemorrhagic disorders.
Hyperemia and infarction
Hyperemia and congestion both refer to an increase in blood volume within tissues, but have different mechanisms. Hyperemia is an active process of arteriolar dilation that increases blood flow, as seen with inflammation. Congestion is a passive process where impaired venous outflow causes blood to accumulate. Infarction occurs when vascular occlusion causes ischemic necrosis of tissue. It is a major cause of illness and death, with most cardiovascular deaths due to myocardial or cerebral infarction. Arterial thrombosis, embolism, and hypoperfusion underlie most infarctions. The risk depends on vascular anatomy, occlusion rate, and tissue vulnerability to ischemia.
Vascular system
Hypertension leads to damage of small arteries and arterioles. It is a major risk factor for heart disease, stroke, cardiac hypertrophy and failure. Primary causes are genetic factors and environmental influences like stress, obesity, and high salt intake. Sustained high blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg can lead to accelerated hypertension with complications like renal failure and retinal damage within 1-2 years if untreated. The pathogenesis involves an imbalance between cardiac output and peripheral resistance resulting from increased blood volume or vasoconstriction. Over time, structural changes in vessel walls occur with thickened walls and narrowed lumens.
pathology of Atherosclerosis, dissection and aneurysm copy
Based on the information provided about Mr. Gamal:
- CT angiography would likely reveal an abdominal aortic aneurysm, showing markedly increased aortic diameter below the renal arteries.
- The most probable cause in his case is atherosclerosis, given his risk factors of diabetes, hypertension, smoking history and hyperlipidemia.
- His risk factors are diabetes, hypertension, smoking history, obesity (BMI of 30), and hyperlipidemia.
- His condition would be classified as an atherosclerotic abdominal aortic aneurysm.
- Possible complications include rupture of the aneurysm, thrombosis/embolism, compression of adjacent structures, or occlusion of branches supplying organs like the kidneys or intestines
Embolism
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The document provides information on several neuropathology topics including glioblastoma multiforme, recent infarct, meningioma, Alzheimer's disease, spinal bifida, astrocytoma, and cerebral atrophy. It describes the etiology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, gross and microscopic features, and clinical correlations for each condition over multiple paragraphs.
15 hemodynamic disorders
This document discusses various hemodynamic disorders including edema, hyperemia, congestion, hemorrhage, hemostasis, thrombosis, embolism, infarction, and shock. Edema is an excess of fluid in the interstitial spaces that can occur in response to injury or inflammation. Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause. Hyperemia is increased blood flow to an area, congestion is impaired outflow, and hemorrhage is blood escaping from vessels. Hemostasis is the body's natural response to stop bleeding through coagulation. Thrombosis and embolism involve blood clots forming and detaching within vessels. Infarction results from blocked blood flow causing tissue death. Shock is a
Pathology Bio 134 Hemodynamic disorders
This document discusses hemodynamic disorders and their classification. It defines hemodynamics as the forces the heart generates to circulate blood through the cardiovascular system. Edema is swelling caused by excess fluid in the tissues, and can be generalized or localized, pitting or non-pitting, and caused by transudate or exudate. Edema becomes evident when interstitial fluid increases by 1.5 to 2 liters. Hyperemia refers to increased blood volume in tissues and can be active/arterial from exercise or inflammation, while congestion is impaired venous flow from conditions like heart failure or obstruction. Hemorrhage is blood loss either internally or externally through physical trauma, injuries, or blood clot
Infarction
1. An infarct is a localized area of ischemic necrosis that occurs in a tissue or organ due to impaired arterial blood supply or venous drainage.
2. Causes of infarcts include occlusion of arteries or veins from thrombosis, embolism, atherosclerotic plaques, or external compression, as well as spasm of arterioles.
3. There are three main types of infarcts: white (anemic) infarcts caused by arterial occlusion in organs with few collaterals; red (hemorrhagic) infarcts caused by arterial or venous occlusion in loose tissues; and septic infarcts caused by bacteria-containing emboli.
histology of cardiovascular system
The document discusses the microstructure of the cardiovascular system. It begins by outlining the learning objectives which are to understand the histology of the heart including its structure, muscles, and conduction system. It then describes the layers of the heart walls including the endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium. It explains the specialized cardiac muscle cells and conduction system. Finally, it discusses the histological features of arteries, veins, and capillaries focusing on their layers and differences between vessel types.
