This document summarizes a study on the effect of intercritical annealing heat treatment on the mechanical properties of AISI 1026 steel. Samples of AISI 1026 steel were annealed at 925°C for 120 minutes and intercritically annealed at temperatures between 750-790°C for varying times. Hardness and impact testing was performed. Hardness increased with increasing intercritical annealing temperature from 93.5 HRC at 750°C to 96.22 HRC at 790°C due to higher martensite formation. Impact energy also increased with temperature for charpy testing, with the 790°C sample showing the best balance of hardness and impact energy. Intercritical annealing was found to improve
Effect of Quenching Media on Mechanical Properties for Medium Carbon SteelIJERA Editor
In this research work the mechanical properties of medium carbon steel has been studied . the Steel AISI 1039
quenched in different quenching media. These quenching media were cold water, water , oil and hot water.
Hardness , tensile , impact and wear tests have been carried out for specimens after quenching in different
media.
It was found that the tensile strength and hardness increased with increasing the heating temperature values of
heat treatment process. Also quenching in cold water has a great effect on tensile strength and hardness values .
where the heights value for tensile strength was (998.6N/mm²) and the hardness was (360.4 Hv) for steel which
quenching in cold water. The percentage of elongation decreased with increasing the temperature of heat
treatment process. also the lowest values of elongation was after quenching process in cold water.
However, the impact toughness and wear rate values were high for alloy after stress relief and lower after
quenching in different media. But the lowest values were recorded after quenching in cold water. It was found
that the absorbed energy and the wear rate for the alloy quenched in cold water were (23.6) J and
(2x10¯⁷gm/cm) respectively. While, for steels treated with the stress relief process were (62.02) J and
(7x10¯⁷gm/cm) respectively.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Investigation of 316L Stainless Steel by Flame Hardening ProcessIJAEMSJORNAL
Austenitic stainless steel offer great imperviousness to general erosion because of the development of a detached surface film. They are broadly utilized as a part of the sustenance and concoction preparing ventures and in addition in biomaterial applications. In any case, they can experience the ill effects of setting erosion in chloride particle containing arrangements. All things considered, in the meantime they have discovered little use in mechanical building applications in view of their low hardness and poor wear resistance. In this examination work, to enhance the previously mentioned reasons, surface solidifying by Flame hardening procedure is done. It has for some time been an outstanding a warm treatment for enhancing the surface properties of austenitic stainless steel. The examples were fire solidified for 5 minutes, 10 minutes and 15 minutes separately. Wear test for every one of the examples were completed by stick on plate testing process. The outcomes were contrasted and an untreated specimen and finished up with metallographic tests like optical tiny tests and examining electron magnifying lens tests.
A Review on Mechanical and Wear Properties of Heat Treated SteelIJSRD
This Review Paper describes effects of heat treatment on various material by varying process parameters and by using different types of heat treatment process. The heat treatment includes heating & cooling operations or the sequence of two or more such operations applied to any material in order to modify metallurgical structure and alter its physical, mechanical and chemical properties. This Review paper shows progress and research in the field of heat treatment process. Different types of heat treatment processes such as annealing, normalising, nitriding, hardening, tempering carburising used & available in recent time. This paper deals with important progress work on heat treatment and its process parameters.
Comparison of Mechanical Properties of Austempered, Normalized and As-Weld Ca...IJAEMSJORNAL
More often than not, welded joints experience failure such as fracture which jeopardize their reliability and ergonomics when put in perspective. Attempting a significant improvement in the mechanical properties of welded joint through heat treatment could ensure joints stability and reduce the costs associated with constant repairs and replacements. In this study, the effects of heat treatments (austempering and normalization) on the mechanical properties of weldments were examined. The locally recycled steel sample was sourced from the Delta Steel Company Aladja, Delta State and the spectro-analysis was carried out on it. The test samples were machined as per properties for tests, fractured locally and were welded using shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) with stainless steel electrode. They were then heat treated in electric furnaces. The mechanical properties (tensile strength, yield strength, hardness and impact toughness) were determined and the microstructure examined using scanning electron microscope. They were also examined physically using hand lens. The result indicated that the austempered samples improved significantly in terms of its tensile strength, yield strength, hardness and ductility. It was also found that the untreated sample produced the greatest impact toughness. The result of the physical examination also suggested that heat treatment using oil based quenchant have the potential to inhibit rust at weld joints.
Effect of Quenching Media on Mechanical Properties for Medium Carbon SteelIJERA Editor
In this research work the mechanical properties of medium carbon steel has been studied . the Steel AISI 1039
quenched in different quenching media. These quenching media were cold water, water , oil and hot water.
Hardness , tensile , impact and wear tests have been carried out for specimens after quenching in different
media.
It was found that the tensile strength and hardness increased with increasing the heating temperature values of
heat treatment process. Also quenching in cold water has a great effect on tensile strength and hardness values .
where the heights value for tensile strength was (998.6N/mm²) and the hardness was (360.4 Hv) for steel which
quenching in cold water. The percentage of elongation decreased with increasing the temperature of heat
treatment process. also the lowest values of elongation was after quenching process in cold water.
However, the impact toughness and wear rate values were high for alloy after stress relief and lower after
quenching in different media. But the lowest values were recorded after quenching in cold water. It was found
that the absorbed energy and the wear rate for the alloy quenched in cold water were (23.6) J and
(2x10¯⁷gm/cm) respectively. While, for steels treated with the stress relief process were (62.02) J and
(7x10¯⁷gm/cm) respectively.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Investigation of 316L Stainless Steel by Flame Hardening ProcessIJAEMSJORNAL
Austenitic stainless steel offer great imperviousness to general erosion because of the development of a detached surface film. They are broadly utilized as a part of the sustenance and concoction preparing ventures and in addition in biomaterial applications. In any case, they can experience the ill effects of setting erosion in chloride particle containing arrangements. All things considered, in the meantime they have discovered little use in mechanical building applications in view of their low hardness and poor wear resistance. In this examination work, to enhance the previously mentioned reasons, surface solidifying by Flame hardening procedure is done. It has for some time been an outstanding a warm treatment for enhancing the surface properties of austenitic stainless steel. The examples were fire solidified for 5 minutes, 10 minutes and 15 minutes separately. Wear test for every one of the examples were completed by stick on plate testing process. The outcomes were contrasted and an untreated specimen and finished up with metallographic tests like optical tiny tests and examining electron magnifying lens tests.
A Review on Mechanical and Wear Properties of Heat Treated SteelIJSRD
This Review Paper describes effects of heat treatment on various material by varying process parameters and by using different types of heat treatment process. The heat treatment includes heating & cooling operations or the sequence of two or more such operations applied to any material in order to modify metallurgical structure and alter its physical, mechanical and chemical properties. This Review paper shows progress and research in the field of heat treatment process. Different types of heat treatment processes such as annealing, normalising, nitriding, hardening, tempering carburising used & available in recent time. This paper deals with important progress work on heat treatment and its process parameters.
