Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Studies on jet penetration and kerf width at various operating pressure in ma...eSAT Journals
Abstract Abrasive Water Jet (AWJ) machining is one of the non-traditional machining method popular method for machining of hard, heat sensitive and brittle materials. The present work attempts to investigate the effect of operating pressure on depth of penetration and kerf characteristics generated while machining of D2 heat treated steel. It is found that increase in operating pressure increases the depth of penetration and decreases the surface taper on the work-piece. Keywords: Kerf width, Depth of cut, Operating pressure, AWJ Machining
Determining the influence of cutting fluids on tool wear and surface roughnes...Lepuufu
Knowledge of the performance of cutting fluids in machining different work materials is
of critical importance in order to improve the efficiency of any machining process. The
efficiency can be evaluated based on certain process parameters such as flank wear, surface
roughness on the work piece, cutting forces developed, temperature developed at the tool
chip interface, etc. The objective of this work is to determine the influence of cutting fluids
on tool wear and surface roughness during turning of AISI 304 with carbide tool. Further
an attempt has been made to identify the influence of coconut oil in reducing the tool
wear and surface roughness during turning process. The performance of coconut oil is also
being compared with another two cutting fluids namely an emulsion and a neat cutting oil
(immiscible with water). The results indicated that in general, coconut oil performed better
than the other two cutting fluids in reducing the tool wear and improving the surface finish.
Coconut oil has been used as one of the cutting fluids in this work because of its thermal
and oxidative stability which is being comparable to other vegetable-based cutting fluids
used in the metal cutting industry.
Studies on jet penetration and kerf width at various operating pressure in ma...eSAT Journals
Abstract Abrasive Water Jet (AWJ) machining is one of the non-traditional machining method popular method for machining of hard, heat sensitive and brittle materials. The present work attempts to investigate the effect of operating pressure on depth of penetration and kerf characteristics generated while machining of D2 heat treated steel. It is found that increase in operating pressure increases the depth of penetration and decreases the surface taper on the work-piece. Keywords: Kerf width, Depth of cut, Operating pressure, AWJ Machining
Determining the influence of cutting fluids on tool wear and surface roughnes...Lepuufu
Knowledge of the performance of cutting fluids in machining different work materials is
of critical importance in order to improve the efficiency of any machining process. The
efficiency can be evaluated based on certain process parameters such as flank wear, surface
roughness on the work piece, cutting forces developed, temperature developed at the tool
chip interface, etc. The objective of this work is to determine the influence of cutting fluids
on tool wear and surface roughness during turning of AISI 304 with carbide tool. Further
an attempt has been made to identify the influence of coconut oil in reducing the tool
wear and surface roughness during turning process. The performance of coconut oil is also
being compared with another two cutting fluids namely an emulsion and a neat cutting oil
(immiscible with water). The results indicated that in general, coconut oil performed better
than the other two cutting fluids in reducing the tool wear and improving the surface finish.
Coconut oil has been used as one of the cutting fluids in this work because of its thermal
and oxidative stability which is being comparable to other vegetable-based cutting fluids
used in the metal cutting industry.
Surface residual stresses in machined austenitic stainless steelLepuufu
Surface residual stresses due to turning operations in AISI 304 type stainless steel were studied as a function of machining speed, feed rate,
depth of cut, and tool geometry and coating. Residual stress tensors were determined using X-ray diffraction technique. The effects of turning
conditions and tool on the residual stresses were discussed in terms of mechanically and thermally induced non-homogeneous plastic
deformation of the surface layers of the workpiece.
Fatigue Performance in Grinding and Turning: An OverviewIJMER
This paper analysis the influence of Abrasive Flow Machining (AFM), Turning and Grinding on
fatigue performance of Fe250. Surface condition has a strong effect on fatigue life, and that most surfaces
produced by conventional manufacturing operations such as machining and forging have poor fatigue
behavior than polished surfaces commonly used for laboratory specimens. It is found that the surfaces
produced with different machining process and having the same surface roughness having different fatigue
performances. High –cycle fatigue data was obtained for Fe 250 using three types of machining process
viz, AFM, Turning and Grinding .S-N curve is plotted for the samples obtained with all the three process. It
was found that the samples produced with AFM having the highest fatigue life.