Embolism
This document defines and describes different types of embolism. The most common type is thromboembolism, which occurs when a thrombus or part of a thrombus breaks off and is carried by the bloodstream. Pulmonary thromboembolism is a significant type that occurs when thrombi travel to the lungs and obstruct the pulmonary arteries. Other types include fat, air, gas and paradoxical embolisms. Air embolism can be venous, entering systemic veins during surgery or trauma, or arterial, entering the lungs during procedures like angiography. Decompression sickness is a form of gas embolism that affects divers or those exposed to changes in atmospheric pressure.
Ciculatory Problems (Pathology)
This document discusses various types of edema, congestion, thrombosis, infarction and hemorrhages. It provides photos and descriptions of pulmonary edema, chronic passive congestion of the liver, thrombosis in blood vessels, myocardial infarctions in the heart and hemorrhagic infarcts. The key differences between thrombosis and postmortem clots are also outlined.
Diseases of blood vessels
This document discusses diseases of blood vessels including Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis, aneurysms, and tumors of blood vessels. Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis involves calcium deposition in the media of large and medium arteries. Aneurysms are abnormal dilations of blood vessels that can be classified based on composition, shape, location, and pathogenesis. Common types include atherosclerotic, syphilitic, dissecting, and berry aneurysms. Tumors of blood vessels include benign hemangiomas as well as intermediate and malignant tumors such as hemangioendotheliomas and angiosarcomas.
Atherosclerosis
Arteriosclerosis occurs when arteries become thick and stiff due to a build-up of plaque, restricting blood flow. Atherosclerosis is a specific type where plaque builds up inside artery walls. It can affect arteries throughout the body, leading to coronary artery disease, carotid artery disease, peripheral artery disease, or kidney disease. Risk factors include age, gender, family history, and lifestyle factors like smoking and diet. Diagnosis involves tests like angiograms, stress tests, and blood work. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes and medications, while advanced cases may require surgery to restore blood flow.
Embolism
This document defines and describes different types of embolism. It states that an embolism is a detached solid, liquid, or gas mass carried by the bloodstream to a distant site. It then lists and provides details on various types of embolisms including venous (pulmonary), arterial, paradoxical, fat, amniotic fluid, air, and septic embolisms. For pulmonary embolisms, it notes they most commonly arise from deep vein thromboses in the legs and can cause further recurrent embolic episodes. It also provides information on symptoms and causes of fat, air, and amniotic fluid embolisms.
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Red blood cells contain hemoglobin which binds oxygen in the lungs and gives blood its red color. White blood cells defend the body against infection and foreign materials and typically live 3-4 days. Platelets are cell fragments involved in clotting that normally last 5-9 days, with too few causing bleeding and too many potentially causing clots. Plasma is mostly water that holds blood cells and dissolved proteins in suspension, making up 55% of blood volume.
Aneurysms & dissection
An aneurysm is an abnormal dilation of a blood vessel or heart. True aneurysms involve an intact but thinned wall, while false aneurysms involve a defect in the wall. Aneurysms are usually caused by atherosclerosis or hypertension and can rupture catastrophically. Arterial dissection occurs when blood enters the arterial wall, dissecting between layers. The main types are abdominal aortic aneurysms and thoracic aortic aneurysms. Unruptured aneurysms are generally managed surgically while ruptured aneurysms have high mortality.
Thrombosis, embolism and infarction
Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot within a blood vessel or cavity of the heart. Virchow identified three main factors that contribute to thrombosis: endothelial injury, changes in blood flow, and hypercoagulability. Thrombi can propagate or embolize, becoming lodged in another vessel and resulting in infarction of downstream tissue. Infarctions appear pale/white in solid organs and red/hemorrhagic in lungs/other tissues. Over time, infarcted tissue progresses from coagulative necrosis to phagocytosis and scar formation.
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1. The document discusses various vascular pathologies including hyperemia, congestion, thrombosis, embolism, and infarction.