Comparison of Mechanical Properties of Austempered, Normalized and As-Weld Ca...IJAEMSJORNAL
More often than not, welded joints experience failure such as fracture which jeopardize their reliability and ergonomics when put in perspective. Attempting a significant improvement in the mechanical properties of welded joint through heat treatment could ensure joints stability and reduce the costs associated with constant repairs and replacements. In this study, the effects of heat treatments (austempering and normalization) on the mechanical properties of weldments were examined. The locally recycled steel sample was sourced from the Delta Steel Company Aladja, Delta State and the spectro-analysis was carried out on it. The test samples were machined as per properties for tests, fractured locally and were welded using shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) with stainless steel electrode. They were then heat treated in electric furnaces. The mechanical properties (tensile strength, yield strength, hardness and impact toughness) were determined and the microstructure examined using scanning electron microscope. They were also examined physically using hand lens. The result indicated that the austempered samples improved significantly in terms of its tensile strength, yield strength, hardness and ductility. It was also found that the untreated sample produced the greatest impact toughness. The result of the physical examination also suggested that heat treatment using oil based quenchant have the potential to inhibit rust at weld joints.
Cryogenic treatment is a secondary process to traditional heat treatment used for improving the hardness and wear resistance of tool steels. Though the potential use of cryogenic treatment on AISI D2 tool steel under laboratory conditions has been well established by the researchers, it is essential to do the analysis to ensure its sustainable use for industrial application. Therefore, impact of cryogenic treatment on AISI D2 steel blanking punch was evaluated in terms of increase in production rate and its life. The cryogenically treated D2 tool steel punches were used and subjected to manufacture the control levers using blanking operations. The improved wear resistance of cryogenically treated punch resulted in increase in production and punch life more than 200%. Punch life was studied and correlated to increase in production & wear behavior of blanking punch. The AISI D2 steel samples were prepared and subjected to laboratory tests comprising of metallographic observations and hardness. It was found that laboratory tests were not enough to predict improvements in mechanical properties. The mechanism responsible for augmented wear resistance by cryogenic treatment was the conversion of retained austenite to martensite and precipitation of new secondary carbides.
Study on Influence of heat treatment on Tribological properties of mild steeldbpublications
A study was made on the effect of heat treatment upon the mild steel. Total six samples were prepared for each test (hardness test, tensile test, microstructure test and wear test) from those two was tested as received and rest four were subjected to different heat treatment that are annealing and normalizing (heated on a temperature of 850 degree Celsius). The hardness of all sample was measured by Rockwell hardness testing machine. Wear measurement was done on pin-on disc wear machine. Tensometer was used to find out the ultimate stress and strain of the sample. The result of tensile test showed that the strength is decreased by heat treating and the surface hardness is also decreased by heat treatment. Microstructure of the mild steel specimens shows the grain boundary of the particles and the content of % of carbon present. It justifies the experimental results of tensile test and hardness test. Surface Hardness is the measure of resistance that any material applies. As the specimen gets soft on treating the hardness also gets decreased. Tensile strength of any specimen is specified as how much stress the material can withstand before breaking. As the metal gets soft after heat treatment the load required for breaking goes on decreasing. Wear test is carried out to see the variation in wear measurement and coefficient of friction as the mesh size of paper are varied. More soft the surface of material is more wear is seen and vice-versa.
Effects of Continuous Cooling On Impact and Micro Structural Properties of Lo...IJMER
Some mechanical properties and microstructural analysis were conducted on shielded
metal arc weldments of low carbon steels in some simulated environments. Specimens were prepared
and subjected to welding and continuous cooling at the same time at various positions. Results obtained
for impact strength using Charpy impact testing machine showed that impact strength of water cooled
samples were higher compared to salty water cooled samples. This is due to the increased formation of
martensitic structure and finer pearlite grains. The microstructure of the samples was studied using
photographic visual metallurgical microscope. For low cooling rate as in the air cooled sample, the
austenite was observed to transform into ferrite and pearlite. Ferrite is a body-centred cubic crystal
structure of iron alloys. For higher cooling rates of water and salt water cooled samples, low
temperature transformation products like bainite (an acicular microstructure which is not a phase) or
martensite (a very hard form of steel crystalline structure) were formed. The salt water cooled samples
had more martensite regions because of the increased cooling rate
EFFECT OF THERMAL EXPOSURE ON THE MECHANICAL AND WEAR PROPERTIES OF AEROSPACE...Journal For Research
Aluminum alloys are becoming increasingly important available data were utilized to prepare maps that are intended to serve to design Al Alloys with desired combination especially in the automotive and aerospace industries aluminum alloys AA6061 T6 is subjected to several combinations of solution treatments to correlate their mechanical tensile properties to hardness and conductivity measurement Additional the AA6061 T6 alloys were thermally exposed to several temperature to simulate heat damage effects the thermal exposure was correlated to the tensile properties and hardness and conductivity measurement however these materials tend to have poor wear resistance during working conditions study was to evaluate the wear behavior of Al alloys with various parameter by using pin-on-disk machine the wear rate was decreased then after database were created to consolidate the information about microstructure mechanical properties and corrosion behavior for Al Alloys.
Studying the Fatigue Properties Of Hardened For Carbon Steelijceronline
In this study, Medium carbon steel is one of the most important materials used in industrial applications especially it is used in applications exposed to fatigue stresses such as airplanes, automotive components and electrical engines industries. Medium carbon steels were prepared and the effect of hardening on hardening strength of medium carbon steel was studied, the flame hardening method was used at different speeds then fatigue test was done. The following results were obtained, first sample (none), second sample (3.5 mm/s), and third sample (1.75 mm /s) and forth sample (1.165 mm/s). It has been found that as the flaming speed increases, the fatigue strength of the material decreases. The fatigue test result at stress (407.44 N/mm2 ) was as follow: for the first sample the no. of cycles to failure was at (67511 rpm), for the second sample (95832 rpm), for the third sample (122565rpm) and for the fourth sample it was (134585 rpm).
Study of some Mechanical Properties of Galvanized 4140 SteelsIJAEMSJORNAL
The effect of three different galvanizing processes on the microstructure and tensile behavior and hardness of galvanized AISI 4140 steels was investigated. The thicknesses of the galvanized layers were measured as 34 μm, 90 μm and 140 μm for the electro galvanized, zinc-rich coated and hot dip galvanized AISI 4140 steels, respectively. No significant increase in tensile strength was observed with the galvanizing process. It was even observed that there was a decrease in tensile strength compared to the samples that were not galvanized. It is concluded that galvanizing processes is not effective in improving the tensile performance of AISI 4140 steels.
