Integer addition and subtraction can be performed using ripple carry adders and carry lookahead adders. Ripple carry adders consist of cascaded full adders where the carry output of each stage is input to the next. This results in a delay until the final output is reached. Carry lookahead adders reduce this propagation delay by computing carry bits in parallel rather than series. Shift-and-add multiplication works by shifting and adding the multiplicand to itself based on the bits of the multiplier, similar to the hand multiplication algorithm.
Implementation and Simulation of Ieee 754 Single-Precision Floating Point Mul...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Computer arithmetics (computer organisation & arithmetics) pptSuryaKumarSahani
This is a presentation of explanation of various computer arithmetic including Binary addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Also Floating point addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division operations.
a technical review of efficient and high speed adders for vedic multipliersINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
n the VLSI system design, the main regions of research are the reduced size & increase speed path logic systems. A fundamental requirement of high speed, addition and multiplication is always needed for the high performance digital processors. In the digital system, the speed of addition depend on the propagation of carry, which is generated successively, after the previous bit has been summed & carry is propagated, into the next location. There are numerous types of adders available likes Ripple Carry Adder, Carry Look Ahead Adder, Carry Save Adder, Carry Avoid Adder, and Carry Select Adder, which have their own benefits and drawbacks. With the advances technology, proposal of Carry select adder (CSA) which deals either of the high speed, low power consumption, regularity of layout a smaller amount area and compact VLSI design implementation. Researchers justify that Ripple Carry Adder had a lesser area but having lesser in speed, in comparing with Carry Select Adders are fastest speed but possess a larger area. The Carry Look Ahead Adder is in between the spectrum having proper trade-offs between time and area complexities.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Implementation and Simulation of Ieee 754 Single-Precision Floating Point Mul...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Computer arithmetics (computer organisation & arithmetics) pptSuryaKumarSahani
This is a presentation of explanation of various computer arithmetic including Binary addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Also Floating point addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division operations.
a technical review of efficient and high speed adders for vedic multipliersINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
n the VLSI system design, the main regions of research are the reduced size & increase speed path logic systems. A fundamental requirement of high speed, addition and multiplication is always needed for the high performance digital processors. In the digital system, the speed of addition depend on the propagation of carry, which is generated successively, after the previous bit has been summed & carry is propagated, into the next location. There are numerous types of adders available likes Ripple Carry Adder, Carry Look Ahead Adder, Carry Save Adder, Carry Avoid Adder, and Carry Select Adder, which have their own benefits and drawbacks. With the advances technology, proposal of Carry select adder (CSA) which deals either of the high speed, low power consumption, regularity of layout a smaller amount area and compact VLSI design implementation. Researchers justify that Ripple Carry Adder had a lesser area but having lesser in speed, in comparing with Carry Select Adders are fastest speed but possess a larger area. The Carry Look Ahead Adder is in between the spectrum having proper trade-offs between time and area complexities.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Student information management system project report ii.pdf
CSO PPT.pptx
1. Integer Addition And Substraction
•To execute arithmetic operations there is a separate
section called arithmetic processing unit in central
processing unit. The arithmetic instructions are
performed generally on binary or decimal data. Fixed-
point numbers are used to represent integers or
fractions. We can have signed or unsigned negative
numbers. Fixed-point addition is the simplest arithmetic
operation.
•
2. • In order to solve the computational problems, arithmetic
instructions are used in digital computers that manipulate
data. These instructions perform arithmetic calculations.
And these instructions perform a great activity in
processing data in a digital computer.
• As we already stated that with the four basic arithmetic
operations addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division, it is possible to derive other arithmetic operations
and solve scientific problems by means of numerical
analysis methods.
• A processor has an arithmetic processor(as a sub part of it)
that executes arithmetic operations. The data type,
assumed to reside in processor, registers during the
execution of an arithmetic instruction.
• Negative numbers may be in a signed magnitude or signed
complement representation. There are three ways of
representing negative fixed point - binary numbers signed
magnitude, signed 1’s complement or signed 2’s
complement. Most computers use the signed magnitude
representation for the mantissa.
3. • Addition and Subtraction :
• Addition and Subtraction with Signed –
Magnitude Data We designate the magnitude of
the two numbers by A and B. Where the signed
numbers are added or subtracted, we find that
there are eight different conditions to consider,
depending on the sign of the numbers and the
operation performed.
• These conditions are listed in the first column of
Table 4.1. The other columns in the table show
the actual operation to be performed with the
magnitude of the numbers. The last column is
needed to present a negative zero.
4.
5.
6. Ripple Carry Adder
• In digital electronics adding of two-bit binary numbers
can be possible by using half adder.
• And if the input sequence has a three-bit sequence,
then the addition process can be completed by using a
full adder. But if the numbers of bits are more in the
input sequence then the process can be completed by
using half adder.
• Because full adder cannot be able to complete the
addition operation. So these drawbacks can be
overcome by using “Ripple Carry Adder”.
• It’s a unique type of logic circuit used for adding the N-
bit numbers in digital operations. This article describes
an overview of what is ripple-carry-adder and its
operation.
7. • What is Ripple Carry Adder?
• A structure of multiple full adders is cascaded in a manner to
gives the results of the addition of an n bit binary sequence.
• This adder includes cascaded full adders in its structure so,
the carry will be generated at every full adder stage in a
ripple-carry adder circuit.