2. It describes the morphology and causes of different types of hyperemia, congestion, thrombosis, pulmonary and non-pulmonary embolism, and hemorrhagic vs. white infarcts.
3. The roles of the endothelium, platelets, and coagulation cascade in thrombosis are examined, as are the potential fates of a thrombus and clinical effects of embolism.
Three Fascinating Procedures by Anthony Isom, Jr.
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) is a procedure to open blocked heart arteries by inserting a catheter with a balloon into the artery. The balloon is inflated to compress plaque and widen the artery, allowing increased blood flow. A stent is often placed to keep the artery open. Endarterectomy surgically removes plaque from the inner lining of an artery. An incision is made and the plaque blocking blood flow is removed. Embolectomy removes a blood clot or embolism from a blood vessel by inserting a catheter to vacuum the clot while a balloon moves it out of the artery.
Thrombosis
Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) inside a blood vessel, obstructing blood flow. It can cause serious complications in organs like the brain and lungs. A thrombus forms through platelet adhesion and aggregation at the site of injury, followed by coagulation and fibrin formation around the platelet plug. Virchow's triad outlines the factors of abnormal blood flow, endothelial dysfunction, and hypercoagulability that contribute to thrombosis. Venous thrombosis typically occurs in the leg veins, while arterial thrombosis is often associated with atherosclerosis and causes such events as myocardial infarction.
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1. An infarction is an area of ischemic necrosis in an organ resulting from reduced blood supply, usually due to arterial obstruction.
2. The main causes of infarction are thromboembolism and atherosclerosis, which interrupt arterial blood flow. This leads to localized tissue death from coagulative necrosis.
3. Pathologically, infarcts appear pale and wedge-shaped, with inflammation at the borders and eventual scar formation. Location and outcomes vary by organ, such as potentially lethal myocardial infarction or non-lethal splenic infarction.
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1. The document discusses atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease. Atherosclerosis is a disease of large and medium arteries characterized by plaque buildup within the artery wall.
2. Risk factors for atherosclerosis include age, gender, family history, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking, and diabetes. Grossly, plaques appear white to yellow and firm or soft. Microscopically, plaques contain macrophages, foam cells, cholesterol, and calcium.
3. Ischemic heart disease is caused by an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Myocardial infarction results from coronary artery occlusion and causes heart muscle cell death. On gross exam, infarcts appear yellow or hemorrhagic
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This document summarizes key aspects of the cardiovascular system and several cardiovascular diseases. It describes the layers of the heart, atherosclerosis which involves thickening of arteries, and the reaction to injury hypothesis for atherosclerosis development. It also summarizes ischemic heart disease including angina and myocardial infarction, rheumatic heart disease involving the valves, and infective endocarditis affecting heart valves.
Diseases of vessels
Vascular disorders can affect arteries and veins in various ways. The document discusses several types of vascular disorders including:
1. Atherosclerosis is a buildup of plaque in the arteries which can restrict blood flow and cause complications like heart attacks and strokes.
2. Vasculitis refers to inflammation of blood vessels which has various immune-mediated forms that can affect large, medium, or small vessels.
3. Aneurysms are abnormal dilations of blood vessels or the heart that can be true or pseudo in nature and occur in different locations.
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pathology of Atherosclerosis, dissection and aneurysm copy
Based on the information provided about Mr. Gamal:
- CT angiography would likely reveal an abdominal aortic aneurysm, showing markedly increased aortic diameter below the renal arteries.
- The most probable cause in his case is atherosclerosis, given his risk factors of diabetes, hypertension, smoking history and hyperlipidemia.
- His risk factors are diabetes, hypertension, smoking history, obesity (BMI of 30), and hyperlipidemia.
- His condition would be classified as an atherosclerotic abdominal aortic aneurysm.
- Possible complications include rupture of the aneurysm, thrombosis/embolism, compression of adjacent structures, or occlusion of branches supplying organs like the kidneys or intestines
Embolism
"Embolism"
this presentation is about embolism where some information about embolism is included. Hope this will help you in your work.
