1. Waves can transfer energy without transferring matter. The document discusses different types of waves including transverse, longitudinal, plane, and sound waves. It also covers key wave concepts such as amplitude, wavelength, frequency, speed, and direction of propagation. 2. The document discusses various wave phenomena including reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference. Activities are suggested to observe and analyze these phenomena using tools like ripple tanks and computer simulations. Formulas related to speed, wavelength and frequency are also introduced. 3. The document covers additional topics related to waves and oscillations including standing waves, resonance, and applications to sound waves and the electromagnetic spectrum. Learning outcomes focus on describing, analyzing and solving problems involving different types

1. WAVES
Learning
Suggested Learning Activities Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary
Objective
A student is able to:
1.1
Understanding Observe situations to gain an • describe what is meant by wave amplitude - amplitud
Waves idea of waves as illustrated by motion. frequency- frekuensi
vibrations in ropes, slinky longitudinal wave –
springs, or a ripple tank. gelombang
membujur
Carry out activities using a • recognise that waves transfer period - tempoh
ripple tank and a slinky spring to energy without transferring propagation –
demonstrate: matter. perambatan
a) that waves transfer energy • compare transverse and resonance -
without transferring matter, longitudinal waves and give resonans
b) transverse and longitudinal examples of each. transverse wave –
waves, • state what is meant by a gelombang
c) wavefronts, wavefront. melintang
d) the direction of • state the direction of vibration – getaran
propagation of waves in wavefront – muka
propagation of waves in relation
relation to wavefronts. to wavefronts. gelombang
wavelength –
View computer simulations to panjang gelombang
gain an idea of: wave – gelombang
a) transverse and longitudinal
waves,
b) wavefronts,
c) direction of propagation of
waves in relation to
wavefronts for transverse
and longitudinal waves.
16

2. Learning
Suggested Learning Activities Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary
Objective
Observe an oscillating system
such as a simple pendulum or a • define
loaded spring to define i.amplitude,
amplitude, period and ii.period,
frequency. iii.frequency,
iv.wavelength,
View computer simulations to v.wave speed.
gain an understanding of:
a)amplitude (a),
b)period (T),
c)frequency (f),
d)wavelength(λ),
e)wave speed (v).
Discuss amplitude and period
with the aid of a displacement- • sketch and interpret a
time graph for a wave. displacement-time graph for a
wave.
Discuss amplitude and
wavelength with the aid of a • sketch and interpret a
displacement-distance graph for displacement-distance graph for
a wave. a wave.
Discuss the relationship v = fλ can be
between speed, wavelength and • clarify the relationship between derived from
frequency. speed, wavelength and s
frequency. v=
t
Discuss to solve problems
involving speed, wavelength • solve problems involving speed,
and frequency. wavelength and frequency.
17

3. Learning
Suggested Learning Activities Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary
Objective
Observe and discuss the effect • describe damping in a oscillating
of: system.
a) damping in an oscillating • describe resonance in a
system oscillating system.
b) resonance in an
oscillating system such
as a Barton’s pendulum.
A student is able to:
1.2
Analysing Carry out activities to observe • describe reflection of waves in Reflection of angle of incidence –
reflection of reflection of: terms of the angle of incidence, circular water sudut tuju
waves a) plane waves in a ripple angle of reflection, wavelength, waves and the angle of reflection –
tank, frequency, speed and direction use of curved sudut pantulan
b) light , of propagation. reflectors are echo - gema
c) sound waves. • draw a diagram to show not required. plane wave –
reflection of waves. gelombang satah
Discuss the characteristics of reflection – pantulan
the reflected wave in terms of ripple tank – tangki
the angle of reflection, riak
wavelength, frequency, speed sound wave –
and direction of propagation in gelombang bunyi
relation to the incident wave.
View computer simulations of
reflection of waves.
18