Influence of tellurium addition on drilling of microalloyed steel (din 38mns6)Lepuufu
Purpose – This paper seeks to evaluate the influence of tellurium content on the machinability of the microalloyed pearlitic steel (DIN 38MnS6).
Two grades of steels were used, one with high (27 times greater) tellurium content and one with a low tellurium content. Machinability of the steel was
determined by the number of holes drilled by the tool before undergoing severe deformation. The drilling test matrix was prepared using a fractional
factorial design with five input variables studied at two levels (25-1). Other variables investigated include cutting speed (45 and 60 m/min), feed rate
(0.15 and 0.25 mm/rev), geometry of the twist drills and use of minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) at the flow rates of 30 and 100 ml/h. Statistical
analysis of the results revealed that composition of the work material was most influential on tool performance. Addition of tellurium to the steel
significantly improved machinability, increasing the number of drilled holes by over 100 per cent. The MQL flow rate was the least influential as increase
in the flow from 30 to 100 ml/h reduced drill life only by about 9 per cent.
Design/methodology/approach – The drilling tests were carried out in the vertical position, up-down, without pre-holes (full drilling). Cutting
speeds of 45 and 60 m/min and feed rates of 0.15 and 0.25 mm/rev were employed. Drills with two sharpening types were tested. Cutting fluid used
was vegetable based and applied using the MQL technique at flow rates of 30 and 100 ml/h. The rejection criterion adopted was severe deformation of
the drills and the number of machined holes was used to measure the machinability of the material.
Findings – Of all the variables investigated in this study, the least influential on drill performance is the MQL flow rate. Increase in the flow rate from
30 to 100 ml/h reduced drill performance by 9 per cent, contrary to expectation. This is a result of the cooling-lubricant action balance promoted by the
cutting fluid applied in low quantities (MQL). The most influential variable on drill performance is addition of Te to the work material which gave over
twofold (103 per cent) improvement in drill performance at the cutting conditions investigated. The Te particles act at the chip-tool interface, reducing
the work necessary to shear the material during chip formation. Increase in both the cutting speed and the feed rate both lowered drill performance
during machining due to associated increase in cutting temperature which tended to accelerate thermally related wear mechanisms.
Originality/value – This work was conducted to evaluate the machinability of a novel alloyed steel employed in the automobile industry. Drilling was
considered as most automobile components especially the engine block is designed with many holes which require drilling process.
Study on Influence of heat treatment on Tribological properties of mild steeldbpublications
A study was made on the effect of heat treatment upon the mild steel. Total six samples were prepared for each test (hardness test, tensile test, microstructure test and wear test) from those two was tested as received and rest four were subjected to different heat treatment that are annealing and normalizing (heated on a temperature of 850 degree Celsius). The hardness of all sample was measured by Rockwell hardness testing machine. Wear measurement was done on pin-on disc wear machine. Tensometer was used to find out the ultimate stress and strain of the sample. The result of tensile test showed that the strength is decreased by heat treating and the surface hardness is also decreased by heat treatment. Microstructure of the mild steel specimens shows the grain boundary of the particles and the content of % of carbon present. It justifies the experimental results of tensile test and hardness test. Surface Hardness is the measure of resistance that any material applies. As the specimen gets soft on treating the hardness also gets decreased. Tensile strength of any specimen is specified as how much stress the material can withstand before breaking. As the metal gets soft after heat treatment the load required for breaking goes on decreasing. Wear test is carried out to see the variation in wear measurement and coefficient of friction as the mesh size of paper are varied. More soft the surface of material is more wear is seen and vice-versa.
Experimental Analysis using Established Parameters for Cryogenic Treatment on...IJAEMSJORNAL
The experimental analysis on cutting tool material is done with referring the established parameters for Cryogenic Treatment. The pilot experimentation is carried out using the Conventional heat treated tool bits as supplied condition and Cryogenic treated tools. The three grades of high speed steel are identified for the investigation purpose and for pilot experimentation H.S.S. T42 grade is selected. The tool material procured is strictly as per the grade specifications for the investigation of effect of cryogenic treatment on tool life. The established parameters for cryogenic treatment are identified referring to previous published research and machining parameters as per the industry specifications. The pilot experimentation using Untreated and treated tools are subjected to turning operation on CNC turning center for a definite work material and machining parameters such as cutting speed, feed and depth of cut are identified. Single point cutting Tool geometry is maintained as per the tool signature and length of the tool is maintained as per the limitations of the machine. The Surface Roughness of the machined work piece is measured using the Taylor Hob-son Surface Roughness tester and the Tool wear is measured using the Tool Makers microscope. The results are tabulated. An experimental effort to understand the effect of Untreated and Cryogenic treated tool on the tool life is the outcome of this paper. The outcome of this paper forms the basis of experimentation using the Orthogonal array for all the selected grades of the material.
