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Introduction to Design Patterns
This document discusses design patterns and provides examples of implementing some common patterns in C#. It begins with an introduction to design patterns, their history and types. It then demonstrates implementing singleton, prototype, facade and decorator patterns in C#, including class diagrams and implementation steps. It discusses advantages of design patterns and hints for advanced development, like making patterns thread-safe. The document concludes with a thank you.
Introduction to Design Patterns
- 1. The way howExperts do things… Prepared & Presented by :- Prageeth Sandakalum, Microsoft Student Champ, Faculty of IT, University of Moratuwa.
- 2. What are DesignPatterns Development Issues and introduction of Design Patterns A brief history on design patters What are design patterns? Types of Design Patterns Has your code been improved ? Implementing Design Patterns in C# Singleton Pattern Prototype Pattern Façade Pattern Decorator pattern
- 3. What are DesignPatterns ? Lets begin with it…
- 4. “Designing object-orientedsoftware is hard and designing reusable object-oriented software is even harder.” – Erich Gamma - Dependency Handling - Open and Close method… Open for Extension and Closed for Modification Immobility of the existing libraries. Knowledge of the patterns that have worked in the past, makes the developers lives much easier in designing newer systems.
- 5. 1987 - Cunninghamand Beck used Alexander’s ideas to develop a small pattern language for Smalltalk 1990 - The Gang of Four (Gamma, Helm, Johnson and Vlissides) begin work compiling a catalog of design patterns 1991 - Bruce Anderson gives first Patterns Workshop at OOPSLA 1993 - Kent Beck and Grady Booch sponsor the first meeting of what is now known as the Hillside Group 1994 - First Pattern Languages of Programs (PLoP) conference 1995 - The Gang of Four (GoF) publish the Design Patterns book
- 6. “A design patternis a general and reusable solution to a commonly occurring problem in software.” - Microsoft Developer Network (MSDN) - It is not a code that can be directly use in your application thus We can call a pattern a template to design classes or objects in a way that is proven to be optimized in the past Design patterns help to develop the high-level Solutions and to implement the Object Oriented principals Open Close Principal :- Open for extension and closed for modifications Dependency Inversion Principle :- Depend upon Abstractions, Not On concretions.
- 7. OO Design Patterns Creational Structural Behavioral Behavioral Patterns Abstract Factory Creates an instance of several families of classes Builder Separates object construction from its representation Factory Method Creates an instance of several derived classes Prototype A fully initialized instance to be copied or cloned Singleton A class of which only a single instance can exist
- 8. Structural Patterns Adapter Match interfaces of different classes Bridge Separates an object’s interface from its implementation Composite A tree structure of simple and composite objects Decorator Add responsibilities to objects dynamically Facade A single class that represents an entire subsystem Flyweight A fine-grained instance used for efficient sharing Proxy An object representing another object
- 9. Behavioral Patterns Chain of Responsibility passing a request between a set of objects Command Encapsulate a command request as an object Interpreter A way to include language elements in a program Iterator Sequentially access the elements of a collection Mediator Defines simplified communication between classes Memento Capture and restore an object's internal state Observer A way of notifying change to a number of classes State Alter an object's behavior when its state changes Strategy Encapsulates an algorithm inside a class Template Method Defer the steps of an algorithm to a subclass Visitor Defines a new operation to a class without change
- 10. These are someof the Common advantages in Design patterns. Capture expertise and make it more accessible to non-experts in a standard form Facilitate communication among the developers by providing a common language Make it easier to reuse successful designs and avoid alternatives that diminish reusability Facilitate design modifications Improve design documentation Improve design understandability
- 11. Design Pattern..!! Easier saidthan done hah? Implementing Design Patterns How to make better codes…