Neurology
The document provides information on several neuropathology topics including glioblastoma multiforme, recent infarct, meningioma, Alzheimer's disease, spinal bifida, astrocytoma, and cerebral atrophy. It describes the etiology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, gross and microscopic features, and clinical correlations for each condition over multiple paragraphs.
15 hemodynamic disorders
This document discusses various hemodynamic disorders including edema, hyperemia, congestion, hemorrhage, hemostasis, thrombosis, embolism, infarction, and shock. Edema is an excess of fluid in the interstitial spaces that can occur in response to injury or inflammation. Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause. Hyperemia is increased blood flow to an area, congestion is impaired outflow, and hemorrhage is blood escaping from vessels. Hemostasis is the body's natural response to stop bleeding through coagulation. Thrombosis and embolism involve blood clots forming and detaching within vessels. Infarction results from blocked blood flow causing tissue death. Shock is a
Pathology Bio 134 Hemodynamic disorders
This document discusses hemodynamic disorders and their classification. It defines hemodynamics as the forces the heart generates to circulate blood through the cardiovascular system. Edema is swelling caused by excess fluid in the tissues, and can be generalized or localized, pitting or non-pitting, and caused by transudate or exudate. Edema becomes evident when interstitial fluid increases by 1.5 to 2 liters. Hyperemia refers to increased blood volume in tissues and can be active/arterial from exercise or inflammation, while congestion is impaired venous flow from conditions like heart failure or obstruction. Hemorrhage is blood loss either internally or externally through physical trauma, injuries, or blood clot
Infarction
1. An infarct is a localized area of ischemic necrosis that occurs in a tissue or organ due to impaired arterial blood supply or venous drainage.
2. Causes of infarcts include occlusion of arteries or veins from thrombosis, embolism, atherosclerotic plaques, or external compression, as well as spasm of arterioles.
3. There are three main types of infarcts: white (anemic) infarcts caused by arterial occlusion in organs with few collaterals; red (hemorrhagic) infarcts caused by arterial or venous occlusion in loose tissues; and septic infarcts caused by bacteria-containing emboli.
histology of cardiovascular system
The document discusses the microstructure of the cardiovascular system. It begins by outlining the learning objectives which are to understand the histology of the heart including its structure, muscles, and conduction system. It then describes the layers of the heart walls including the endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium. It explains the specialized cardiac muscle cells and conduction system. Finally, it discusses the histological features of arteries, veins, and capillaries focusing on their layers and differences between vessel types.
Embolism
This document defines and describes different types of embolism. The most common type is thromboembolism, which occurs when a thrombus or part of a thrombus breaks off and is carried by the bloodstream. Pulmonary thromboembolism is a significant type that occurs when thrombi travel to the lungs and obstruct the pulmonary arteries. Other types include fat, air, gas and paradoxical embolisms. Air embolism can be venous, entering systemic veins during surgery or trauma, or arterial, entering the lungs during procedures like angiography. Decompression sickness is a form of gas embolism that affects divers or those exposed to changes in atmospheric pressure.
Ciculatory Problems (Pathology)
This document discusses various types of edema, congestion, thrombosis, infarction and hemorrhages. It provides photos and descriptions of pulmonary edema, chronic passive congestion of the liver, thrombosis in blood vessels, myocardial infarctions in the heart and hemorrhagic infarcts. The key differences between thrombosis and postmortem clots are also outlined.
Diseases of blood vessels
This document discusses diseases of blood vessels including Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis, aneurysms, and tumors of blood vessels. Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis involves calcium deposition in the media of large and medium arteries. Aneurysms are abnormal dilations of blood vessels that can be classified based on composition, shape, location, and pathogenesis. Common types include atherosclerotic, syphilitic, dissecting, and berry aneurysms. Tumors of blood vessels include benign hemangiomas as well as intermediate and malignant tumors such as hemangioendotheliomas and angiosarcomas.
Atherosclerosis
Arteriosclerosis occurs when arteries become thick and stiff due to a build-up of plaque, restricting blood flow. Atherosclerosis is a specific type where plaque builds up inside artery walls. It can affect arteries throughout the body, leading to coronary artery disease, carotid artery disease, peripheral artery disease, or kidney disease. Risk factors include age, gender, family history, and lifestyle factors like smoking and diet. Diagnosis involves tests like angiograms, stress tests, and blood work. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes and medications, while advanced cases may require surgery to restore blood flow.