4. Learning
Suggested Learning Activities Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary
Objective
A student is able to:
1.3
Analysing Carry out activities to observe • describe refraction of waves in Include angle of refraction –
refraction of refraction of: terms of the angle of incidence, refraction of sudut pembiasan
waves a) plane water waves in a angle of refraction, wavelength, water waves refraction –
ripple tank, frequency, speed and direction over straight, pembiasan
b) light waves, of propagation. concave and LIGHT SENSOR
c) sound waves. • draw a diagram to show convex
refraction of waves. transparent CBL MICROPHONE
Discuss the characteristics of blocks.
the refracted wave in terms of
the angle of refraction,
wavelength, frequency, speed
and direction of propagation in
relation to the incident wave.
View computer simulations of
refraction of waves.
A student is able to:
1.4
Analysing Carry out activities to observe • describe diffraction of waves in Discuss the diffraction -
diffraction of diffraction of: terms of wavelength, frequency, effect of size pembelauan
waves a) water waves in a ripple speed, direction of propagation of gap on the
tank, and shape of waves. degree of
b) light waves, • draw a diagram to show diffraction.
c) sound waves. diffraction of waves.
Discuss the characteristics of
the diffracted waves in terms of
wavelength, frequency, speed,
19

5. Learning
Suggested Learning Activities Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary
Objective
direction of propagation and
shape of waves in relation to the
incident wave.
View computer simulations on
diffraction of waves.
A student is able to:
1.5
Analysing Observe a mechanical model • state the principle of Young’s interference –
interference of such as a slinky spring to gain superposition. double-slit interferens
waves an idea of superposition. experiment interference
may be used patterns– corak
Carry out activities to observe • explain the interference of to show interferens
interference patterns of: waves. interference of superposition -
a) water waves in a ripple tank, • draw interference patterns. light. superposisi
b) light waves, • interpret interference patterns.
c) sound waves.
Discuss constructive and
destructive interference.
λ - w ave-
ax • solve problems involving length
Discuss λ = . x - the
D ax
λ= . distance
D between two
consecutive
nodes
a - the
distance
between the
two wave
20

6. Learning
Suggested Learning Activities Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary
Objective
sources
D – the
perpendicular
distance from
the source to
the position
where x is
measured
A student is able to:
1.6
Analysing sound Discuss • describe sound waves. loudness –
waves a) the production of sound by kenyaringan
vibrating sources pitch - kelangsingan
b) sound waves as a vibration – getaran
longitudinal wave requiring a CBL MICROPHONE
medium for propagation.
View computer simulations or • explain how the loudness
carry out activities to observe relates to amplitude.
the effect of: • explain how the pitch relates to
a) amplitude on loudness, frequency.
b) frequency on pitch.
View computer simulations or • describe applications of
video to gain an idea of reflection of sound waves.
applications of sound waves. • calculate distances using the
reflection of sound waves.
Research and report on
applications of the reflection of
sound waves, e.g. sonar and
ultrasound scanning.
21

7. Learning
Suggested Learning Activities Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary
Objective
A student is able to:
1.7
Analysing Research and report on the • describe the electromagnetic Emphasise electromagnetic
electromagnetic components of the spectrum. that the spectrum –
waves electromagnetic spectrum in • state that visible light is a part of electro- spektrum
terms of: the electromagnetic spectrum. magnetic electromagnet
a) decreasing wavelength and • list sources of electromagnetic spectrum is gamma rays – sinar
increasing frequency, waves. continuous. gama
b) sources. infrared rays – sinar
inframerah
Discuss the properties of • describe the properties of microwaves –
electromagnetic waves. electromagnetic waves. gelombang mikro
optical fibres –
Discuss applications of gentian optik
electromagnetic waves such as: • describe applications of radio waves –
a) radio waves in broadcasting electromagnetic waves. gelombang radio
and communications, ultraviolet rays –
b) microwaves in satellites and sinar
cellular telephones, ultralembayung/ultra
c) infra-red rays in household ungu
appliances, remote controls visible light – cahaya
and night-vision devices, tampak
d) visible light in optical fibres X-rays – sinar X
and photography,
e) ultraviolet rays in
fluorescent lamps and
sterilisation,
f) X-rays in hospital and
engineering applications,
g) gamma rays in medical
treatment.
22

