This document discusses current concepts and future directions regarding violence. It covers several topics: 1. It outlines various theoretical underpinnings and definitions of violence, as well as the links between violence and mental illness. It also discusses different types of violence and why the topic is important. 2. Over the centuries, the science of violence has developed from early philosophical and medical models to modern biological and social theories. However, there is still no consensus on explanations for violence. 3. Current preventive trends aim to reduce violence through ongoing training, domestic violence targets, and national audits. However, more work still needs to be done to fully understand violence and how to prevent it.

1. Violence current concepts and future directions Dr.JP.Rajendran, 2008-09

2. Objectives Theoretical underpinnings of violence The links between the links violence – mental illness Management of violence

3. Current violent trends graph

4. Violence – definition Dominance / assertive – aggression – violence Attitude / intention / legal implications Violence –excessive force used with an intention to cause harm to animals, humans or property…often linked to crime

5. The types of violence … ( Home office counting rules) Violence against the person Criminal damage Sexual offences Robbery Aggravated burglary Different category burglary, theft, fraud and forgery, drug related offences, Vehicle and other theft categories.

6. Why is this topic important? Violent persons develop mental illness – more in prison settings Mentally ill can become violent and/or illness can worsen in prison

8. Violence as a concept Cannot be measured Difficult to define Variety of behaviours Unpredictable Complex interplay social/situational factors

9. Other problem issues 22 theories Famous experiment - 1999 Ellis Only 17% criminologists agree on same model of explanation

10. The Science of violence 1746 – 1916 Cesare beccaria - founding father propensity to violence / crime Italy and france Later Developments by Philosopher, mathematician, physician and sociologist

11. Britain Jeremy Bentham Philosopher 18th century ‘panoptican’ – model prison The role of visibility and surveillance Prisoners should never know they are observed English utilitarianism

12. Medical model Cesare lombroso – physician 18th century Skull characters 78% abnormal in male offenders 27% abnormal in female offenders 51% abnormal in prostitutes

13. Mathematical models Adolph quetelet – positivism Statistician – 18th century

14. Social models of violence Emilie durkheim Famous suicidal theories Nature of economic conditions and not of individual abnormalities Successor willem bonger

15. 20th century biological theories Adopted parents Vs biologial parents – experiements Medwick/Gabriel/Hutchinson Eysencks theories Moderately built evidence in favour of genes and environmental interactions

16. 20th century social theories Bongers’s Egoistic tendency to gain social position Merton’s anomie or ‘dislocation’ Shame as a main factor leading to violence Respect the Hoodies campaign A famous Movie Dialogue 

17. Other social theories Murray’s Right realism – blames capitalism Young’s Left realism – blames relative deprivation Theory of self control – hirschis Social bond with others prevents all of us doing harm and losing privileges Lack of intimate relationships, freedom from conventional ties explored

18. Katz’s seduction - compulsion theory What does it mean to feel, smell, taste, sound, taste or look like to commit a violent act The original stories of Piero Riviera in a French village – analysed by Foucault The infamous Jean Genet, accomplished French novelist , who chose a life of criminal. A recent example from ward 1

19. Jean genet 1910 – 1986 Sentenced to life in 1949, rescued by jean paul Sartre/ cocteau

20. Pavlovian conditioning Violent behaviours are best seen as unconditioned stimuli. We are naturally programmed to feel rewarded on contemplation and execution Parents. Teachers, peers start delivering punishments throughout our life time for such behaviours We are conditioned not even to think about them

21. Evidence for conditioning Introverts easily conditioned social conformity seen Extraverts and psychoticism difficult to condition more violence seen Day center programs

22. Conditioning and re -offending Once violent activity has occurred - de-sensitised to the same issue– easy to repeat them again. Re-sensitization used in treatment settings

23. Self control theory Hirschi /grottesdon Stable trait – resistant to extinction Usually a violent person ignores the long term complication of his actions Some of us can't go wrong – cannot override the long term complications – anxiety signal

24. Multiple paradigm field Too many facts and ideas Scientific coherence in understanding General advice: Touch it standard – Pisa tower Near and far standard – micro/macro systems The few to many standard –Occam's razor Exactly how standards – demo

25. DISPOSITIONAL VIOLENCE I HAVE PMS AND A HANDGUN. ANY QUESTIONS ?

26. Dispositional THEORIES Violence in A & E – pain, low frustration tolerance Violence in medium secure / prisons – lack of mobility, section 17 leave, M.I, withdrawal POST-Partum/ pre-menstrual Homelessness

27. Abolitionist theory Penal reform theories Social movement A good theoretical perspective

28. Current preventive trends

29. And controversies !

30. Facts and trivia Schizophrenia and alcohol Depression Borderline PD / Anti social PD Drug related problems Past history Male sex Growing up witnessing physical violence Playing Video games

31. Gender and violence

32. Facts contd.. Testosterone Extra – ‘y’ chromosome Dysmorphic features Neuro transmitter theory Growing up in verbally aggressive family

33. Victims characteristics

34. National targets National audit on violence Ongoing training Domestic violence targets Violence against NHS staff Guidelines and review documents

35. Thank you…..