Embolism
This document defines and describes different types of embolism. It states that an embolism is a detached solid, liquid, or gas mass carried by the bloodstream to a distant site. It then lists and provides details on various types of embolisms including venous (pulmonary), arterial, paradoxical, fat, amniotic fluid, air, and septic embolisms. For pulmonary embolisms, it notes they most commonly arise from deep vein thromboses in the legs and can cause further recurrent embolic episodes. It also provides information on symptoms and causes of fat, air, and amniotic fluid embolisms.
Blood and Blood Vessels
Red blood cells contain hemoglobin which binds oxygen in the lungs and gives blood its red color. White blood cells defend the body against infection and foreign materials and typically live 3-4 days. Platelets are cell fragments involved in clotting that normally last 5-9 days, with too few causing bleeding and too many potentially causing clots. Plasma is mostly water that holds blood cells and dissolved proteins in suspension, making up 55% of blood volume.
Aneurysms & dissection
An aneurysm is an abnormal dilation of a blood vessel or heart. True aneurysms involve an intact but thinned wall, while false aneurysms involve a defect in the wall. Aneurysms are usually caused by atherosclerosis or hypertension and can rupture catastrophically. Arterial dissection occurs when blood enters the arterial wall, dissecting between layers. The main types are abdominal aortic aneurysms and thoracic aortic aneurysms. Unruptured aneurysms are generally managed surgically while ruptured aneurysms have high mortality.
Thrombosis, embolism and infarction
Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot within a blood vessel or cavity of the heart. Virchow identified three main factors that contribute to thrombosis: endothelial injury, changes in blood flow, and hypercoagulability. Thrombi can propagate or embolize, becoming lodged in another vessel and resulting in infarction of downstream tissue. Infarctions appear pale/white in solid organs and red/hemorrhagic in lungs/other tissues. Over time, infarcted tissue progresses from coagulative necrosis to phagocytosis and scar formation.
Hemodynamic disorders- exposicion de patologia
1. The document discusses various vascular pathologies including hyperemia, congestion, thrombosis, embolism, and infarction.
2. It describes the morphology and causes of different types of hyperemia, congestion, thrombosis, pulmonary and non-pulmonary embolism, and hemorrhagic vs. white infarcts.
3. The roles of the endothelium, platelets, and coagulation cascade in thrombosis are examined, as are the potential fates of a thrombus and clinical effects of embolism.
Three Fascinating Procedures by Anthony Isom, Jr.
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) is a procedure to open blocked heart arteries by inserting a catheter with a balloon into the artery. The balloon is inflated to compress plaque and widen the artery, allowing increased blood flow. A stent is often placed to keep the artery open. Endarterectomy surgically removes plaque from the inner lining of an artery. An incision is made and the plaque blocking blood flow is removed. Embolectomy removes a blood clot or embolism from a blood vessel by inserting a catheter to vacuum the clot while a balloon moves it out of the artery.
Thrombosis
Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) inside a blood vessel, obstructing blood flow. It can cause serious complications in organs like the brain and lungs. A thrombus forms through platelet adhesion and aggregation at the site of injury, followed by coagulation and fibrin formation around the platelet plug. Virchow's triad outlines the factors of abnormal blood flow, endothelial dysfunction, and hypercoagulability that contribute to thrombosis. Venous thrombosis typically occurs in the leg veins, while arterial thrombosis is often associated with atherosclerosis and causes such events as myocardial infarction.
Infraction - Dr. Abhinav Golla MD. Pathology
1. An infarction is an area of ischemic necrosis in an organ resulting from reduced blood supply, usually due to arterial obstruction.
2. The main causes of infarction are thromboembolism and atherosclerosis, which interrupt arterial blood flow. This leads to localized tissue death from coagulative necrosis.
3. Pathologically, infarcts appear pale and wedge-shaped, with inflammation at the borders and eventual scar formation. Location and outcomes vary by organ, such as potentially lethal myocardial infarction or non-lethal splenic infarction.
