This document discusses aneurysms and vasculitis. It defines an aneurysm as a bulging or ballooning of the blood vessel wall caused by a weakened spot. Aneurysms can be true or false. True aneurysms involve all vessel wall layers, while false aneurysms involve blood leaking outside the vessel. The document describes different types of aneurysms based on location, shape, and size. It also discusses risk factors, signs and symptoms, pathophysiology, and treatments for various aneurysms. The document then defines vasculitis as inflammation of blood vessels that can affect arteries, veins or capillaries. It classifies vasculitis based on vessel size and lists different types. It discusses diagnostic approaches and challenges
An aneurysm is an enlargement of the artery. it is divided into 3type according to action, more pathology, etc. the treatment of this is commonly surgery some of the procedures also help full for the aneurysm like shutting procedure. the prevention n of this is avoid smoking, exercise...
introduction,
definition
types
causes etc
Management
Routine ultrasound procedures. These procedures will monitor the size and rate of growth of the aneurysm every 6 months to 12 months as part of a "watchful waiting" approach for smaller aneurysms.
Controlling or modifying risk factors. Steps such as quitting smoking, controlling blood sugar if diabetic, losing weight if overweight or obese, and controlling dietary fat intake may help to control the progression of the aneurysm.
Medication. Medication can control factors such as hyperlipidemia (elevated levels of fats and cholesterol in the blood) and/or high blood pressure.
Surgery
Aneurysm open repair. An incision is made to directly visualize and repair the aneurysm. A cylinder-like tube called a graft may be used to repair the aneurysm. Grafts are made of various materials, such as Dacron The open repair is considered the surgical standard for an abdominal aortic aneurysm repair
Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). EVAR is a procedure that requires only small incisions in the groin along with the use of X-ray guidance and specially-designed instruments to repair the aneurysm. With the use of special endovascular instruments and X-ray images for guidance, a stent-graft is inserted via the femoral artery and advanced up into the aorta to the site of the aneurysm.
An aneurysm is an enlargement of the artery. it is divided into 3type according to action, more pathology, etc. the treatment of this is commonly surgery some of the procedures also help full for the aneurysm like shutting procedure. the prevention n of this is avoid smoking, exercise...
introduction,
definition
types
causes etc
Management
Routine ultrasound procedures. These procedures will monitor the size and rate of growth of the aneurysm every 6 months to 12 months as part of a "watchful waiting" approach for smaller aneurysms.
Controlling or modifying risk factors. Steps such as quitting smoking, controlling blood sugar if diabetic, losing weight if overweight or obese, and controlling dietary fat intake may help to control the progression of the aneurysm.
Medication. Medication can control factors such as hyperlipidemia (elevated levels of fats and cholesterol in the blood) and/or high blood pressure.
Surgery
Aneurysm open repair. An incision is made to directly visualize and repair the aneurysm. A cylinder-like tube called a graft may be used to repair the aneurysm. Grafts are made of various materials, such as Dacron The open repair is considered the surgical standard for an abdominal aortic aneurysm repair
Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). EVAR is a procedure that requires only small incisions in the groin along with the use of X-ray guidance and specially-designed instruments to repair the aneurysm. With the use of special endovascular instruments and X-ray images for guidance, a stent-graft is inserted via the femoral artery and advanced up into the aorta to the site of the aneurysm.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
2. • An aneurysm is an outward bulging, likened to a bubble or balloon,
caused by a localized, abnormal, weak spot on a blood vessel wall
• Aneurysms may be a result of a hereditary condition or an acquired
disease
• Aneurysms can also be a nidus (starting point) for clot formation
(thrombosis) and embolization
• As an aneurysm increases in size, the risk of rupture, which leads to
uncontrolled bleeding, increases
• Although they may occur in any blood vessel, particularly lethal
examples include aneurysms of the Circle of Willis in the
brain, aortic aneurysms affecting the thoracic aorta, and abdominal
aortic aneurysms
• Aneurysms can arise in the heart itself following a heart attack,
including both ventricular and atrial septal aneurysms
3. True and false aneurysms
• A true aneurysm is one that involves all three
layers of the wall of an artery
(intima, media and adventitia)
• True aneurysms include atherosclerotic, syphilitic,
and congenital aneurysms, as well as ventricular
aneurysms that follow transmural myocardial
infarctions (aneurysms that involve all layers of
the attenuated wall of the heart are also
considered true aneurysms)
4. • A false aneurysm, or pseudoaneurysm, is a collection of
blood leaking completely out of an artery or vein but
confined next to the vessel by the surrounding tissue.
This blood-filled cavity will eventually
either thrombose (clot) enough to seal the leak or
rupture out of the surrounding tissue
• Pseudoaneurysms can be caused by trauma that
punctures the artery, such as knife and bullet wounds,as
a result of percutaneous surgical procedures such
as coronary angiography or arterial grafting, or use of
an artery for injection
5. Morphology
• Aneurysms can also be classified by their macroscopic shapes and
sizes and are described as either saccular or fusiform. The shape of
an aneurysm is not specific for a specific disease
• Saccular aneurysms, or "berry" aneurysms, are spherical in shape
and involve only a portion of the vessel wall; they usually range
from 5 to 20 cm (2.0 to 7.9 in) in diameter, and are often filled,
either partially or fully, by a thrombus
• Saccular aneurysms have a "neck” that connects the aneurysm to its
main ("parent") artery, a larger, rounded area, called the dome
• Fusiform aneurysms ("spindle-shaped" aneurysms) are variable in
both their diameter and length; their diameters can extend up to
20 cm (7.9 in). They often involve large portions of the ascending
and transverse aortic arch, the abdominal aorta, or, less frequently,
the iliac arteries
6. Location
• Aneurysms can also be classified by their location:
• Arterial and venous, with arterial being more common
• The heart, including coronary artery aneurysms, ventricular
aneurysms, aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva, and aneurysms following
cardiac surgery.