Characterization of Al/WC/Fly ash Metal Matrix Compositesijtsrd
Metal matrix composites are formed by combination of two or more materials (at least one of the materials is metal) having dissimilar characteristics. In this present investigation, aluminium (Al 6061) as base matrix metal and tungsten carbide (WC) particulate, fly ash as reinforcements. Fabrication of MMCs was done by stir-casting process. The Tungsten Carbide particulate was added in proportions of 1%, 2%, and 3% and Fly ash was added in proportions of 2%, 4%, and 6% on mass fraction basis to the molten metal. The different combination sets of composites were prepared. Mechanical properties like tensile strength and hardness were studied for both reinforced and unreinforced Al 6061 samples. Microstructure examination was carried by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to obtain the distribution of tungsten carbide particulate and fly ash in base matrix. From the results, it was found that the tensile strength and the hardness of the prepared metal matrix composites increased with increase in tungsten carbide and fly ash content. The Scanning Electron Micrographs of the samples indicated uniform distribution of tungsten carbide and fly ash particles in the base matrix without voids before testing and with voids after testing. Nithin K"Characterization of Al/WC/Fly ash Metal Matrix Composites" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10937.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/10937/characterization-of-alwcfly-ash-metal-matrix-composites/nithin-k
Welding Studies on WB36 for Feed Water Pipingijceronline
To increase efficiency, reduce emissions, cost and to reduce weight of boiler per MW, the power manufacturing sectors are going towards the once through technology (super critical boiler) instead of sub- critical. Once through supercritical (OTSC) technology has become a focal point for effective utilization of coal-based thermal power generation sector in India. Another main advantage of moving towards OTSC technology is reducing the weight of the boiler per MW, which can be done by going for material capable of handling higher pressure and temperature than the conventional material. So, in order to keep pace with these technologies, research on newer materials for every boilers line, which can operate at both higher pressure and temperature, has been initiated. So, in this article, we have taken one such feed water system and headers, where WB 36 steel (15 MiCuMoNiNb5) can be used instead conventional standard carbon steel like A106 grade B or C, which are usually used. For super critical, ultra super critical power plants this conventional materials like A106 grade B or C, leads to very thick piping system. V&M has developed WB 36 steel (15 MiCuMoNiNb5) for high pressure piping of boiler feed water system. This heat-resistant, copperalloyed ferritic steel 15MiCuMoNiNb5 has been widely used in European nuclear and conventional power plants for decades for feed water system. This widespread application is due to the toughness and strength, caused by the precipitation of copper, that are exhibited even at elevated temperatures which other fine-grained structural steels have at room temperature. The aim of this project “Welding Studies on WB36 Steel for Feed Water Piping” was taken to understand the metallurgy and the behavior of the new materials under different manufacturing operations.
Corrosion fatigue crack growth experiment was conducted on ESE(T) (Eccentrically-loaded Single Edge notch Tension) specimen made of IS 2062 steel in salt water environment. The specimen was placed in a transparent chamber made of perspex sheet containing 3.5% NaCl solution which acted as corrosion environment. The corrosion process was accelerated by applying constant direct current of 0.2 A which was supplied by means of a regulated power supply. The test was conducted using a ±250 kN capacity computer controlled servo-hydraulic fatigue rated Universal Testing Machine. The maximum and minimum load values were 15 kN and 1.5 kN. The test frequency was 0.375 Hz and the stress ratio was 0.1. Number of cycles to crack initiation was determined. Crack growth data were recorded at regular intervals. Crack growth curves were plotted and material constants C and m were found. Analytical studies were carried out and the results were compared with experimental results. Details of the analytical and experimental studies and the results are presented in this paper.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Study on Processing and Mechanical Properties of nano SiCp reinforced AA7075theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Reinforcing Aluminium with other metals to form a composite, improves the physical
and chemical properties of it. In this study, Aluminium which forms the base matrix is
stir casted with various weight percentages of Cr2O3 and TiB2. The properties
corrosion in acidic medium and tensile strength of the composites, are tested using
experimental methods and finally analyzed.
Influence of Heat Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Aisi1040 SteelIOSR Journals
This investigation is concerned to evaluate the influence of heat treatment on mechanical behavior of AISI1040 steel; it is one of the grades of medium carbon steel of American standard containing 0.40% carbon in its composition. Specimen of quenched/hardened AISI1040 steel was tempered at temperature (650,450&250℃) for 60, 90&120 minutes to modify desired properties. The mechanical behavior, particularly, ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and elongation were investigated using universal testing machine; while the hardness measurement was done on Rockwell hardness testing machine of heat treated specimens. Result shows that the ultimate tensile strength and the yield strength decrease while the elongation increases with an increase in tempering temperature and tempering time of different tempered specimen. The hardness of quenched/hardened specimen decreases with an increase in tempering temperature and tempering time. Furthermore, increasing temperature and lowering time produces approximately same result as decreasing temperature and increasing time.
MECHANICAL PROPERTY ASSESSMENT OF AUSTEMPERED AND CONVENTIONALLY HARDENED AIS...IAEME Publication
The chemical composition and mechanical properties of steel decide its applicability for manufacturing various components in different areas of engineering interests. Heat treatment processes are commonly used to enhance the required properties of steel with or without change in chemical composition. The present work aims to perform conventional hardening and Austempering treatment with experimental investigation of the effect of austempering and conventional hardening (quenching) on AISI 4340 steel. Different tests like tensile, torsion, hardness, impact and microstructure analysis are carried out in as bought and heat treated conditions
Cryogenic treatment is a secondary process to traditional heat treatment used for improving the hardness and wear resistance of tool steels. Though the potential use of cryogenic treatment on AISI D2 tool steel under laboratory conditions has been well established by the researchers, it is essential to do the analysis to ensure its sustainable use for industrial application. Therefore, impact of cryogenic treatment on AISI D2 steel blanking punch was evaluated in terms of increase in production rate and its life. The cryogenically treated D2 tool steel punches were used and subjected to manufacture the control levers using blanking operations. The improved wear resistance of cryogenically treated punch resulted in increase in production and punch life more than 200%. Punch life was studied and correlated to increase in production & wear behavior of blanking punch. The AISI D2 steel samples were prepared and subjected to laboratory tests comprising of metallographic observations and hardness. It was found that laboratory tests were not enough to predict improvements in mechanical properties. The mechanism responsible for augmented wear resistance by cryogenic treatment was the conversion of retained austenite to martensite and precipitation of new secondary carbides.