8. Learning
Suggested Learning Activities Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary
Objective
Research and report on the
detrimental effects of excessive • describe the detrimental effects
exposure to certain components of excessive exposure to certain
of the electromagnetic components of the
spectrum. electromagnetic spectrum.
23

9. ELECTRICITY
Learning Suggested Learning
Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary
Objective Activities
A student is able to:
2.1
Analysing electric Discuss electric current as the • state the relationship between Recall the electric charge – cas
fields and charge Q electron flow and electric activity carried elektrik
flow rate of charge flow, i.e. I = current. out using a electric current – arus
t
• define electric current. Van de Graff elektrik
• describe an electric field. generator to electric field – medan
Carry out activities/view
• sketch electric field lines show the elektrik
computer simulations to study
showing the direction of the relationship electron flow – aliran
electric field lines for different
field. between electron
arrangements of charges.
electric charge CONDUCTIVITY
• describe the effect of an electric and current SENSOR
Observe the effect of an electric
field on a charge. flow.
field on:
a) a ping-pong ball coated with
I – current
conducting material,
Q – charge
b) a candle flame.
t - time
Discuss to solve problems • solve problems involving
involving problems involving electric charge and current.
electric charge and current.
A student is able to:
2.2
Analysing the View computer simulations to • define potential difference. Potential potential difference –
relationship gain an understanding of difference and beza keupayaan
between electric potential difference. voltage may resistance – rintangan
current and be used inter- voltage – voltan
potential changeably work – kerja
difference here. CURRENT/VOLTAGE
24

10. Learning Suggested Learning
Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary
Objective Activities
Discuss potential difference(V) SENSOR SYSTEM
as work done (W) when moving
1C of charge(Q) between two CONDUCTIVITY
points in an electric field, i.e. SENSOR
W
V =
Q.
Plan and conduct an • plan and conduct an experiment
experiment to find the to find the relationship between
relationship between current current and potential difference.
and potential difference for an • describe the relationship
ohmic conductor. between current and potential
difference.
Discuss Ohm’s law as the • state Ohm’s law.
relationship between potential • define resistance.
difference and current at
constant temperature.
Discuss resistance as the ratio
of potential difference to current
for an ohmic conductor.
Conduct experiments to study • explain factors that affect
and discuss factors that affect resistance.
resistance, i.e. the type of
material, cross-sectional area,
length and temperature.
• solve problems involving
Discuss to solve problems potential difference, current and
involving potential difference, resistance.
current and resistance.
25

11. Learning Suggested Learning
Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary
Objective Activities
Research and report on • describe superconductors.
superconductors.
A student is able to:
2.3
Analysing series Carry out activities to identify • identify series and parallel effective resistance –
and parallel series and parallel circuits. circuits. rintangan berkesan
circuits parallel circuits – litar
Carry out activities to study the • compare the current and selari
current, I, and potential potential difference of series series circuit – litar
difference, V, in series and circuits and parallel circuits. sesiri
parallel circuits using ammeters CURRENT/VOLTAGE
and voltmeters to show the SENSOR SYSTEM
value of I and V.
Calculate the effective • determine the effective
resistance of resistors resistance of resistors
connected in: connected in series.
a) series, • determine the effective
b) parallel. resistance of resistors
connected in parallel.
Discuss and apply principles of • solve problems involving
current, potential difference and current, potential difference and
resistance in series and parallel resistance in series circuits,
circuits to new situations and to parallel circuits and their
solve problems. combinations.
26