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pathology of Atherosclerosis, dissection and aneurysm copy
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1. The document discusses atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease. Atherosclerosis is a disease of large and medium arteries characterized by plaque buildup within the artery wall.
2. Risk factors for atherosclerosis include age, gender, family history, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking, and diabetes. Grossly, plaques appear white to yellow and firm or soft. Microscopically, plaques contain macrophages, foam cells, cholesterol, and calcium.
3. Ischemic heart disease is caused by an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Myocardial infarction results from coronary artery occlusion and causes heart muscle cell death. On gross exam, infarcts appear yellow or hemorrhagic
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This document summarizes key aspects of the cardiovascular system and several cardiovascular diseases. It describes the layers of the heart, atherosclerosis which involves thickening of arteries, and the reaction to injury hypothesis for atherosclerosis development. It also summarizes ischemic heart disease including angina and myocardial infarction, rheumatic heart disease involving the valves, and infective endocarditis affecting heart valves.
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Vascular disorders can affect arteries and veins in various ways. The document discusses several types of vascular disorders including:
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2. Vasculitis refers to inflammation of blood vessels which has various immune-mediated forms that can affect large, medium, or small vessels.
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Atherosclerosis - Definition - Risk Factors - Lesser and Non Quantitated risk factors - Arterial wall - The development of Atherosclerosis - Many Features of the injury Hypothesis - The process of Atherogenesis - Pathogenesis in short - Morphology of Atheroma - Components of Atheromatous Plaque (MP) - Complications and clinical significance - Cardiovascular risk and its assessment.
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This document describes diseases of blood vessels. It begins by describing the basic structure and types of blood vessels. It then discusses various pathologies that can affect blood vessels including congenital anomalies, arteriosclerosis, hypertension, vasculitides, aneurysms, dissections, problems with veins and lymphatics, and tumors. Specific conditions discussed in more detail include abdominal aortic aneurysms, thoracic aortic aneurysms, berry aneurysms, aortic dissections, varicose veins, and various vasculitides such as Takayasu arteritis, polyarteritis nodosa, Kawasaki disease, Wegener's granulomatosis, microscopic polyangiitis, and Churg-Strauss
Pathology of blood vessels
This document summarizes pathology of blood vessels. It begins by describing the normal structure of arteries, veins and capillaries. It then discusses the cells that make up blood vessel walls and their response to injury, which can lead to intimal thickening. It also briefly mentions some congenital vessel anomalies. The majority of the document focuses on arteriosclerosis and its subtype, atherosclerosis - describing the morphology, risk factors, pathogenesis, natural history and approaches for prevention. It concludes by outlining hypertensive vascular disease, its causes and pathogenesis.
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This document discusses various hemodynamic disorders including edema, hyperemia, congestion, hemorrhage, and thrombosis. It defines these conditions and explains their causes and manifestations. Edema is abnormal fluid accumulation in tissues that can be caused by increased hydrostatic pressure, increased vascular permeability, or decreased plasma proteins. Hyperemia is increased blood flow due to arteriolar dilation during inflammation or exercise. Congestion is blood accumulation due to impaired venous outflow. Hemorrhage is blood leakage from vessels due to trauma, inflammation, or other vessel wall damage. Thrombosis and embolism involve abnormal blood clotting within or traveling from blood vessels.
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This document discusses aneurysms and vasculitis. It defines an aneurysm as a bulging or ballooning of the blood vessel wall caused by a weakened spot. Aneurysms can be true or false. True aneurysms involve all vessel wall layers, while false aneurysms involve blood leaking outside the vessel. The document describes different types of aneurysms based on location, shape, and size. It also discusses risk factors, signs and symptoms, pathophysiology, and treatments for various aneurysms. The document then defines vasculitis as inflammation of blood vessels that can affect arteries, veins or capillaries. It classifies vasculitis based on vessel size and lists different types. It discusses diagnostic approaches and challenges
6 hemodynamic disorders
1. Hemodynamic disorders involve changes in intravascular volume, pressure, or protein content that affect fluid movement across vessel walls and can cause edema, hyperemia, congestion, hemorrhage, thrombosis, embolism, infarction, or shock.