Study on Influence of heat treatment on Tribological properties of mild steeldbpublications
A study was made on the effect of heat treatment upon the mild steel. Total six samples were prepared for each test (hardness test, tensile test, microstructure test and wear test) from those two was tested as received and rest four were subjected to different heat treatment that are annealing and normalizing (heated on a temperature of 850 degree Celsius). The hardness of all sample was measured by Rockwell hardness testing machine. Wear measurement was done on pin-on disc wear machine. Tensometer was used to find out the ultimate stress and strain of the sample. The result of tensile test showed that the strength is decreased by heat treating and the surface hardness is also decreased by heat treatment. Microstructure of the mild steel specimens shows the grain boundary of the particles and the content of % of carbon present. It justifies the experimental results of tensile test and hardness test. Surface Hardness is the measure of resistance that any material applies. As the specimen gets soft on treating the hardness also gets decreased. Tensile strength of any specimen is specified as how much stress the material can withstand before breaking. As the metal gets soft after heat treatment the load required for breaking goes on decreasing. Wear test is carried out to see the variation in wear measurement and coefficient of friction as the mesh size of paper are varied. More soft the surface of material is more wear is seen and vice-versa.
Effects of Continuous Cooling On Impact and Micro Structural Properties of Lo...IJMER
Some mechanical properties and microstructural analysis were conducted on shielded
metal arc weldments of low carbon steels in some simulated environments. Specimens were prepared
and subjected to welding and continuous cooling at the same time at various positions. Results obtained
for impact strength using Charpy impact testing machine showed that impact strength of water cooled
samples were higher compared to salty water cooled samples. This is due to the increased formation of
martensitic structure and finer pearlite grains. The microstructure of the samples was studied using
photographic visual metallurgical microscope. For low cooling rate as in the air cooled sample, the
austenite was observed to transform into ferrite and pearlite. Ferrite is a body-centred cubic crystal
structure of iron alloys. For higher cooling rates of water and salt water cooled samples, low
temperature transformation products like bainite (an acicular microstructure which is not a phase) or
martensite (a very hard form of steel crystalline structure) were formed. The salt water cooled samples
had more martensite regions because of the increased cooling rate
EFFECT OF THERMAL EXPOSURE ON THE MECHANICAL AND WEAR PROPERTIES OF AEROSPACE...Journal For Research
Aluminum alloys are becoming increasingly important available data were utilized to prepare maps that are intended to serve to design Al Alloys with desired combination especially in the automotive and aerospace industries aluminum alloys AA6061 T6 is subjected to several combinations of solution treatments to correlate their mechanical tensile properties to hardness and conductivity measurement Additional the AA6061 T6 alloys were thermally exposed to several temperature to simulate heat damage effects the thermal exposure was correlated to the tensile properties and hardness and conductivity measurement however these materials tend to have poor wear resistance during working conditions study was to evaluate the wear behavior of Al alloys with various parameter by using pin-on-disk machine the wear rate was decreased then after database were created to consolidate the information about microstructure mechanical properties and corrosion behavior for Al Alloys.
Studying the Fatigue Properties Of Hardened For Carbon Steelijceronline
In this study, Medium carbon steel is one of the most important materials used in industrial applications especially it is used in applications exposed to fatigue stresses such as airplanes, automotive components and electrical engines industries. Medium carbon steels were prepared and the effect of hardening on hardening strength of medium carbon steel was studied, the flame hardening method was used at different speeds then fatigue test was done. The following results were obtained, first sample (none), second sample (3.5 mm/s), and third sample (1.75 mm /s) and forth sample (1.165 mm/s). It has been found that as the flaming speed increases, the fatigue strength of the material decreases. The fatigue test result at stress (407.44 N/mm2 ) was as follow: for the first sample the no. of cycles to failure was at (67511 rpm), for the second sample (95832 rpm), for the third sample (122565rpm) and for the fourth sample it was (134585 rpm).
Study of some Mechanical Properties of Galvanized 4140 SteelsIJAEMSJORNAL
The effect of three different galvanizing processes on the microstructure and tensile behavior and hardness of galvanized AISI 4140 steels was investigated. The thicknesses of the galvanized layers were measured as 34 μm, 90 μm and 140 μm for the electro galvanized, zinc-rich coated and hot dip galvanized AISI 4140 steels, respectively. No significant increase in tensile strength was observed with the galvanizing process. It was even observed that there was a decrease in tensile strength compared to the samples that were not galvanized. It is concluded that galvanizing processes is not effective in improving the tensile performance of AISI 4140 steels.
Characterization of Al/WC/Fly ash Metal Matrix Compositesijtsrd
Metal matrix composites are formed by combination of two or more materials (at least one of the materials is metal) having dissimilar characteristics. In this present investigation, aluminium (Al 6061) as base matrix metal and tungsten carbide (WC) particulate, fly ash as reinforcements. Fabrication of MMCs was done by stir-casting process. The Tungsten Carbide particulate was added in proportions of 1%, 2%, and 3% and Fly ash was added in proportions of 2%, 4%, and 6% on mass fraction basis to the molten metal. The different combination sets of composites were prepared. Mechanical properties like tensile strength and hardness were studied for both reinforced and unreinforced Al 6061 samples. Microstructure examination was carried by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to obtain the distribution of tungsten carbide particulate and fly ash in base matrix. From the results, it was found that the tensile strength and the hardness of the prepared metal matrix composites increased with increase in tungsten carbide and fly ash content. The Scanning Electron Micrographs of the samples indicated uniform distribution of tungsten carbide and fly ash particles in the base matrix without voids before testing and with voids after testing. Nithin K"Characterization of Al/WC/Fly ash Metal Matrix Composites" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10937.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/10937/characterization-of-alwcfly-ash-metal-matrix-composites/nithin-k
Welding Studies on WB36 for Feed Water Pipingijceronline
To increase efficiency, reduce emissions, cost and to reduce weight of boiler per MW, the power manufacturing sectors are going towards the once through technology (super critical boiler) instead of sub- critical. Once through supercritical (OTSC) technology has become a focal point for effective utilization of coal-based thermal power generation sector in India. Another main advantage of moving towards OTSC technology is reducing the weight of the boiler per MW, which can be done by going for material capable of handling higher pressure and temperature than the conventional material. So, in order to keep pace with these technologies, research on newer materials for every boilers line, which can operate at both higher pressure and temperature, has been initiated. So, in this article, we have taken one such feed water system and headers, where WB 36 steel (15 MiCuMoNiNb5) can be used instead conventional standard carbon steel like A106 grade B or C, which are usually used. For super critical, ultra super critical power plants this conventional materials like A106 grade B or C, leads to very thick piping system. V&M has developed WB 36 steel (15 MiCuMoNiNb5) for high pressure piping of boiler feed water system. This heat-resistant, copperalloyed ferritic steel 15MiCuMoNiNb5 has been widely used in European nuclear and conventional power plants for decades for feed water system. This widespread application is due to the toughness and strength, caused by the precipitation of copper, that are exhibited even at elevated temperatures which other fine-grained structural steels have at room temperature. The aim of this project “Welding Studies on WB36 Steel for Feed Water Piping” was taken to understand the metallurgy and the behavior of the new materials under different manufacturing operations.
