This document discusses chapter 9 of the book "Microsoft Visual C# 2010, Fourth Edition" which covers using classes and objects in C#. It provides objectives for the chapter which include creating classes, objects, properties, constructors, and overloading constructors. It also discusses concepts like the this reference, passing objects to methods, and using object initializers to assign values when instantiating objects.
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2. Objectives
• Learn about class concepts
• Create classes from which objects can be
instantiated
• Create objects
• Create properties, including auto-implemented
properties
Microsoft Visual C# 2010, Fourth Edition 2
3. Objectives (cont'd.)
• Learn about using public fields and private
methods
• Learn about the this reference
• Write constructors and use them
• Use object initializers
• Overload operators
Microsoft Visual C# 2010, Fourth Edition 3
4. Objectives (cont'd.)
• Declare an array of objects and use the Sort() and
BinarySearch() methods with them
• Write destructors
• Understand GUI application objects
Microsoft Visual C# 2010, Fourth Edition 4
5. Understanding Class Concepts
• Types of classes
– Classes that are only application programs with a
Main() method
– Classes from which you instantiate objects
• Can contain a Main() method, but it is not required
• Everything is an object
– Every object is a member of a more general class
• An object is an instantiation of a class
• Instance variables
– Data components of a class
Microsoft Visual C# 2010, Fourth Edition 5
6. Understanding Class Concepts
(cont'd.)
• Fields
– Object attributes
• State
– Set of contents of an object’s instance variables
• Instance methods
– Methods associated with objects
– Every instance of the class has the same methods
• Class client or class user
– Program or class that instantiates objects of another
prewritten class
Microsoft Visual C# 2010, Fourth Edition 6
7. Creating a Class from Which Objects
Can Be Instantiated
• Class header or class definition parts
– An optional access modifier
– The keyword class
– Any legal identifier for the name of your class
• Class access modifiers
– public
– protected
– internal
– private
Microsoft Visual C# 2010, Fourth Edition 7
8. Creating a Class from Which Objects
Can Be Instantiated (cont'd.)
Microsoft Visual C# 2010, Fourth Edition 8
9. Creating Instance Variables and
Methods
• When creating a class, define both its attributes and
its methods
• Field access modifiers
– new, public, protected, internal, private,
static, readonly, and volatile
• Most class fields are nonstatic and private
– Provides the highest level of security
Microsoft Visual C# 2010, Fourth Edition 9
10. Creating Instance Variables and
Methods (cont'd.)
• Using private fields within classes is an example
of information hiding
• Most class methods are public
• private data/public method arrangement
– Allows you to control outside access to your data
• Composition
– Using an object within another object
– Defines a has-a relationship
Microsoft Visual C# 2010, Fourth Edition 10
12. Creating Objects
• Declaring a class does not create any actual objects
• Two-step process to create an object
– Supply a type and an identifier
– Create the object, which allocates memory for it
• Reference type
– Identifiers for objects are references to their memory
addresses
• When you create an object, you call its constructor
Microsoft Visual C# 2010, Fourth Edition 12
13. Creating Objects (cont'd.)
Invoking constructor
Invoking an object’s method
Microsoft Visual C# 2010, Fourth Edition 13
14. Passing Objects to Methods
• You can pass objects to methods
– Just as you can simple data types
Microsoft Visual C# 2010, Fourth Edition 14
15. Passing Objects to Methods (cont'd.)
Microsoft Visual C# 2010, Fourth Edition 15
16. Creating Properties
• Property
– A member of a class that provides access to a field of
a class
– Defines how fields will be set and retrieved
• Properties have accessors
– set accessors for setting an object’s fields
– get accessors for retrieving the stored values
• Read-only property
– Has only a get accessor
Microsoft Visual C# 2010, Fourth Edition 16
18. Creating Properties (cont'd.)
• Implicit parameter
– One that is undeclared and that gets its value
automatically
• Contextual keywords
– Identifiers that act like keywords in specific
circumstances
– get, set, value, partial, where, and yield
Microsoft Visual C# 2010, Fourth Edition 18
20. Using Auto-Implemented Properties
• Auto-implemented property
– The property’s implementation is created for you
automatically with the assumption that:
• The set accessor should simply assign a value to the
appropriate field
• The get accessor should simply return the field
• When you use an auto-implemented property:
– You do not need to declare the field that corresponds
to the property
Microsoft Visual C# 2010, Fourth Edition 20
22. More About public and private
Access Modifiers
• Occasionally you need to create public fields or
private methods
– You can create a public data field when you want all
objects of a class to contain the same value
• A named constant within a class is always static
– Belongs to the entire class, not to any particular
instance
Microsoft Visual C# 2010, Fourth Edition 22
23. More About public and private
Access Modifiers (cont'd.)
Microsoft Visual C# 2010, Fourth Edition 23
24. More About public and private
Access Modifiers (cont'd.)
Microsoft Visual C# 2010, Fourth Edition 24
25. Understanding the this Reference
• You might eventually create thousands of objects
from a class
– Each object does not need to store its own copy of
each property and method
• this reference
– Implicitly passed reference
• When you call a method, you automatically pass the
this reference to the method
– Tells the method which instance of the class to use
Microsoft Visual C# 2010, Fourth Edition 25
29. Understanding Constructors
• Constructor
– Method that instantiates an object
• Default constructor
– Automatically supplied constructor without parameters
• Default value of the object
– The value of an object initialized with a default
constructor
Microsoft Visual C# 2010, Fourth Edition 29
30. Passing Parameters to Constructors
• Parameterless constructor
– Constructor that takes no arguments
• You can create a constructor that receives
arguments
• Using the constructor
Employee partTimeWorker = new Employee(12.50);
Microsoft Visual C# 2010, Fourth Edition 30
31. Passing Parameters to Constructors
(cont'd.)