• The aorta, namely aortic aneurysms including thoracic aortic
aneurysms and abdominal aortic aneurysms
• The brain, including cerebral aneurysms, berry aneurysms
• The legs, including the popliteal arteries
• The kidney, including renal artery aneurysm and intraparechymal
aneurysms
• Capillaries, specifically capillary aneurysms.
• The Large vessels such as external and internal jugular veins
7. • Cerebral aneurysms, also known as intracranial
or brain aneurysms, occur most commonly in
the anterior cerebral artery, which is part of
the circle of Willis
• This can cause severe strokes leading to death
• The next most common sites of cerebral
aneurysm occurrence are in the internal carotid
artery
8. Signs and symptoms
• Aneurysm presentation may range from life-
threatening complications of hypovolemic
shock to being found incidentally on X-ray
• Symptoms will differ by the site of the
aneurysm and can include
9. Cerebral aneurysm
• Fatigue
• Loss of perception
• Loss of balance
• Speech problems
• Severe headaches
• Loss of vision
• Double vision
• Neck pain or stiffness
• Pain above or behind the eyes
11. Renal (kidney) aneurysm
• Flank pain and tenderness
• Hypertension
• Haematuria
• Signs of hypovolemic shock
12. Risk factors
• Risk factors for an aneurysm
include diabetes, obesity, hypertension, tobacco
use, alcoholism, high cholesterol, copper deficiency,
increasing age, and tertiary syphilis infection
• Connective tissue disorders such as Loeys-Dietz
syndrome, Marfan syndrome, and certain forms of
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome are also associated with
aneurysms
• Aneurysms, dissections, and ruptures in individuals
under 40 years of age are a major diagnostic criteria of
the vascular form of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
13. Pathophysiology
• Multiple factors, including factors affecting a blood vessel wall and the blood through the vessel,
contribute.
• The pressure of blood within the expanding aneurysm may also injure the blood vessels supplying
the artery itself, further weakening the vessel wall
• Without treatment, these aneurysms will ultimately progress and rupture
• Infection. A mycotic aneurysm is an aneurysm that results from an infectious process that involves
the arterial wall
• A person with a mycotic aneurysm has a bacterial infection in the wall of an artery, resulting in the
formation of an aneurysm
• One of the causes of mycotic aneurysms is infective endocarditis
• The most common locations include arteries in the abdomen, thigh, neck, and arm
• A mycotic aneurysm can result in sepsis, or life-threatening bleeding if the aneurysm ruptures
• Less than 3% of abdominal aortic aneurysms are mycotic aneurysms
• Syphilis. The third stage of syphilis also manifests as aneurysm of the aorta, which is due to loss of
the vasa vasorum in the tunica adventitia
• Copper deficiency. A minority of aneurysms are caused by copper deficiency, which results in a
decreased activity of the lysyl oxidase enzyme, affecting elastin, a key component in vessel walls
14. Treatment
• Endovascular or minimally invasive
techniques have been developed for many
types of aneurysms. Aneurysm clips are used
for surgical procedure i.e. clipping of
aneurysms
15. VASCULITIS
• Vasculitis is inflammation of blood vessels, often
with ischemia, necrosis, and organ inflammation
• Vasculitis can affect any blood vessel—arteries,
arterioles, veins, venules, or capillaries
• Clinical manifestations of specific vasculitic
disorders are diverse and depend on the size and
location of the involved vessels, the extent of the
organ involvement, and the degree and pattern of
extravascular inflammation
16. • Vasculitis affects all ages, although some
types are restricted to certain age groups
• Vasculitis tends to affect Caucasians,
although many African-Americans are affected
• Vasculitis has a genetic component, but is
not heritable
• Vasculitis is a chronic relapsing disease,
although some patients experience prolonged
remission
17. Inflammatory destruction of blood vessels
• Infiltration of vessel wall with inflammatory
cells
– Leukocytoclasis
– Elastic membrane disruption
• Fibrinoid necrosis of the vessel wall
• Ischemia, occlusion, thrombosis
• Aneurysm formation
• Rupture, hemorrhage
20. ANCA-associated vasculitis
• Wegener’s granulomatosis: granulomatous
inflammation involving the respiratory tract and
necrotizing vasculitis affecting small to medium-
sized vessels
• Microscopic polyangiitis: Necrotizing vasculitis
affecting the small vessels
• Churg-Strauss Syndrome: Eosinophil-rich and
granulomatous inflammation involving the
medium-sized vessels, and associated with asthma
and eosinophilia
22. • Diagnosis of a systemic vasculitis is often a diagnosis of
exclusion, based on recognition of the clinical syndrome
– e.g. Churg-Strauss: adult onset asthma x 2 years, followed by
atypical pneumonias, followed by peripheral nerve involvement
• Biopsy of involved organ is the most straightforward
method of establishing a diagnosis
– Biopsy may be helpful to exclude infection/malignancy
• Other tests may be suggestive, but not diagnostic
– ESR, CRP
– CT: pulmonary hemorrhage, cavitary lesions
– Bronchoscopy: pulmonary hemorrhage (hemosiderosis)
– Urinalysis: for patients with kidney vasculitis
– ANCA (antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies)
– Angiogram (including MRA, CT-angiogram)
Vasculitis: Diagnosis