Comparative Analysis of Coated and Non Coated HSS Tool with Zinc, Nickel, and...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Machining is the heart of any manufacturing
process so coating material have been used in the coating of
tool steels. The tool used is high speed steel and are coated
with Zinc, Nickel and Chromium separately. The various
reasons to coat cutting tools are to increase tool life and
improve the surface quality of the product, and to increase
the production rate. The advantage of Zi, Ni, Cr coating
include high hardness, good ductility, excellent lubricity,
high chemical stability and tough resistance to wear,
corrosion and temperature. In this paper, the principle,
advantage and limitation of various Zn, Ni, Cr coating
processes are summarized. This paper involves of machining
hardened steel using Zi, Ni, Cr, coated HSS cutting tool is
studied. This paper discussed about the wear and also
hardness factor after coating compared with conventional
cutting tool(high speed steel).
Influence of Heat Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Aisi1040 SteelIOSR Journals
This investigation is concerned to evaluate the influence of heat treatment on mechanical behavior of AISI1040 steel; it is one of the grades of medium carbon steel of American standard containing 0.40% carbon in its composition. Specimen of quenched/hardened AISI1040 steel was tempered at temperature (650,450&250℃) for 60, 90&120 minutes to modify desired properties. The mechanical behavior, particularly, ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and elongation were investigated using universal testing machine; while the hardness measurement was done on Rockwell hardness testing machine of heat treated specimens. Result shows that the ultimate tensile strength and the yield strength decrease while the elongation increases with an increase in tempering temperature and tempering time of different tempered specimen. The hardness of quenched/hardened specimen decreases with an increase in tempering temperature and tempering time. Furthermore, increasing temperature and lowering time produces approximately same result as decreasing temperature and increasing time.
Regression analysis of shot peening process for performance characteristics o...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Generally the prediction of behaviour of material at high temperature is very difficult. During design of
components which are subjected to or working at high temperature must consider the testing at elevated
temperature. Hot tensile testing (HTT) is the method of tensile testing of material at elevated temperature. The
materials used for automotive or aerospace applications are mostly subject to cyclic loading, high temperature
and sometimes involve high frequency vibrations. High strength aluminium alloys are one class of materials that
are widely used in the automotive and aerospace industries .In this work I test A413 material for HTT at different
temperature and strain rate, which can be used for piston.
Keywords — HTT, high temperature, strain rate, piston, automotive or aerospace.
Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on surface integrity and dimensional stabi...eSAT Journals
Abstract Deep cryogenic treatment is an add-on process to conventional heat treatment in which material is treated at cryogenic temperature. The mechanical properties of the tool steel are significantly improved by Deep Cryogenic treatment. Surface integrity and dimensional stability is having greater impact on the functional performance of the tool during service conditions. The objective of this work is to investigate the effect of deep cryogenic treatment on the surface integrity and dimensional stability of the D2 tool steel. The metallographic samples and Navy C Rings of D2 Tool steel were treated at cryogenic temperature of -1930C after hardening and tempering. Results have shown improvement in surface roughness. The improved surface roughness is attributed to the release of tensile residual stresses and more precipitation and uniform distribution of fine secondary carbides. DCT have higher shape distortion than CHT. The distortions in DCT can be attributed to the section sensitivity of D2 Tool steel. Keywords: Surface integrity, distortion, precipitation of secondary carbides, section sensitivity
To find effects of GMAW parameters on Mechanical Properties of Aluminum AlloysIJERA Editor
The present research aims to investigate the effects of Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) on the mechanical
properties of different grades of aluminum alloys. GMAW is the most common method of joining aluminum
alloys used in various industrial processes. It replaces the Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) method of providing equally
high quality of joints with a much higher performance. Aluminum alloys under consideration for this
experiment will be from 6XXX series, consisting of Silicon and Magnesium as main alloying elements. Weld
joints Will be produced with the help of a Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) process. The Hardness, Tensile