Corrosion fatigue crack growth experiment was conducted on ESE(T) (Eccentrically-loaded Single Edge notch Tension) specimen made of IS 2062 steel in salt water environment. The specimen was placed in a transparent chamber made of perspex sheet containing 3.5% NaCl solution which acted as corrosion environment. The corrosion process was accelerated by applying constant direct current of 0.2 A which was supplied by means of a regulated power supply. The test was conducted using a ±250 kN capacity computer controlled servo-hydraulic fatigue rated Universal Testing Machine. The maximum and minimum load values were 15 kN and 1.5 kN. The test frequency was 0.375 Hz and the stress ratio was 0.1. Number of cycles to crack initiation was determined. Crack growth data were recorded at regular intervals. Crack growth curves were plotted and material constants C and m were found. Analytical studies were carried out and the results were compared with experimental results. Details of the analytical and experimental studies and the results are presented in this paper.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Study on Processing and Mechanical Properties of nano SiCp reinforced AA7075theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
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Reinforcing Aluminium with other metals to form a composite, improves the physical
and chemical properties of it. In this study, Aluminium which forms the base matrix is
stir casted with various weight percentages of Cr2O3 and TiB2. The properties
corrosion in acidic medium and tensile strength of the composites, are tested using
experimental methods and finally analyzed.
Influence of Heat Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Aisi1040 SteelIOSR Journals
This investigation is concerned to evaluate the influence of heat treatment on mechanical behavior of AISI1040 steel; it is one of the grades of medium carbon steel of American standard containing 0.40% carbon in its composition. Specimen of quenched/hardened AISI1040 steel was tempered at temperature (650,450&250℃) for 60, 90&120 minutes to modify desired properties. The mechanical behavior, particularly, ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and elongation were investigated using universal testing machine; while the hardness measurement was done on Rockwell hardness testing machine of heat treated specimens. Result shows that the ultimate tensile strength and the yield strength decrease while the elongation increases with an increase in tempering temperature and tempering time of different tempered specimen. The hardness of quenched/hardened specimen decreases with an increase in tempering temperature and tempering time. Furthermore, increasing temperature and lowering time produces approximately same result as decreasing temperature and increasing time.
MECHANICAL PROPERTY ASSESSMENT OF AUSTEMPERED AND CONVENTIONALLY HARDENED AIS...IAEME Publication
The chemical composition and mechanical properties of steel decide its applicability for manufacturing various components in different areas of engineering interests. Heat treatment processes are commonly used to enhance the required properties of steel with or without change in chemical composition. The present work aims to perform conventional hardening and Austempering treatment with experimental investigation of the effect of austempering and conventional hardening (quenching) on AISI 4340 steel. Different tests like tensile, torsion, hardness, impact and microstructure analysis are carried out in as bought and heat treated conditions
Proper heat treatment of steels is one of the most important factors in determining how they will
perform in service. Engineering materials, mostly steel, are heat treated under controlled sequence of
heating and cooling to alter their physical and mechanical properties to meet desired engineering
applications. In this study we have chosen AISI 1020 steel as for our research work and we have tried to
find out the mechanical properties (hardness) and micro structural properties (martensite formation,
carbon self-locking region) by means of appropriate heat treatment process (annealing, normalizing &
hardening). Here the steel specimens were heat treated in a furnace at different temperature levels and
soaking time; and then cooled in various media (air, ash, water). After that the hardness of the specimens
were rechecked for the comparison with previous data and the microstructures of the specimens were
examined using metallurgical microscope equipped with camera. These results showed that the hardness
of AISI 1020 steel can be changed and improved by different heat treatments for a particular application.
From the microstructures we have found that the annealed specimens with mainly ferrite structure give the
lowest hardness value and highest ductility while hardened specimens which comprise martensite give
the highest hardness value and lowest ductility. On the other hand, normalized specimens have given the
moderate hardness and ductility comparing with hardened and annealed specimens
The Effect of Cryogenic Treatment on the Hardness, Friction and Wear Resista...IJMER
Investigations carried out in the recent few decades reveal the advantages of cryogenic
treatment as one of the promising techniques to enhance wear resistance in certain tool steels. Thus the
cryogenic treatment has significant influence on the tribological performance of tool steels. It is a one
time permanent treatment process affecting the entire section of the part, unlike coatings. Enhancing the
wear resistance and service life of the steel tools subjected to rubbing condition is of important concern.
Literature provides information about the investigations performed on some high-speed steels which
reveal remarkable improvement in wear resistance from 92% to 817%. Furthermore, the studies
conducted on conventional D3 tool steel reveals the betterment of certain tribo-mechanical properties
such as hardness and wear resistance. In the present investigation the effect of cryogenic treatment on
austenitic ductile iron type D3 tool steel is studied by sliding the test specimen against the same mating
material. The study reveals increase in hardness, reduction in friction coefficient and enhancement in
wear resistance
Effect of Heat Treatment on Corrosion Behavior of Spring SteelsEditor IJCATR
The experimental work deals with the effect of heat treatment on the corrosion behaviour of spring steels. In this study the
heat treatments like hardening, normalizing and tempering were done for spring steels to obtain martensitic matrix, pearlitic structure
and tempered martensitic matrix respectively. After heat treatment the microstructural studies were carried out for the samples using
SEM. Hardness measurements were done. The corrosion behaviour of all heat treated samples in HCl at different concentration (1.5N,
2N and 2.5N) was determined using Tafel extrapolation technique. The variation in the corrosion rates due to the effect of heat
treatment was noted. The results indicate that for fully martensitic matrix the corrosion rate is minimum and for pearlitic structure its
maximum. As tempering time is increased the corrosion rate increases correspondingly. The corroded microstructural images were
also taken using SEM and analysed.
Effect of Hardness and Wear Resistance on En 353 Steel by Heat Treatment IJMER
En 353 steel is an easily available and cheap material that is acceptable for heavy duty
applications. Heat treatment on En 353 steel is improved the ductility, toughness, strength, hardness and
relive internal stress in the material. Spectrographic method is used to analyze the composition of the
alloy material. The experimental results of hardness and dry wear testing on pin-on-disc are done to get
idea about heat treated En 353 steel. It is found that the hardness and wear resistance of the En 353 steel
is improved after the heat treatment and the microstructure is changed from ferrite to martensite.