• These carry output at each full adder stage is forwarded to its
next full adder and there applied as a carry input to it. This
process continues up to its last full adder stage. So, each carry
output bit is rippled to the next stage of a full adder. By this
reason, it is named as “RIPPLE CARRY ADDER”.
• The most important feature of it is to add the input bit
sequences whether the sequence is 4 bit or 5 bit or any.
• “One of the most important point to be considered in this
carry adder is the final output is known only after the carry
outputs are generated by each full adder stage and forwarded
to its next stage. So there will be a delay to get the result with
using of this carry adder”.
8. • There are various types in ripple-carry adders.
They are:
• 4-bit ripple-carry adder
• 8-bit ripple-carry adder
• 16-bit ripple-carry adder
9. • 4-bit Ripple Carry Adder
• The below diagram represents the 4-bit ripple-
carry adder. In this adder, four full adders are
connected in cascade. Co is the carry input bit
and it is zero always. When this input carry
‘Co’ is applied to the two input sequences A1
A2 A3 A4 and B1 B2 B3 B4 then output
represented with S1 S2 S3 S4 and output carry
C4.
•
10.
11. • Working of 4-bit Ripple Carry Adder
• Let’s take an example of two input sequences 0101 and 1010. These
are representing the A4 A3 A2 A1 and B4 B3 B2 B1.
• As per this adder concept, input carry is 0.
• When Ao & Bo are applied at 1st full adder along with input carry 0.
• Here A1 =1 ; B1=0 ; Cin=0
• Sum (S1) and carry (C1) will be generated as per the Sum and Carry
equations of this adder. As per its theory, the output equation for
the Sum = A1⊕B1⊕Cin and Carry = A1B1⊕B1Cin⊕CinA1
• As per this equation, for 1st full adder S1 =1 and Carry output i.e.,
C1=0.
• Same like for next input bits A2 and B2, output S2 = 1 and C2 = 0.
Here the important point is the second stage full adder gets input
carry i.e., C1 which is the output carry of initial stage full adder.
• Like this will get the final output sequence (S4 S3 S2 S1) = (1 1 1 1)
and Output carry C4 = 0
• This is the addition process for 4-bit input sequences when it’s
applied to this carry adder.
12. • Carry Look Ahead Adder
• A digital computer must contain circuits which can perform
arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division. Among these, addition and
subtraction are the basic operations whereas multiplication
and division are the repeated addition and subtraction
respectively.
• To perform these operations ‘Adder circuits’ are implemented
using basic logic gates. Adder circuits are evolved as Half-
adder, Full-adder, Ripple-carry Adder, and Carry Look-ahead
Adder.
• Among these Carry Look-ahead Adder is the faster adder
circuit. It reduces the propagation delay, which occurs during
addition, by using more complex hardware circuitry. It is
designed by transforming the ripple-carry Adder circuit such
that the carry logic of the adder is changed into two-level
logic.
•
13. • 4-Bit Carry Look-ahead Adder
• In parallel adders, carry output of each full adder
is given as a carry input to the next higher-order
state. Hence, these adders it is not possible to
produce carry and sum outputs of any state
unless a carry input is available for that state.
• So, for computation to occur, the circuit has to
wait until the carry bit propagated to all states.
This induces carry propagation delay in the
circuit.
•
14. • Consider the 4-bit ripple carry adder circuit above.
Here the sum S3 can be produced as soon as the inputs
A3 and B3 are given.
• But carry C3 cannot be computed until the carry bit C2
is applied whereas C2 depends on C1. Therefore to
produce final steady-state results, carry must
propagate through all the states. This increases the
carry propagation delay of the circuit.
• The propagation delay of the adder is calculated as
“the propagation delay of each gate times the number
of stages in the circuit”. For the computation of a large
number of bits, more stages have to be added, which
makes the delay much worse. Hence, to solve this
situation, Carry Look-ahead Adder was introduced.
• To understand the functioning of a Carry Look-ahead
Adder, a 4-bit Carry Look-ahead Adder is described
below.
15.
16. • In this adder, the carry input at any stage of
the adder is independent of the carry bits
generated at the independent stages.
• Here the output of any stage is dependent
only on the bits which are added in the
previous stages and the carry input provided
at the beginning stage.
• Hence, the circuit at any stage does not have
to wait for the generation of carry-bit from the
previous stage and carry bit can be evaluated
at any instant of time.
17. • Shift-and-Add Multiplication
• Shift-and-add multiplication is similar to the
multiplication performed by paper and pencil.
• This method adds the multiplicand X to itself Y
times, where Y denotes the multiplier.
• To multiply two numbers by paper and pencil,
the algorithm is to take the digits of the multiplier
one at a time from right to left, multiplying the
multiplicand by a single digit of the multiplier and
placing the intermediate product in the
appropriate positions to the left of the earlier
results.
• As an example, consider the multiplication of two
unsigned 4-bit numbers, 8 (1000) and 9 (1001).
18. • Multiplicand 1000 ×
Multiplier 1001
• Product 1001000
• In the case of binary multiplication, since the
digits are 0 and 1, each step of the
multiplication is simple. If the multiplier digit
is 1, a copy of the multiplicand (1 ×
multiplicand) is placed in the proper positions;
if the multiplier digit is 0, a number of 0 digits
(0 × multiplicand) are placed in the proper
positions.