12. Learning Suggested Learning
Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary
Objective Activities
A student is able to:
2.4
Analysing Discuss e.m.f. as the work • define electromotive force Clarify that electromotive force –
electromotive done by a source in driving a (e.m.f.). e.m.f. is not a daya gerak elektrik
force and internal unit charge around a complete force but internal resistance –
resistance circuit. energy per rintangan dalam
unit charge.
Carry out activities to
distinguish between e.m.f. and • compare e.m.f. and potential
potential difference. difference.
Carry out an activity to study • explain internal resistance.
internal resistance.
Carry out an activity to • determine e.m.f. and internal
determine e.m.f. and internal resistance.
resistance of a battery by
plotting a voltage against
current graph.
Discuss to solve problems • solve problems involving e.m.f.
involving e.m.f. and internal and internal resistance.
resistance.
A student is able to:
2.5
Analysing Discuss the relationship • define electrical energy. energy efficiency –
electrical energy between: • define electric power. kecekapan tenaga
and power a) energy (E), voltage (V), power – kuasa
current (I) and time (t),
b) power (P), voltage (V) and
27

13. Learning Suggested Learning
Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary
Objective Activities
current(I), • solve problems involving
Discuss to solve problems electrical energy and power.
involving electrical energy and
power.
• compare power rating and
Compare the power rating of energy consumption of various
various household appliances electrical appliances.
and calculate energy used for a
fixed period of time.
• compare various electrical
Carry out activities to compare appliances in terms of efficient
household electrical appliances use of energy.
that perform the same function
such as a tungsten-filament
light bulb and an ‘energy-saver’
bulb in terms of efficient use of
energy.
• describe ways of increasing
Research and report on ways of energy efficiency.
increasing energy efficiency in
the home or school.
Discuss the importance of
maintenance in ensuring
efficiency of electrical
appliances.
28

14. ELECTROMAGNETISM
Learning Suggested Learning
Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary
Objective Activities
A student is able to:
3.1
Analysing the Recall what an electromagnet • state what an electromagnet is. The right- coil – gegelung
magnetic effect of is. hand grip solenoid – solenoid
a current-carrying • draw the magnetic field pattern rule may be MAGNETIC FIELD
conductor Carry out activities to study the due to a current in a: introduced. SENSOR
pattern and direction of the i. straight wire,
magnetic field due to a current ii. coil, CURRENT/VOLTAG
in a: iii. solenoid. E SENSOR SYSTEM
a) straight wire,
b) coil,
c) solenoid.
• plan and conduct experiments
Plan and conduct experiments to study factors that affect the
to study factors that affect the strength of the magnetic field of
strength of a magnetic field of an electromagnet.
an electromagnet, i.e.:
a) the number of turns on
the coil,
b) the size of current
carried by the coil,
c) the use of a soft iron
core. • describe applications of
electromagnets.
Research and report on
applications of electromagnets
such as in electric bells, circuit
breakers, electromagnetic
relays and telephone ear-
29

15. Learning Suggested Learning
Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary
Objective Activities
pieces.
A student is able to:
3.2
Understanding the Carry out activities to show the • describe what happens to a Fleming’s current-carrying
force on a current- force on a current-carrying current-carrying conductor in a left-hand rule conductor –
carrying conductor conductor in a magnetic field magnetic field. may be konduktor membawa
in a magnetic field including the effect of reversing introduced. arus
the direction of the current and direct current motor –
magnetic field. motor arus terus
magnetic field –
View computer simulations to • draw the pattern of the medan magnet
gain an understanding of the combined magnetic field due to moving-coil ammeter
resultant magnetic field a current-carrying conductor in – ammeter gegelung
obtained by combining the a magnetic field. bergerak
magnetic fields due to a • describe how a current-carrying MAGNETIC FIELD
current-carrying conductor and conductor in a magnetic field SENSOR
a magnet. experiences a force.
CURRENT/VOLTAG
E SENSOR SYSTEM
• explain the factors that affect
Carry out experiments to study the magnitude of the force on a
factors that affect the force on current-carrying conductor in a
a current-carrying conductor in magnetic field. The working
a magnetic field and discuss principle of a
how they affect the force on a moving-coil
current-carrying conductor in a ammeter
magnetic field. may also be
• describe how a current-carrying discussed.
Carry out activities to observe coil in a magnetic field
the turning effect of a current-
30