Microsoft Visual C# 2010, Fourth Edition 31
32. Overloading Constructors
• C# automatically provides a default constructor
– Until you provide your own constructor
• Constructors can be overloaded
– You can write as many constructors as you want
• As long as their argument lists do not cause ambiguity
Microsoft Visual C# 2010, Fourth Edition 32
35. Using Constructor Initializers
• Constructor initializer
– Clause that indicates another instance of a class
constructor should be executed
• Before any statements in the current constructor body
Microsoft Visual C# 2010, Fourth Edition 35
37. Using Object Initializers
• Object initializer
– Allows you to assign values to any accessible
members or properties of a class at the time of
instantiation
• Without calling a constructor with parameters
• For you to use object initializers, a class must have a
default constructor
Microsoft Visual C# 2010, Fourth Edition 37
39. Using Object Initializers (cont'd.)
• Using object initializers allows you to:
– Create multiple objects with different initial
assignments
• Without having to provide multiple constructors to cover
every possible situation
– Create objects with different starting values for
different properties of the same data type
Microsoft Visual C# 2010, Fourth Edition 39
42. Overloading Operators
• Overload operators
– Enable you to use arithmetic symbols with your own
objects
• Overloadable unary operators:
+ - ! ~ ++ -- true false
• Overloadable binary operators:
+ - * / % & | ^ == != > < >= <=
• Cannot overload the following operators:
= && || ?? ?: checked unchecked new
typeof as is
• Cannot overload an operator for a built-in data type
Microsoft Visual C# 2010, Fourth Edition 42
43. Overloading Operators (cont'd.)
• When a binary operator is overloaded and has a
corresponding assignment operator:
– It is also overloaded
• Some operators must be overloaded in pairs:
== with !=, and < with >
• Syntax to overload unary operators:
type operator overloadable-operator (type identifier)
• Syntax to overload binary operators:
type operator overloadable-operator (type identifier,
type operand)
Microsoft Visual C# 2010, Fourth Edition 43
46. Declaring an Array of Objects
• You can declare arrays that hold elements of any
type
– Including objects
• Example
Employee[] empArray = new Employee[7];
for(int x = 0; x < empArray.Length; ++x)
empArray[x] = new Employee();
Microsoft Visual C# 2010, Fourth Edition 46
47. Using the Sort() and BinarySearch()
Methods with Arrays of Objects
• CompareTo() method
– Provides the details of how the basic data types
compare to each other
– Used by the Sort() and BinarySearch() methods
• When you create a class that contains many fields
– Tell the compiler which field to use when making
comparisons
• Use an interface
Microsoft Visual C# 2010, Fourth Edition 47
48. Using the Sort() and BinarySearch()
Methods with Arrays of Objects (cont'd.)
• Interface
– Collection of methods that can be used by any class
• As long as the class provides a definition to override the
interface’s do-nothing, or abstract, method definitions
• When a method overrides another:
– It takes precedence, hiding the original version
• IComparable interface
– Contains the definition for the CompareTo() method
• Compares one object to another and returns an integer
Microsoft Visual C# 2010, Fourth Edition 48
49. Using the Sort() and BinarySearch()
Methods with Arrays of Objects (cont'd.)
Microsoft Visual C# 2010, Fourth Edition 49
50. Using the Sort() and BinarySearch()
Methods with Arrays of Objects (cont'd.)
Microsoft Visual C# 2010, Fourth Edition 50
51. Using the Sort() and BinarySearch()
Methods with Arrays of Objects (cont'd.)
Microsoft Visual C# 2010, Fourth Edition 51
52. Using the Sort() and BinarySearch()
Methods with Arrays of Objects (cont'd.)
Microsoft Visual C# 2010, Fourth Edition 52
53. Understanding Destructors
• Destructor
– Contains the actions you require when an instance of
a class is destroyed
• Most often, an instance of a class is destroyed when
it goes out of scope
• Explicitly declare a destructor
– Identifier consists of a tilde (~) followed by the class
name
Microsoft Visual C# 2010, Fourth Edition 53
56. Understanding GUI Application
Objects
• Objects you have been using in GUI applications
are objects just like others
– They encapsulate properties and methods
Microsoft Visual C# 2010, Fourth Edition 56
57. You Do It
• Activities to explore
– Creating a Class and Objects
– Using Auto-Implemented Properties
– Adding Overloaded Constructors to a Class
– Creating an Array of Objects
Microsoft Visual C# 2010, Fourth Edition 57
58. Summary
• You can create classes that are only programs with
a Main() method and classes from which you
instantiate objects
• When creating a class:
– Must assign a name to it and determine what data
and methods will be part of the class
– Usually declare instance variables to be private
and instance methods to be public
• When creating an object:
– Supply a type and an identifier, and you allocate
computer memory for that object
Microsoft Visual C# 2010, Fourth Edition 58
59. Summary (cont'd.)
• A property is a member of a class that provides
access to a field of a class
• Class organization within a single file or separate
files
• Each instantiation of a class accesses the same
copy of its methods
• A constructor is a method that instantiates (creates
an instance of) an object
• You can pass one or more arguments to a
constructor
Microsoft Visual C# 2010, Fourth Edition 59
60. Summary (cont'd.)
• Constructors can be overloaded
• You can pass objects to methods just as you can
simple data types
• You can overload operators to use with objects
• You can declare arrays that hold elements of any
type, including objects
• A destructor contains the actions you require when
an instance of a class is destroyed
Microsoft Visual C# 2010, Fourth Edition 60