- 12. ◦ Concept Ensures that a particular class has only one object provide a central access point to invoke that object ◦ Motivation and Problem addresses Make sure that the client is not allowed to create additional objects The “User” Object UML Class Try out Microsoft Windows basic applications Diagram The Calculator and the Run window
- 13. Implementation Steps… Create the class with public modifier Make the constructor private… So that no body outside, can create objects Define a static method GetInstance() to retrieve the Object Inside the method, use conditional statements to check whether the object exists If not create an object and return it Otherwise just return the object Then instantiate the object (make it static)
- 14. Some hints foradvanced development Make the GetInstance() method thread safe Use locks, Double check the instances Create a “readonly” object to use as the locking variable Initialize the object on 1st declaration private static Singleton instance=new Singleton(); Avoid sub-classing by using sealed class public sealed class Singleton
- 15. ◦ Concept Avoid repeatedly assigning same value to the similar objects. Allow independent behavior after the cloning ??? ◦ Motivation and Problem addresses When creating objects (i.e. employee), we need to specify the same value repeatedly for objects employeeObj1.CompanyName = “IFS”; employeeObj1.CompanyPhone = “011-2845564”; EmployeeObj2.CompanyName = “IFS”; employeeObj2.CompanyPhone = “011-2845564”;
- 16. Implementation Steps… Created an object from the given class, i.e. firstEmp : Employee Now create the second object , i.e. secondEmp : Employee Set the values of the old object, i.e. firstEmp.Company = “IFS”; you can interchange the second and third steps… Implement the GetClone() method in the referring class. Return the cloned version of the referring object (Use appropriate cloning methods) Assign the returned value to the second object or vise versa., i.e. secondEmp = firstEmp.GetClone();
- 17. ◦ Concept • Wrap complicated subsystems with simpler interfaces • Delegates client requests to appropriate subsystems ◦ Motivation and Problem addresses The Client code become complicated with so many objects How Façade The client need not to know the complex architecture Works of the sub system Banking Applications
- 18. Implementation Steps… Create the Façade class with public modifier Define object references of all the types in the sub system Initialize all the objects “On Demand” Create simple methods and handle multiple subsystem methods inside that method Withdraw() in Façade class handles DailyWithdrowalLimitExceeded(), GetBalance(), IssueReceipt() etc.. Methods
- 19. Some hints foradvanced development Encapsulate the subsystem, So that it can only be accessed through Façade interface. Use internal modifiers Make the Façade Object SINGLETON ??? Most of the time only one façade object is needed Use multiple Sub Systems within the same dll. If the sub system is too complex… use multiple facades.
- 22. See the RestaurantProblem explained here You create a beverage super class and all the beverages inherit from it But it will have too much sub classes implementing the same cost method in the super class. Tea, PlainTea, TeaWithoutSugar, IcedTea, VanilaTea, ChocoTea etc But each of them have very little difference on Ingredients… Adding Milk, Adding Sugar, Adding Chocolate To avoid unwanted sub-classing create methods in the super class for the extra changes AddMilk(), AddSugar(), AddChocolate() Has the problem been Solved?
- 23. Still we gotsome problems OCP… Open for Extension, Closed for Modification… Then how to handle the price changes ? More methods needed, more problems created. What if the new ingredients were introduced ? Concept of Decorator Pattern Take the initial Object and decorate it in the Run time Take the Tea Object and decorate it with Sugar Object, then the Choco / Vanilla Objects…
- 24. Implementation Steps… Createthe abstract class for the Main Classes, i.e. class Main Create the abstract class for the Decorator Classes extending the above class, i.e. class Decorator : Main Create the sub classes of the Main class Create the Decorator sub classes and let the Constructor to receive a “Main” type object Do the operation with the received object When ever creating an object in the client code, Use the “Main” class as the reference
- 25. Thank You !!! References Notes from Aruna Wickrama, Teamwork @ Asharp Power Camp Head First Design Patterns By Eric Freeman, Elisabeth Robson, Kathy Sierra, Bert Bates. Design Principles and Design Patterns Robert C. Martin Software Architecture Interview Questions By Shivprasad Koirala, Sham Sheikh Articles from GoF (Gang of Four)