2. Edema is increased fluid in tissues, caused by increased hydrostatic pressure, reduced plasma proteins, lymphatic obstruction, sodium retention, or inflammation.
3. Thrombosis is inappropriate blood clot formation from endothelial injury, blood stasis, or hypercoagulability per Virchow's triad, and thrombi can embolize or organize.
4. Embolism occurs when a detached mass is
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Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
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About AOMA: The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin offers a masters-level graduate program in acupuncture and Oriental medicine, preparing its students for careers as skilled, professional practitioners. AOMA is known for its internationally recognized faculty, award-winning student clinical internship program, and herbal medicine program. Since its founding in 1993, AOMA has grown rapidly in size and reputation, drawing students from around the nation and faculty from around the world. AOMA also conducts more than 20,000 patient visits annually in its student and professional clinics. AOMA collaborates with Western healthcare institutions including the Seton Family of Hospitals, and gives back to the community through partnerships with nonprofit organizations and by providing free and reduced price treatments to people who cannot afford them. The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin is located at 2700 West Anderson Lane. AOMA also serves patients and retail customers at its south Austin location, 4701 West Gate Blvd. For more information see www.aoma.edu or call 512-492-303434.
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Cvs
- 2. ATHEROSCLEROSIS • Specific form of arteriosclerosis affecting primarily the intima of large and medium sized muscular arteries and characterized by fibrofatty plaques or atheroma. • Most commonly affected vessels- aorta , coronary , cerebral arterial system
- 3. ATHEROMATOUS PLAQUE • Gross appearance- • White to yellowish white lesion varying in diameter from 1-2 cm and raised on surface by few mm in thickness • Fatty streak – flat or slightly elevated and yellow , either in the form of small multiple dots , in the form of elongated beaded streaks. • Cut section shows firm white fibrous cap , soft , poddrige like material hence named atheroma.
- 4. • Microscopy – • Superficial luminal part of the fibrous cap is covered by endothelium , and composed of smooth muscle cell , dense connective tissue and extra cellular matrix containing proteoglycans and collagen. • Cellular area under cap is comprised of mixture of macrophages , foam cells , lymphocytes and few smooth muscle cell. • Deeper central soft core consists of extra cellular lipid materials , cholesterol clefts , fibrin , necrotic debris, lipid laden foam cells.
- 6. Complicated plaque • Various pathological changes that occur in fatty developed atheromatous plaque are called the complicated lesion . • Complications of atherosclerosis: • Calcification • Thrombosis • Hemorrhage • Aneurysm formation
- 7. Syphilitic Aortitis • Most commonly affected in tertiary stage of syphilis ( 80% cases) • Affected vessels: • Ascending aorta • Aortic arch • Gross : Affected part of aorta maybe dilated and its wall thickened and adherent to the mediastinal structure. • Intimal surface – pearly white thickening ( tree bark like appearance)
- 8. • Microscopy: • Endarteritis and periarteritis of vasa vasorum located in the media and adventitia. • Perivascular accumulation of the plasma cell lymphocytes and macrophages, forming milliary gummas, which undergo necrosis.
- 9. COR-BOVINUM • Cor bovinum refers to a massive hypertrophy of the left ventricle of the heart due to volume overload. • seen in tertiary syphilis • due to chronic aortic regurgitation
- 10. MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION • Most serious consequence of the coronary artery disease. • Types of Infarcts: • Transmural (Full thickness) • Subendocardial (Laminar)
- 13. Brown atrophy of heart • Lipofuscin or lipochrome – yellowish brown intracellular lipid pigment • seen in atrophied cells of old age, hence the name ‘wear and tear pigment’ • When seen in myocardial fibers known as brown atrophy of heart . • On microscopy , pigment is coarse , golden brown , granular and accumulates in the perinuclear part of the cell .
- 14. Brown atrophy.
- 15. Hemangioma • Lesions seen in infancy and childhood . • Common site – skin of the face • Types • Capillary hemangioma • Cavernous hemangioma • Microscopy –well defined unencapsulated lobules consisting capillary sized , thin walled, blood filled vessels lined with single layer of plump endothelial cells surrounded by layer of pericytes
- 17. Thank you