The effect of Deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) on the metallurgical and mechani...Dr.M BALA THEJA
The effect of Deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) on the metallurgical and mechanical properties of Aluminium 6061-T6 is investigated in the present work
The test castings were solutionized at 525°C for 08 hrs and water quenched to room temperature. One set of samples were subjected to cryogenic treatment at -196°C in Cryo- treatment unit, while the other set is subjected to age hardening at 160°C for durations of 3 hrs, 5hrs and 7hrs. Again cryogenic treated specimens were subjected to age hardening at 165°C for durations of 3hrs, 5 hrs and 7hrs. All the samples were taken for Mechanical properties evaluation.
The total duration of the Cryogenic treatment cycle was 36 hrs, which includes 3hrs of cooling from room temperature to -196°C, 24hrs of holding and 09 hrs of warming to room temperature. The Cryogenic treatment was carried out in a specially designed Cryogenic unit
Development of dual phase steel and determination its of mechanical propertiesIAEME Publication
In this paper, the development of dual phase steel from low carbon steel and mechanical
properties have been studies. Dual phase steel is developed by intercritical annealing in order to
improve the hardness and impact toughness. Low carbon steel of 0.21% carbon content is first
intercritically heated in furnace and then rapid cooling in water is done to obtain the martensitic
steels. Different samples of DP steels are prepared by the intercritical annealing process temperature
ranging from740˚C to 840˚C. The heating temperature and different time of heating of the steel is
used to make different percentage of Maternsite steel. Dual phase steel so obtained is now tested and
properties of the DP steel are evaluated. Hardness, charpy, microstructure test for each specimen is
conducted to compare its hardness and toughness with low carbon steel. The mechanical properties
of heat treated and non heat treated specimens are obtained and compared. The result indicates that
the specimen hardness and toughness are proportional to amount of martensite and amount of
martensite depends on intercritical annealing temperature.
Wear Analysis on 410 Stainless Steel Material by Hardening ProcessIJAEMSJORNAL
The wear conduct of 410 stainless steel has been examined under a dry sliding contact at consistent load. It was found that hardening procedure was successful in enhancing the wear conduct of stainless steel material, advancing the property of pliability. A low temperature hardening has been completed for three distinct examples at a hour, a hour and a half, 120 minutes. Untreated stainless steel was utilized as a kind of perspective material and experienced wear test for comparison with different hardening samples. The hardening samples uncover that hard layers that are shaped which enhances the surface hardness. Small scale hardness estimations uncovered a critical increment in hardness after treatment. The layers were portrayed by optical magnifying lens and checking electron magnifying lens investigation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
DEVELOPMENT OF DUAL PHASE STEEL AND DETERMINATION OF IT'S MECHANICAL PROPERTI...IAEME Publication
In this paper, the development of dual phase steel from low carbon steel and mechanical properties have been studies. Dual phase steel is developed by intercritical annealing in order to improve the hardness and impact toughness. Low carbon steel of 0.21% carbon content is first intercritically heated in furnace and then rapid cooling in water is done to obtain the martensitic steels. Different samples of DP steels are prepared by the intercritical annealing process temperature ranging from740˚C to 840˚C. The heating temperature and different time of heating of the steel is
used to make different percentage of Maternsite steel.
Since so many years a problem occurs in KSB Pump Va mbori for casting process i.e. cracks occurs in the castings & it is repeated one. Therefore the compan y has given opportunity to me to solve this problem . In case of steel casting there are mainly cracks & also blo w holes induced due to the casting procedure. There are many factors for the casting defects .The factor is unev en material feeding in casting & also due to the mo uld material & also the core material. These cracks finally brea k directly the component of the casting i.e. in cas e of pump the casting component is like Impeller,Volute casing & casing cover. At the time of feeding of steel material in to the casting the material is in liquid us form i.e. it i s hot material & this material is feeding into casting at the time o f feeding it develop different region of heat. At o ne side the temp is high &at other side the temp is low this also pr oduce cracks. To simulate that casting we use the M AGMA SOFTWARE for simulation & validate it using NDT.
Characterization 410 Stainless Steel by Vacuum Tempering ProcessIJAEMSJORNAL
It has been reported that low-temperature vacuum tempering of 410 stainless steel hard layer improving wear resistance and hardness. Grade 410 stainless steel being a hardened material were modified by low temperature tempering process. By the process of tempering, brittleness on the stainless steel material will be reduced and ductility will be promoted. The microstructure, surface hardness and erosion-corrosion resistance were systematically evaluated. Vacuum tempering is done at low temperature of 430℃ can form a hardened layer, and with the treated time prolong, the thickness of the layer increased. The stainless specimens were vacuum tempered for 30 minutes, 60 minutes and 120 minutes. Wear tests were conducted with the help of pin on disc apparatus. The output results were determined with various metallographic tests like scanning electron microscope and optical microscope results.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
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Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
1. International Journal of Research in Advent Technology, Vol.7, No.8, August 2019
E-ISSN: 2321-9637
Available online at www.ijrat.org
1
doi: 10.32622/ijrat.762019102
Abstract— In the advanced planning world, expansive
research has incited the improvement of some phenomenal
dimensions of steel, every now and again fitting for
overhauled limits. Medium carbon steel AISI 1026 is one
such assessment, having huge applications in power plants,
vehicle and diverse current applications. Diverse warmth
treatment forms are utilized to accomplish high hardness and
durability, however machinability consequently diminishes.
Existing writing isn't adequate to accomplish a harmony
among hardness and machinability. The point of this
exploratory work is to decide the hardness esteems and
durability changes in AISI 1026 steel, when it is exposed to
Annealing saw that high toughness value(impact energy) and
moderate hardness. Annealed samples oppressed Intercriticle
annealing process that implies heated upto upper critical
temperature and water quenched. It is seen that the
Intercriticle Annealing (ICA) of the specimens after
annealing process achieved better results as compared to as
received material AISI 1026steel.
Index Terms—Heat treatment, Mechanical properties,
Hardness, Toughness, Intercriticle Annealing.
I. INTRODUCTION
Heat treatment is a mix of arranged Heating and cooling
associated with a particular metal in such ways as to make
certain better mechanical properties (hardness, solidness).