strength, yield stresses and elongation will be the mechanical properties to be obtained. As aluminum alloys
show large micro structural changes after welding it is necessary to know about the effect of welding parameters
on the mechanical properties of weldements as too high welding current and too high welding speed will result
in high heat input and weakening of weld profile so a balance is need to be struck between welding parameters
and mechanical properties. Scattering Electron Microscopy (SEM) technique will be used to analyze micro
A study on the mechanical properties of s45 c medium type carbon steel specim...eSAT Journals
Abstract The experimental process is a fundamental technique used to determine the nature and behavior of many materials under study. In order to evaluate the fundamental properties of many engineering materials the use of mechanical testing techniques frequently play a crucial role. The development of new materials and the control of material quality are essential in the process of design and in their usage for industrial applications and construction. In this experiment, there were 2 sets (5 samples each) of medium type steel specimens S45C of 0.45% carbon content that were rigorously prepared according to ASTM standards under specific varied parameters. These parameters include the machining cutter speeds on the lathe machine and the mediums selected and temperatures set for the quenching process on the steel specimens in order to affect their overall microstructure. The specimens were then subjected to aggregate mechanical loading using a conventional tensile testing machine. The consequential effect of material structure metamorphosis under the selected quenching techniques was ultimately not part of the study as it involves microscopic analysis of grain boundaries and high-end precision equipment would be necessary to do any significant material analysis. The results of the experiment suggest that the macroscopic (not microscopic) effect of the lathe machining speeds do not significantly affect the tensile material strength of the S45 medium carbon steel specimen. Thus, the mediums and temperatures selected for the quenching process on the specimens had a marginal but significant effect on the elevated levels of tensile mechanical strength and strain of medium type carbon steel. Keywords: mechanical properties, carbon steel, lathe machine, S45C, quenching process, tensile test, stress, strain.
THE INFLUENCE OF CUTTING SPEED VARIATION IN TURNING OF AISI 304 MATERIALS ON ...IAEME Publication
Tool life is machining data which is related to machining process. The aim of this
research is to determine the tool life, tool wear and Taylor’s tool life equation value of
coated carbide insert when used in turning process of AISI 304 stainless steel. By
completing this research, the tool life of coated carbide insert will be known and can
be estimated when different cutting speed for given feeding speed and depth of cut are
used. The experiment was done by using cutting speed which was varied whereas feed
rate and depth of cut were fixed during the turning process until the tool wear value of
each cutting speed reaches 0.3 mm (VB = 0.3 mm). Taylor’s tool life equation was
obtained as VCTL
0.939=2968 and value of tool life of 29 minutes 10 seconds for low
cutting speed and 15 minutes 36 seconds for high cutting speed
The Effect of Cryogenic Treatment on the Hardness, Friction and Wear Resista...IJMER
Investigations carried out in the recent few decades reveal the advantages of cryogenic
treatment as one of the promising techniques to enhance wear resistance in certain tool steels. Thus the
cryogenic treatment has significant influence on the tribological performance of tool steels. It is a one
time permanent treatment process affecting the entire section of the part, unlike coatings. Enhancing the
wear resistance and service life of the steel tools subjected to rubbing condition is of important concern.
Literature provides information about the investigations performed on some high-speed steels which
reveal remarkable improvement in wear resistance from 92% to 817%. Furthermore, the studies
conducted on conventional D3 tool steel reveals the betterment of certain tribo-mechanical properties
such as hardness and wear resistance. In the present investigation the effect of cryogenic treatment on
austenitic ductile iron type D3 tool steel is studied by sliding the test specimen against the same mating
material. The study reveals increase in hardness, reduction in friction coefficient and enhancement in
wear resistance
Surface residual stresses in machined austenitic stainless steelLepuufu
Surface residual stresses due to turning operations in AISI 304 type stainless steel were studied as a function of machining speed, feed rate,
depth of cut, and tool geometry and coating. Residual stress tensors were determined using X-ray diffraction technique. The effects of turning
conditions and tool on the residual stresses were discussed in terms of mechanically and thermally induced non-homogeneous plastic
deformation of the surface layers of the workpiece.