16. Learning Suggested Learning
Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary
Objective Activities
carrying coil in a magnetic field. experiences a turning force.
• describe how a direct current
Discuss how the turning effect motor works.
of a current carrying-coil in a Comparisons
magnetic field is used in the to an
action of a motor. alternating
• state factors that affect the current motor
Carry out activities or view speed of rotation of an electric may also be
computer simulations to study motor. discussed.
factors that affect the speed of
rotation of an electric motor.
A student is able to:
3.3
Analysing Carry out activities to observe • describe electromagnetic Faraday’s alternating current –
electromagnetic electromagnetic induction in a: induction. law and arus ulang-alik
induction a) straight wire, Lenz’s law direct current – arus
b) solenoid. may be terus
introduced. electromagnetic
Discuss electromagnetic induction – aruhan
induction as the production of Fleming’s electromagnet
electromotive force in a right-hand MAGNETIC FIELD
conductor when there is relative rule may be SENSOR
motion of the conductor across introduced.
a magnetic field. CURRENT/VOLTAG
E SENSOR SYSTEM
Discuss the direction of the • indicate the direction of the
induced current in a: induced current in a:
a) straight wire, i. straight wire,
31

17. Learning Suggested Learning
Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary
Objective Activities
b) solenoid. ii. solenoid.
Carry out activities to study • explain factors that affect the
factors that affect the magnitude of the induced
magnitude of the induced current.
current and discuss how they
affect the magnitude of the
induced current.
Research and report on
applications of electromagnetic • describe applications of
induction such as in direct electromagnetic induction.
current (d.c.) and alternating
current (a.c.) generators.
Observe and discuss the output
generated by a direct current • compare direct current and
and alternating current source alternating current
on a display unit such as a
cathode ray oscilloscope.
A student is able to:
3.4
Analysing Carry out activities to gain an • describe the structure and the primary – primer
transformers understanding of the structure operating principle of a simple secondary - sekunder
and the operating principle of a transformer. step-down
simple step-up transformer and • compare and contrast a step-up transformer –
a step-down transformer. transformer and a step-down transformer injak
transformer. turun
step-up transformer –
32

18. Learning Suggested Learning
Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary
Objective Activities
transformer injak naik
MAGNETIC FIELD
Vp Np SENSOR
Carry out activities to study the • state that = for an ideal
relationship between number of Vs Ns CURRENT/VOLTAG
turns of the primary coil (Np), transformer. E SENSOR SYSTEM
number of turns of the
secondary coil (Ns) primary
voltage (Vp) and secondary
voltage (Vs).
• state that VpIp =VsIs for an ideal
Discuss the relationship transformer.
between output and input power
in an ideal transformer, i.e. VpIp
=VsIs.
• describe the energy losses in a
Discuss transformer.
a) energy losses in a • describe ways to improve the
transformer, efficiency of a transformer.
b) ways to improve the
efficiency of a
transformer. • solve problems involving
transformers
Discuss to solve problems
involving transformers.
A student is able to:
3.5
Understanding the Research and report on various • list sources of energy used to biomass – biojisim
generation and sources of energy used to generate electricity. hydro – hidro
transmission of generate electricity such as National Grid Network
33

19. Learning Suggested Learning
Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary
Objective Activities
electricity hydro, gas, nuclear, diesel, coal, – Rangkaian Grid
biomass, sun and wind. Nasional
• describe the various ways of tranmission –
View computer simulations to generating electricity. penghantaran
gain an understanding on the
use of various sources to renewable energy –
generate electricity. tenaga diperbaharui
• describe the transmission of
Study a model of electricity electricity.
transmission.
• describe the energy loss in
Discuss the energy loss in electricity transmission cables
cables and the advantage of and deduce the advantage of
high voltage transmission. high voltage transmission.
• state the importance of the
View computer simulations to National Grid Network.
gain an understanding of the
National Grid Network. • solve problems involving
electricity transmission.
Research and report on:
a) the importance of the • explain the importance of
National Grid Network in renewable energy.
terms of efficient energy
distribution,
• explain the effects on the
b) the importance of energy
environment caused by the use
efficiency and renewable
of various sources to generate
energy sources in view of
electricity.
limited energy sources,
c) the effects on the
environment caused by the
use of various sources to
generate electricity.
34