Annealing, normalizing, tempering and hardening are the
most imperative heat treatments much of the time used to
change the micro-structure and mechanical properties of
designing materials particularly steels. Annealing is the kind
of warmth treatment most of the time connected so as to
malleable iron or steel materials and its grains becomes
refined because of ferrite-pearlite micro-structure. It is
utilized where extensions and obvious dimension of
Manuscript revised July 12, 2019 and published on September 10, 2019
Siluveru Ramakrishna , Department of Mechanical Engineering, Assistant
Professor, Balaji institute of technology and science- Narsampet, telangana,
india
D. Venkatarramaniah, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Assistant
Professor, Balaji institute of technology and science- Narsampet, telangana,
india
T.Sitaram Babu, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Assistant
Professor, Balaji institute of technology and science- Narsampet, telangana,
india
C.Shravani, Department of Mechanical Engineering, RGUKT-Basar,
Telangana, india
toughness are required in designing materials. Steels are
typically hardened and tempered to enhance their mechanical
properties, especially their quality and wear opposition. In
intercriticle annealing, the steel or its composite is heated to a
temperature sufficiently high to advance the development of
austenite, held at that temperature until the ideal measure of
carbon has been dissolved and afterward rapidly cooled in oil
or water at a reasonable rate. Likewise, in the hardened
condition, the steel ought to have 100% to achieve most
extreme yield quality; however it is exceptionally brittle as
well and in this manner, as quenched steels are utilized for
not very many designing applications. By Annealing, the
properties of intercriticle annealed steels could be altered to
diminish hardness and increment malleability and effect
quality step by step. The subsequent microstructures are
bainite or carbide encourage in a framework of ferrite relying
upon the treating temperature.
Inter Critical Annealing (ICA):
Intercriticle annealing carried between upper critical
temperature (912°C) and lower critical temperature (723°C)
lines. This inter-critical annealing will improves the hardness
of the material.
Figure 1: Iron-carbon diagram for representation of ICA
In inter-critical annealing process, the steel material has
ferrite and austenite composition and afterheat treatment
process, the material will subjected to rapid cooling which
means water quenching which results in ferrite will remains
as ferrite and austenite changes its structure to martensite.
Martensite formation has very hard and brittle in nature.
Table 1.Chemical composition of As Received material
AISI1026 steel
S.No Composition Percentage
1 Iron(Fe) 98.73%-99.18%
2 Carbon(C) 0.220%-0.280%
3 Manganese(Mn) 0.60%-0.90%
4 Sulphur(S) <=0.050%
5 Phosphorous(P) <=0.040%
Effect of Intercriticle Annealing on Impact energy and
Hardness of AISI 1026steel
Siluveru Ramakrishna, D. Venkatarramaniah, T.Sitaram Babu, C.Shravani
2. International Journal of Research in Advent Technology, Vol.7, No.8, August 2019
E-ISSN: 2321-9637
Available online at www.ijrat.org
2
doi: 10.32622/ijrat.762019102
Table 2.Mechanical properties of As Received material
AISI1026 steel
Mechanical properties Values
Tensile strength 490 MPa
Yield strength 415 MPa
Bulk modulus 140 GPa
Shear modulus 80.0 GPa
Elastic modulus 190-210 GPa
Poisson's ratio 0.27-0.30
Elongation at break 15.00%
Reduction of area 40.00%
Hardness, Brinell 143
Hardness, Knoop 163
Hardness, Rockwell B 78
Hardness, Vickers 149
Machinability 75
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Anmol Singh et.al [1] studied the behaviour of mechanical
properties of steel alloy specimen in two different phases. In
the first phase Low Alloy Steel AISI 8740 specimens were
prepared as per ASTM standards and subjected to heat
treatment process. Sample was tested before and after the
heat treatment process, results are tabulated. In the second
phase two Low Alloy Steel AISI 8740 specimens were
together welded and followed by Heat treatment process.
Samples are subjected to mechanical properties before and
after heat treatment. From the results it was noticed that
Welding introduces some defects and affects the mechanical
properties it was recovered by the heat treatment process for
welded alloys. For specimen without welding and the welded
specimen, mechanical properties obtained after heat
treatment have noticeable margin.
Rajesh Jha et.al [2] investigated the mechanical properties on
the heat treated Mild Steel specimens. Heat treatment is
conducted at 8000
C and quenching is carried out. It was
observed that cast iron properties are reflecting in the heat
treated mild steel specimens. Various mechanical tests were
conducted on the specimens and data is collected, results that
hardness property of the Mild steel increases with heat
treatment process. Ahaneku I. E et.al [3] carried out the
investigation on the mild steel materials to enhance the
mechanical properties by heat treatment process for six
specimens followed by quenching with different fluids.
Mechanical testing’s were conducted and analyzed the
results. The mechanical properties are having positive results
with the water quench media compare with the other
quenching Medias. Adeyinka Adebayo et.al [4] has
investigated on the quenching media which effects on the
mechanical properties of the heat treated mild steel
specimens. Mechanical tests like Tensile test, hardness test
and micro structural analysis were carried out and results are
recorded. From the results it was concluded that air-cooled
specimen had the lesser hardness but shown better ductility
nature to the specimens cooled in different media. The
groundnut-oil cooled specimen was observed having higher
yield and ultimate tensile and having impact on the have a
finer grain structure when compared to other samples. Amit
Kumar Tanwe et.al [5] studied the mechanical properties for
the low carbon steel and stainless steel using heat treatment
process like annealing, quenching and normalizing at 90000
C
and testing conducted as per ASTM standards on the UTM.
Results were analyzed and stated that heat treatment process
affects on the mechanical properties of the mild steel and
stainless steel materials. Hasan M F et.al [6] investigated the
microstructure changes and various mechanical properties by
the heat treatment process for steel material. From the results
it was justified that heat treatment process increases the
mechanical properties of the material also improves the
machinability of the material. The mechanical behaviour and
microstructures are compared with heat treated unquenched
samples with tensile strength. By the result analysis it was
concluded that heat treatment impacts on the mechanical and
microstructures. Palash Biswas et.al [7] subjected EN9 steel
for annealing and normalizing then tempering, the observed
results were like, the micro structures of tempered specimens
after normalizing process exhibited fine structure, also the
hardness values exposed very higher values as compared
with as received EN9 steel. Initially as received specimens
subjected to annealing, normalizing after that quenching
process, and specimens of normalizing process shown
satisfactory results. O.R Adetunji et.al [8] differentiated the
effects of case hardening and Quenched samples as well on
mechanical properties of low carbon steel. Case hardening
and water quenching processes happened for same work
environment as 950ºC temperature and 40min soaking time.
But the results were exhibiting that water quenched sample
were hardest and case hardened samples were toughest
sample, case hardened sample gave the best strain rate values.
S.A. Tukur [9] evaluated the mechanical properties for five
samples at different heat treatment rates, the as received
material for this experimentation AISI304steel, Initially all
the samples were heat treated under 660ºC temperature and
processed for air cooling then all five samples heat treated
above upper critical temperature range then subjected to
water quenching. At middle range temperature 1090ºC
showed the high hardness and preferable microstructure
along with good ductility. Adetunji [10] experimented on
case hardening and water quenched samples, concluded as
the great hardness values are obtained for water quenched
samples when compared with the case hardened samples of
mild steel rod. Exhibited high strain rate values for case
hardened samples then water quenched samples, Avner S. H
[11] Tempering is used to soften and improve ductility in
metal sequel to stress relief, to reduce brittleness and to make
steel tough to resist shock and fatigue, after hardening had
been conducted on it by heating the metal to a subcritical
temperature.