Fatigue Performance in Grinding and Turning: An OverviewIJMER
This paper analysis the influence of Abrasive Flow Machining (AFM), Turning and Grinding on
fatigue performance of Fe250. Surface condition has a strong effect on fatigue life, and that most surfaces
produced by conventional manufacturing operations such as machining and forging have poor fatigue
behavior than polished surfaces commonly used for laboratory specimens. It is found that the surfaces
produced with different machining process and having the same surface roughness having different fatigue
performances. High –cycle fatigue data was obtained for Fe 250 using three types of machining process
viz, AFM, Turning and Grinding .S-N curve is plotted for the samples obtained with all the three process. It
was found that the samples produced with AFM having the highest fatigue life.
Influence of tellurium addition on drilling of microalloyed steel (din 38mns6)Lepuufu
Purpose – This paper seeks to evaluate the influence of tellurium content on the machinability of the microalloyed pearlitic steel (DIN 38MnS6).
Two grades of steels were used, one with high (27 times greater) tellurium content and one with a low tellurium content. Machinability of the steel was
determined by the number of holes drilled by the tool before undergoing severe deformation. The drilling test matrix was prepared using a fractional
factorial design with five input variables studied at two levels (25-1). Other variables investigated include cutting speed (45 and 60 m/min), feed rate
(0.15 and 0.25 mm/rev), geometry of the twist drills and use of minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) at the flow rates of 30 and 100 ml/h. Statistical
analysis of the results revealed that composition of the work material was most influential on tool performance. Addition of tellurium to the steel
significantly improved machinability, increasing the number of drilled holes by over 100 per cent. The MQL flow rate was the least influential as increase
in the flow from 30 to 100 ml/h reduced drill life only by about 9 per cent.
Design/methodology/approach – The drilling tests were carried out in the vertical position, up-down, without pre-holes (full drilling). Cutting
speeds of 45 and 60 m/min and feed rates of 0.15 and 0.25 mm/rev were employed. Drills with two sharpening types were tested. Cutting fluid used
was vegetable based and applied using the MQL technique at flow rates of 30 and 100 ml/h. The rejection criterion adopted was severe deformation of
the drills and the number of machined holes was used to measure the machinability of the material.
Findings – Of all the variables investigated in this study, the least influential on drill performance is the MQL flow rate. Increase in the flow rate from
30 to 100 ml/h reduced drill performance by 9 per cent, contrary to expectation. This is a result of the cooling-lubricant action balance promoted by the
cutting fluid applied in low quantities (MQL). The most influential variable on drill performance is addition of Te to the work material which gave over
twofold (103 per cent) improvement in drill performance at the cutting conditions investigated. The Te particles act at the chip-tool interface, reducing
the work necessary to shear the material during chip formation. Increase in both the cutting speed and the feed rate both lowered drill performance
during machining due to associated increase in cutting temperature which tended to accelerate thermally related wear mechanisms.
Originality/value – This work was conducted to evaluate the machinability of a novel alloyed steel employed in the automobile industry. Drilling was
considered as most automobile components especially the engine block is designed with many holes which require drilling process.
Study on Influence of heat treatment on Tribological properties of mild steeldbpublications
A study was made on the effect of heat treatment upon the mild steel. Total six samples were prepared for each test (hardness test, tensile test, microstructure test and wear test) from those two was tested as received and rest four were subjected to different heat treatment that are annealing and normalizing (heated on a temperature of 850 degree Celsius). The hardness of all sample was measured by Rockwell hardness testing machine. Wear measurement was done on pin-on disc wear machine. Tensometer was used to find out the ultimate stress and strain of the sample. The result of tensile test showed that the strength is decreased by heat treating and the surface hardness is also decreased by heat treatment. Microstructure of the mild steel specimens shows the grain boundary of the particles and the content of % of carbon present. It justifies the experimental results of tensile test and hardness test. Surface Hardness is the measure of resistance that any material applies. As the specimen gets soft on treating the hardness also gets decreased. Tensile strength of any specimen is specified as how much stress the material can withstand before breaking. As the metal gets soft after heat treatment the load required for breaking goes on decreasing. Wear test is carried out to see the variation in wear measurement and coefficient of friction as the mesh size of paper are varied. More soft the surface of material is more wear is seen and vice-versa.