20. Learning Suggested Learning
Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary
Objective Activities
35

21. ELECTRONICS
Learning
Suggested Learning Activities Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary
Objective
A student is able to:
4.1
Understanding the View computer simulations to • explain thermionic emission. thermionic emission
uses of the gain an understanding of – pancaran termion
Cathode Ray thermionic emission. cathode rays – sinar
Oscilloscope katod
(C.R.O.) Carry out activities to study the • describe the properties of cathode ray
properties of cathode rays using cathode rays. oscilloscope –
apparatus such as the Maltese osiloskop sinar
Cross tube. katod
fluorescent -
Discuss the cathode ray • describe the working principle of pendafluor
oscilloscope from the following the cathode ray oscilloscope.
aspects:
a) electron gun,
b) deflection system,
c) fluorescent screen,
d) energy changes.
Carry out activities using a • measure potential difference
C.R.O. to: using the C.R.O.
a) measure potential • measure short time intervals
difference, using the C.R.O.
b) measure short time • display wave forms using the
intervals, C.R.O.
c) display wave forms.
• solve problems based on the
Discuss to solve problems
C.R.O. display.
based on the C.R.O. display.
36

22. Learning
Suggested Learning Activities Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary
Objective
A student is able to:
4.2
Understanding View computer simulations to • describe semiconductors in doping –
semiconductor gain an understanding of terms of resistance and free pengedopan
diodes properties of semiconductors in electrons. diode - diod
terms of its resistance and free semiconductor –
electrons. semikonductor
rectification –
View computer simulations to The term retifikasi
gain an understanding of: • describe n-type and p-type doping may full wave –
a) n-type and p-type semiconductors. be gelombang penuh
semiconductors, • describe semiconductor diodes. introduced. half wave –
b) semiconductor diodes. gelombang
setengah
Carry out activities to observe capacitor - kapasitor
current flow through a • describe the function of diodes.
semiconductor diode (p-n
junction) in forward bias or
reverse bias.
Build a half-wave rectifier circuit
and a full-wave rectifier circuit. • describe the use of diodes as
rectifiers.
Observe half-wave rectification
and full-wave rectification using
an instrument such as a C.R.O.
Observe and discuss the effect
of putting a capacitor in a: • describe the use of a capacitor
a) half-wave rectifier circuit, to smooth out output current and
b) full-wave rectifier circuit. output voltage in a rectifier
37

23. Learning
Suggested Learning Activities Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary
Objective
circuit.
A student is able to:
4.3
Understanding With the aid of diagrams, • describe a transistor in terms of base - tapak
transistors discuss a transistor in terms of its terminals. emitter - pengeluar
its terminals, i.e. base, collector collector –
and emitter. pengumpul
transistor - transistor
Carry out activities to show a • describe how a transistor can be
transistor as a current amplifier. used as a current amplifier.
Set up a transistor-based • describe how a transistor can be
electronic circuit that functions used as an automatic switch.
as a light, heat or sound-
controlled switch.
A student is able to:
4.4
Analysing logic Discuss logic gates as switching • state that logic gates are logic gate
gates circuits in computers and other switching circuits in computers – get logik
electronic systems. and other electronic systems.
Research and report on symbols • list and draw symbols for the
for the following logic gates: following logic gates:
a) AND, i. AND,
b) OR, ii. OR,
c) NOT, iii. NOT,
d) NAND, iv. NAND,
e) NOR v. NOR.
38

24. Learning
Suggested Learning Activities Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary
Objective
Carry out activities to study the • state the action of the following
action of the following logic logic gates in a truth table:
gates: i. AND,
a.AND, ii. OR,
b.OR, iii. NOT,
c.NOT, iv. NAND,
d.NAND, v. NOR.
e.NOR.
Build truth tables for logic gates • build truth tables for logic gates
and their combinations. in combination for a maximum of
2 inputs.
Research and report on logic • describe applications of logic
gate control systems such as in gate control systems.
security systems, safety
systems and street lights.
39