III. METHODOLOGIES
A. Selection of material:
Intercriticle annealing experimentation performed on AISI
1026 with dimensions of 75mmX10mmX10mm, which has
good mechanical properties like impact strength and hardness
when compared to other medium carbon steel materials. For
increasing the mechanical properties of the as received
material, it is subjected to ICA for different temperatures.
3. International Journal of Research in Advent Technology, Vol.7, No.8, August 2019
E-ISSN: 2321-9637
Available online at www.ijrat.org
3
doi: 10.32622/ijrat.762019102
B. Heat Treatment
Seven specimens were carried out for annealing process
using a muffle furnace at 925ºC, 120 minutes soaking time.
Annealed samples were cooled to normal room temperature
in the furnance itself. Intercriticle annealing(ICA) conducted
on 6 selected samples at individual temperatures of 750°C,
770°C and 790°C with a soaking time of 75, 77, 80 minutes
respectively.
Table 3: Heat treatment conditions for different
temperatures
No of
Samples
Temperature Cooling medium Soaking
time
7 9250
c Furnace(Annealed) 120
mins
2 7500
c Water
quenched(ICA)
75 mins
2 7700
c Water
quenched(ICA)
77 mins
2 7900
c Water
quenched(ICA)
80 mins
C. Hardness Testing:
Hardness tests were conducted on as-received material,
Annealed and Intercriticle Annealed samples to evaluate their
hardness properties. A HV-1000 Rockwell type
computerized microhardness testing machine was utilized to
lead the hardness test estimations. Hardness esteems were
dictated by taking the normal of five HRC readings at various
positions on the test tests.
Figure 5: Rockwell hardness testing machine
Figure 6: Impact test machine
D. Impact strength:
The processed samples were made with a notch, using the
standard dimensions. Impact tests (charpy test and izod test)
are carried out for the above specimens under Impact Testing
Machine and obtained the result of impact strength.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Hardness Test
The hardness of the annealed and Intercriticle annealed
sample was taken using Rockwell hardness tester and the
values were tabulated below:
Table 4: Rockwell B-Scale Readings for Annealed and
ICA samples
Rockwell
B-Scale
Readings
Annealed
Intercriticle
annealed at
750ºC
Intercriticle
annealed at
770ºC
Intercriticle
annealed at
790ºC
Hardness
number
58.58
HRC
93.5 HRC 94.8 HRC
96.22
HRC
It is evident from the hardness values that as
the Intercriticle temperature are increasing the hardness
values are increasing due to the increase in the amount of
martensite phase present in the matrix. In(α+γ) region, as the
temperature increases the amount of ferrite (α) decreases
while the amount of austenite (γ) increases. Upon on rapid
quenching from this region, austenite transforms to
martensite while the ferrite remains the same. The final
microstructure contains the islands of martensite in the ferrite
matrix. The annealed sample contains a ferrite – pearlite
phases while the Intercriticle annealed sample contains ferrite
– Martensite Phases.
Figure 4: Annealed samples
Figure 2: Muffle furnace used for annealing and ICA
Figure 3: Inter critical annealed samples
4. International Journal of Research in Advent Technology, Vol.7, No.8, August 2019
E-ISSN: 2321-9637
Available online at www.ijrat.org
4
doi: 10.32622/ijrat.762019102
B. Impact Energy Test
Table 5: Impact energy Readings for Annealed and ICA
samples
Impact
Test
Annealed
Intercriticle
annealed at
750ºC
Intercriticle
annealed at
770ºC
Intercriticle
annealed at
790ºC
Izod
test
216 J 38 J 28 J 42 J
Charpy
test
390 J 50 J 64J 92J
From table 5, the results were clearly showing that impact
energy of the intercriticle samples were increased with
increasing temperature. Impact energy for annealed sample is
more as compared with the ICA samples this might due to
high amount of ferrite phase in the metal matrix, but whereas
for ICA samples depicting less impact energy due to the hard
and brittle Martensite phase in ferrite matrix. But within
intercriticle annealing the impact energy values were
increased with increased temperatures and interestingly for
Izod test the impact value from ICA 750ºC to ICA 770ºC the
impact energy value got decreased due to brittle nature of
Martensite formation in the matrix. From the charpy test, the
impact energies for ICA samples exhibited better values from
ICA 750ºC, ICA 770ºC and ICA 790ºC this might be evident
for good combination of ductility and hardness. Whereas
annealed sample achieved the highest toughness energy
values 390 J due to stress relieve in the material and better
formation ferrite and pearlite combination in the metal
matrix. For ICA 790ºC achieved best hardness and impact
energy values i.e 96.22HRC and 92 J. it is evident for best
combination of strength and hardness, with this process
springback effect can be rectified.
V. CONCLUSIONS
Conclusions were made based on the results of investigation
of effect of heat treatment on mechanical properties of AISI
1026 steel:
1. Hardness, AISI 1026 steel increased while ductility of
the material decreased due to Intercriticle annealing
effect.
2. As the temperature ranges increase from 750ºC to 790ºC,
amount of martensite formation also increased
3. Intercriticle annealed samples exhibited good strength
and higher hardness than annealed samples.
4. Impact energies for Intercriticle Annealed samples
increased with increase in the temperatures but as
compare with annealed sample it got decreased due to
brittle Martensite phase formation.
5. By the Inter critical annealing process achieved hardness
values were doubles that of the as received material.
6. ICA 770ºC and ICA 790ºC samples were shown best
combinations of impact energy and hardness.
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AUTHORS PROFILE
Siluveru Ramakrishna, Assistant Professor in
Department of Mechanical Engineering, BITS-Narsampet
Completed M.Tech in RGUKT IIIT-BASAR. Have
published UGC Approved journals and also present papers
in International Conferences. Life time member of ISTE,
IAENG, TERA.won many awards and appreciations in
educational background.
D. Venkatarramaniah, Assistant Professor in
Department of Mechanical Engineering, BITS-Narsampet
Completed M.Tech in VITS-Bhongir. Have published
UGC Approved journals and also present papers in
International Conferences. Life time member of ISTE,
T. Sitaram Babu, Assistant Professor in Department of
Mechanical Engineering, BITS-Narsampet Completed
M.Tech in Osmania University. Have published 6 UGC
Approved journals and also present papers in International
Conferences. Life time member of ISTE, IAENG, TERA.
Chiluveri Shravani, Department of Mechanical
Engineering, RGUKT IIIT-BASAR. Gold medalist in
M.Tech (Computational Mechanics). Have present papers
in International Conferences.won many awards and
appreciations in educational background.