Experimental Analysis using Established Parameters for Cryogenic Treatment on...IJAEMSJORNAL
The experimental analysis on cutting tool material is done with referring the established parameters for Cryogenic Treatment. The pilot experimentation is carried out using the Conventional heat treated tool bits as supplied condition and Cryogenic treated tools. The three grades of high speed steel are identified for the investigation purpose and for pilot experimentation H.S.S. T42 grade is selected. The tool material procured is strictly as per the grade specifications for the investigation of effect of cryogenic treatment on tool life. The established parameters for cryogenic treatment are identified referring to previous published research and machining parameters as per the industry specifications. The pilot experimentation using Untreated and treated tools are subjected to turning operation on CNC turning center for a definite work material and machining parameters such as cutting speed, feed and depth of cut are identified. Single point cutting Tool geometry is maintained as per the tool signature and length of the tool is maintained as per the limitations of the machine. The Surface Roughness of the machined work piece is measured using the Taylor Hob-son Surface Roughness tester and the Tool wear is measured using the Tool Makers microscope. The results are tabulated. An experimental effort to understand the effect of Untreated and Cryogenic treated tool on the tool life is the outcome of this paper. The outcome of this paper forms the basis of experimentation using the Orthogonal array for all the selected grades of the material.
Comparative Analysis of Coated and Non Coated HSS Tool with Zinc, Nickel, and...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Machining is the heart of any manufacturing
process so coating material have been used in the coating of
tool steels. The tool used is high speed steel and are coated
with Zinc, Nickel and Chromium separately. The various
reasons to coat cutting tools are to increase tool life and
improve the surface quality of the product, and to increase
the production rate. The advantage of Zi, Ni, Cr coating
include high hardness, good ductility, excellent lubricity,
high chemical stability and tough resistance to wear,
corrosion and temperature. In this paper, the principle,
advantage and limitation of various Zn, Ni, Cr coating
processes are summarized. This paper involves of machining
hardened steel using Zi, Ni, Cr, coated HSS cutting tool is
studied. This paper discussed about the wear and also
hardness factor after coating compared with conventional
cutting tool(high speed steel).
Influence of Heat Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Aisi1040 SteelIOSR Journals
This investigation is concerned to evaluate the influence of heat treatment on mechanical behavior of AISI1040 steel; it is one of the grades of medium carbon steel of American standard containing 0.40% carbon in its composition. Specimen of quenched/hardened AISI1040 steel was tempered at temperature (650,450&250℃) for 60, 90&120 minutes to modify desired properties. The mechanical behavior, particularly, ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and elongation were investigated using universal testing machine; while the hardness measurement was done on Rockwell hardness testing machine of heat treated specimens. Result shows that the ultimate tensile strength and the yield strength decrease while the elongation increases with an increase in tempering temperature and tempering time of different tempered specimen. The hardness of quenched/hardened specimen decreases with an increase in tempering temperature and tempering time. Furthermore, increasing temperature and lowering time produces approximately same result as decreasing temperature and increasing time.
Regression analysis of shot peening process for performance characteristics o...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Generally the prediction of behaviour of material at high temperature is very difficult. During design of
components which are subjected to or working at high temperature must consider the testing at elevated
temperature. Hot tensile testing (HTT) is the method of tensile testing of material at elevated temperature. The
materials used for automotive or aerospace applications are mostly subject to cyclic loading, high temperature
and sometimes involve high frequency vibrations. High strength aluminium alloys are one class of materials that
are widely used in the automotive and aerospace industries .In this work I test A413 material for HTT at different
temperature and strain rate, which can be used for piston.
Keywords — HTT, high temperature, strain rate, piston, automotive or aerospace.
Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on surface integrity and dimensional stabi...eSAT Journals
Abstract Deep cryogenic treatment is an add-on process to conventional heat treatment in which material is treated at cryogenic temperature. The mechanical properties of the tool steel are significantly improved by Deep Cryogenic treatment. Surface integrity and dimensional stability is having greater impact on the functional performance of the tool during service conditions. The objective of this work is to investigate the effect of deep cryogenic treatment on the surface integrity and dimensional stability of the D2 tool steel. The metallographic samples and Navy C Rings of D2 Tool steel were treated at cryogenic temperature of -1930C after hardening and tempering. Results have shown improvement in surface roughness. The improved surface roughness is attributed to the release of tensile residual stresses and more precipitation and uniform distribution of fine secondary carbides. DCT have higher shape distortion than CHT. The distortions in DCT can be attributed to the section sensitivity of D2 Tool steel. Keywords: Surface integrity, distortion, precipitation of secondary carbides, section sensitivity
To find effects of GMAW parameters on Mechanical Properties of Aluminum AlloysIJERA Editor
The present research aims to investigate the effects of Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) on the mechanical
properties of different grades of aluminum alloys. GMAW is the most common method of joining aluminum
alloys used in various industrial processes. It replaces the Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) method of providing equally
high quality of joints with a much higher performance. Aluminum alloys under consideration for this
experiment will be from 6XXX series, consisting of Silicon and Magnesium as main alloying elements. Weld
joints Will be produced with the help of a Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) process. The Hardness, Tensile
strength, yield stresses and elongation will be the mechanical properties to be obtained. As aluminum alloys
show large micro structural changes after welding it is necessary to know about the effect of welding parameters
on the mechanical properties of weldements as too high welding current and too high welding speed will result
in high heat input and weakening of weld profile so a balance is need to be struck between welding parameters
and mechanical properties. Scattering Electron Microscopy (SEM) technique will be used to analyze micro
A study on the mechanical properties of s45 c medium type carbon steel specim...eSAT Journals
Abstract The experimental process is a fundamental technique used to determine the nature and behavior of many materials under study. In order to evaluate the fundamental properties of many engineering materials the use of mechanical testing techniques frequently play a crucial role. The development of new materials and the control of material quality are essential in the process of design and in their usage for industrial applications and construction. In this experiment, there were 2 sets (5 samples each) of medium type steel specimens S45C of 0.45% carbon content that were rigorously prepared according to ASTM standards under specific varied parameters. These parameters include the machining cutter speeds on the lathe machine and the mediums selected and temperatures set for the quenching process on the steel specimens in order to affect their overall microstructure. The specimens were then subjected to aggregate mechanical loading using a conventional tensile testing machine. The consequential effect of material structure metamorphosis under the selected quenching techniques was ultimately not part of the study as it involves microscopic analysis of grain boundaries and high-end precision equipment would be necessary to do any significant material analysis. The results of the experiment suggest that the macroscopic (not microscopic) effect of the lathe machining speeds do not significantly affect the tensile material strength of the S45 medium carbon steel specimen. Thus, the mediums and temperatures selected for the quenching process on the specimens had a marginal but significant effect on the elevated levels of tensile mechanical strength and strain of medium type carbon steel. Keywords: mechanical properties, carbon steel, lathe machine, S45C, quenching process, tensile test, stress, strain.
THE INFLUENCE OF CUTTING SPEED VARIATION IN TURNING OF AISI 304 MATERIALS ON ...IAEME Publication
Tool life is machining data which is related to machining process. The aim of this
research is to determine the tool life, tool wear and Taylor’s tool life equation value of
coated carbide insert when used in turning process of AISI 304 stainless steel. By
completing this research, the tool life of coated carbide insert will be known and can
be estimated when different cutting speed for given feeding speed and depth of cut are
used. The experiment was done by using cutting speed which was varied whereas feed
rate and depth of cut were fixed during the turning process until the tool wear value of
each cutting speed reaches 0.3 mm (VB = 0.3 mm). Taylor’s tool life equation was
obtained as VCTL
0.939=2968 and value of tool life of 29 minutes 10 seconds for low
cutting speed and 15 minutes 36 seconds for high cutting speed
The Effect of Cryogenic Treatment on the Hardness, Friction and Wear Resista...IJMER
Investigations carried out in the recent few decades reveal the advantages of cryogenic
treatment as one of the promising techniques to enhance wear resistance in certain tool steels. Thus the
cryogenic treatment has significant influence on the tribological performance of tool steels. It is a one
time permanent treatment process affecting the entire section of the part, unlike coatings. Enhancing the
wear resistance and service life of the steel tools subjected to rubbing condition is of important concern.