25. RADIOACTIVITY
Learning Suggested Learning
Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary
Objective Activities
A student is able to:
5.1
Understanding View computer simulations or • describe the composition of the nuclide – nuklid
the nucleus of an models to gain an nucleus of an atom in terms of isotope – isotop
atom understanding of: protons and neutrons. proton number –
a) the composition of the • define proton number (Z) and nombor proton
nucleus, nucleon number (A). mass number –
b) isotopes. • explain the term nuclide nombor jisim
A
• use the nuclide notation Z X .
Research and report on the
terms nuclide and isotope. • define the term isotope.
A student is able to:
5.2
Analysing View computer simulations to • state what radioactivity is. The structure radioactivity –
radioactive decay gain an understanding of • name common detectors for of detectors keradioaktifan
radioactivity. radioactive emissions. are not decay – reputan
required. unstable – tidak
Discuss: stabil
a) that radioactivity is the half-life – setengah-
spontaneous disintegration hayat
of an unstable nucleus
accompanied by the
emission of energetic
particles or photons,
b) the detection of radioactive
emission using detectors
such as cloud chambers
and Geiger-Muller tubes,
40

26. Learning Suggested Learning
Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary
Objective Activities
Discuss the characteristics of • compare the 3 kinds of
radioactive emissions i.e. alpha radioactive emissions in terms of
particles, beta particles and their nature.
gamma rays in terms of their:
a) relative ionising effects,
b) relative penetrating
powers,
c) deflection by electric
and magnetic fields.
Discuss radioactive decay with • explain what radioactive decay is.
the aid of equations • use equations to represent
changes in the composition of the
Carry out activities to gain an nucleus when particles are
understanding of half-life. emitted.
• explain half-life.
Discuss a typical decay curve. • determine half-life from a decay
curve.
Discuss to solve problems • solve problems involving half-life.
involving half-life.
A student is able to:
5.3
Understanding Discuss radioisotopes. • define radioisotopes.
the uses of • name examples of radioisotopes.
radioisotopes Research and report on
applications of radioisotopes in • describe applications of
the fields of: radioisotopes.
a) medicine,
b) agriculture,
c) archaeology,
d) industry.
41

27. Learning Suggested Learning
Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary
Objective Activities
View computer simulations on
applications of radioisotopes.
Visit the Malaysian Institute for
Nuclear Technology Research
(MINT) or other suitable places
to see various applications of
radioisotopes.
A student is able to:
5.4
Understanding View computer simulations to • define atomic mass unit (a.m.u.). chain reaction –
nuclear energy gain an understanding of: • describe nuclear fission. tindak balas berantai
a) nuclear fission, • give examples of nuclear fission. nuclear fission –
b) chain reactions, • describe chain reactions. pembelahan nukleus
c) nuclear fusion. • describe nuclear fusion. nuclear fusion –
• give examples of nuclear fusion. pelakuran nukleus
Discuss:
a) atomic mass unit (a.m.u.),
b) nuclear fission,
c) chain reactions,
d) nuclear fusion.
• relate the release of energy in a
Discuss the relationship
nuclear reaction with a change of
between mass defect and the
mass according to the equation
nuclear energy produced in
E=mc2.
nuclear fission and nuclear
fusion, i.e. E=mc2.
• describe the generation of
electricity from nuclear fission.
Research and report on the
generation of electricity from
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28. Learning Suggested Learning
Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary
Objective Activities
nuclear energy.
Discuss the pros and cons of • justify the use of nuclear fission in
using nuclear fission to the generation of electricity.
generate electricity.
• solve problems involving nuclear
Discuss to solve problems energy.
involving nuclear energy.
A student is able to:
5.5
Realising the Research and report on: • describe the negative effects of
importance of a) the negative effects of radioactive substances.
proper radioactive substances,
management of b) safety precautions that • describe safety precautions
radioactive should be taken when needed in the handling of
substances handling radioactive radioactive substances.
substances,
c) management of radioactive • describe the management of
waste. radioactive waste.
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