This document discusses the Green Grid framework and concepts related to green computing such as virtualization, telecommuting, and data centers. It covers virtualization of IT systems and how virtualization can promote green computing by improving server utilization rates and eliminating planned downtime. The document also discusses the role of electric utilities, power management at different levels including hardware, firmware, operating system, virtualization and data center levels, and defines key terms like hypervisor, virtual machine, and telecommuting.

1. CS8078 GREEN COMPUTING
UNIT-III GRID FRAMEWORK
Virtualization of IT systems - Role of electric utilities, Telecommuting, teleconferencing
and teleporting - Materials recycling - Best ways for Green PC - Green Data center -
Green Grid framework.

2. CS8078 GREEN COMPUTING 2
GRID FRAMEWORK

3. ▪ A grid is a network of intersecting parallel lines, whether real or
imaginary.
▪ Most American streets are laid out in a grid pattern, meaning the
streets intersect at right angles and form a pattern of squares
when viewed from above.
CS8078 GREEN COMPUTING 3
GRID FRAMEWORK

4. CS8078 GREEN COMPUTING 4
VIRTUALIZATION OF IT SYSTEMS

5. ▪ Virtualization is the process of running a virtual instance of a
computer system in a layer abstracted from the actual hardware.
▪ Most commonly, it refers to running multiple operating systems
on a computer system simultaneously.
▪ To desktop users, the most common use is to be able to run
applications meant for a different operating system without
having to switch computers or reboot into a different system.
CS8078 GREEN COMPUTING 5
VIRTUALIZATION OF IT SYSTEMS

6. ▪ A hypervisor is a program for creating and running virtual machines.
▪ Hypervisors have traditionally been split into two classes:
▪ type one, or "bare metal" hypervisors that run guest virtual machines directly
on a system's hardware, essentially behaving as an operating system.
▪ Type two, or "hosted" hypervisors behave more like traditional applications
that can be started and stopped like a normal program.
▪ Eg: KVM, short for Kernel-based Virtual Machine, is a part of the Linux
kernel that can run virtual machines directly.
CS8078 GREEN COMPUTING 6
WHAT IS A HYPERVISOR?

7. ▪ A virtual machine is the emulated equivalent of a computer
system that runs on top of another system.
▪ Virtual machines may have access to any number of resources:
▪ computing power, through hardware-assisted but limited access to the
host machine's CPU and memory
▪ one or more physical or virtual disk devices for storage
▪ a virtual or real network interface
▪ as well as any devices such as video cards, USB devices, or other
hardware that are shared with the virtual machine.
CS8078 GREEN COMPUTING 7
WHAT IS A VIRTUAL MACHINE?

8. ▪ A data center consumes the power that can otherwise be used to power thousands
of homes.
▪ That huge level of power consumption is what makes data center and
environmentalists look for ways to reduce power usage.
▪ Virtualization is the answer to resolving the power consumption of data centers.
▪ One of the primary goals of almost all forms of virtualization is to make efficient use
of resources including energy.
▪ Simply defining virtualization is to make a single piece of hardware function as
multiple parts.
▪ Different user interfaces isolate different parts of hardware thereby making each one
behave and function as an individual, separate entity.
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VIRTUALIZATION TO PROMOTE GREEN COMPUTING

9. ▪ Planned downtime is eliminated by migrating a virtual machine from one
physical server to another.
▪ Dynamically balanced workloads across a server group and provide
automatically failover for virtualized applications.
▪ Resource allocation is better managed and maintained.
▪ Virtualization exponentially increases a server group’s ability to share utility.
▪ Server utilization rates can be increased by up to 80% as opposed to an
initial 10 to 15%.
The energy saved per server would translate into approximately 700 kilowatt-
hour per year
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ADVANTAGES OF VIRTUALIZATION

10. ▪ An electric utility is a company in the electric power industry
(often a public utility) that engages in electricity generation and
distribution of electricity for sale generally in a regulated market.
▪ Utilities can include electricity, heat, air conditioning, hot water,
internet and etc.,
CS8078 GREEN COMPUTING 10
ROLE OF ELECTRIC UTILITIES

11. Power
Managem
ent
Hardware
and
Firmware
level
Operating
system
Level
Virtualization
Level
Datacenter
Level
CS8078 GREEN COMPUTING 11
POWER MANAGEMENT IN GREEN COMPUTING

12. CS8078 GREEN COMPUTING 12
HARDWARE AND FIRMWARE LEVEL
▪ Dynamic Components Deactivation (DCD).
▪ Dynamic Performance Scaling (DPS).

13. CS8078 GREEN COMPUTING 13
OPERATING SYSTEM LEVEL

14. Two ways of how a VMM(Virtual Machine Monitor) can participate in the power
management:
1. A VMM can act as a power-aware OS without distinctionbetween VMs:
monitor the overall system’s performance and appropriately apply
DVFS(Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling) or any DCD(Dynamic
Component Deactivation) techniques to the system components.
2. Another way is to leverage OS’s specific power management policies and
application-level knowledge and map power management calls from different
VMs on actual changes in the hardware’s power state or enforce systemwide
power limits in a coordinated manner.
CS8078 GREEN COMPUTING 14
VIRTUALIZATION LEVEL

15. ▪ Minimize energy consumption, satisfy performance requirements.
▪ Minimize power consumption, minimize performance loss .
CS8078 GREEN COMPUTING 15
DATA CENTER LEVEL

16. CS8078 GREEN COMPUTING 16
TELECOMMUTING

17. CS8078 GREEN COMPUTING 17
TELECOMMUTING
▪ Telecommuting is an arrangement where employers let
employees work outside the office.
▪ Because most telecommuters prefer to work from home,
telecommuting is often referred to as a “work-from-home”
arrangement, though telecommuters can work anywhere outside
the office.

18. CS8078 GREEN COMPUTING 18
TELECONFERENCING AND TELEPORTING

19. CS8078 GREEN COMPUTING 19
TELECONFERENCING AND TELEPORTING

20. Text Book:
▪ Bhuvan Unhelkar, Green IT Strategies and Applications-Using Environmental Intelligence, CRC Press, June 2014.
Web:
▪ https://opensource.com/resources/virtualization
▪ https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/virtualization-to-promote-green-computing/
▪ https://www.ijana.in/Special%20Issue/file24.pdf
CS8078 GREEN COMPUTING 20
REFERENCES