Literature provides information about the investigations performed on some high-speed steels which
reveal remarkable improvement in wear resistance from 92% to 817%. Furthermore, the studies
conducted on conventional D3 tool steel reveals the betterment of certain tribo-mechanical properties
such as hardness and wear resistance. In the present investigation the effect of cryogenic treatment on
austenitic ductile iron type D3 tool steel is studied by sliding the test specimen against the same mating
material. The study reveals increase in hardness, reduction in friction coefficient and enhancement in
wear resistance
MECHANICAL PROPERTY ASSESSMENT OF AUSTEMPERED AND CONVENTIONALLY HARDENED AIS...IAEME Publication
The chemical composition and mechanical properties of steel decide its applicability for manufacturing various components in different areas of engineering interests. Heat treatment processes are commonly used to enhance the required properties of steel with or without change in chemical composition. The present work aims to perform conventional hardening and Austempering treatment with experimental investigation of the effect of austempering and conventional hardening (quenching) on AISI 4340 steel. Different tests like tensile, torsion, hardness, impact and microstructure analysis are carried out in as bought and heat treated conditions
A Review on Mechanical and Wear Properties of Heat Treated SteelIJSRD
This Review Paper describes effects of heat treatment on various material by varying process parameters and by using different types of heat treatment process. The heat treatment includes heating & cooling operations or the sequence of two or more such operations applied to any material in order to modify metallurgical structure and alter its physical, mechanical and chemical properties. This Review paper shows progress and research in the field of heat treatment process. Different types of heat treatment processes such as annealing, normalising, nitriding, hardening, tempering carburising used & available in recent time. This paper deals with important progress work on heat treatment and its process parameters.
Cryogenic treatment is a secondary process to traditional heat treatment used for improving the hardness and wear resistance of tool steels. Though the potential use of cryogenic treatment on AISI D2 tool steel under laboratory conditions has been well established by the researchers, it is essential to do the analysis to ensure its sustainable use for industrial application. Therefore, impact of cryogenic treatment on AISI D2 steel blanking punch was evaluated in terms of increase in production rate and its life. The cryogenically treated D2 tool steel punches were used and subjected to manufacture the control levers using blanking operations. The improved wear resistance of cryogenically treated punch resulted in increase in production and punch life more than 200%. Punch life was studied and correlated to increase in production & wear behavior of blanking punch. The AISI D2 steel samples were prepared and subjected to laboratory tests comprising of metallographic observations and hardness. It was found that laboratory tests were not enough to predict improvements in mechanical properties. The mechanism responsible for augmented wear resistance by cryogenic treatment was the conversion of retained austenite to martensite and precipitation of new secondary carbides.
Effect of Tool Rotation Speed on the Hardness of Welded Joints of Aluminium A...ijsrd.com
Aluminum alloys are used in engineering design for their light weight, high strength-to weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and relatively low cost. Aluminum is available in various compositions, including “pure†metal, alloys for casting, and alloys for the manufacture of wrought products wrought Alloys. Most aluminum alloys used for wrought products contain Less than 7 percent of alloying elements. By the regulation of the amount and type of elements added, the properties of the aluminum can be enhanced and its working characteristics improved. In this welding process we have study that two pieces of aluminum alloy (6063) were welded with the help of friction stir welding process and here in this welding process we have found that the microstructure of weld zone was characterized by dynamic recrastallization producing fine grain structure. The vickers hardness testing results obtained for welded specimens and we have observed that the hardness is increases and decreases on different parameters like tool rotation speed. But we have obtained that as the tool rotating speed is increases the hardness will aslo increases. Finally we obtained the max. hardness(Hv-40) on max. Tool rotation speed of (rpm-1800).
Unit 2 Machinability, Cutting Fluids, Tool Life & Wear, Tool MaterialsMechbytes
Concept of machinability, machinability index, factors affecting machinability
Different mechanism of tool wear types of tool wear (crater, flank etc.), Measurement and control of tool wear
Concept of tool life, Taylor's tool life equation (including modified version)
Different tool materials and their applications including effect of tool coating
Introduction to economics of machining
Cutting fluids: types, properties, selection and application methods
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
esearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
A review on effect of various parameters on cutting tool in orthogonal metal ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In recent years there is great progress in the field of tool design. Tool is an important factor for machinability process. In the
metal cutting process various cutting parameters affecting on the cutting tool. The various parameters include as cutting speed,
feed rate, depth of cut, rake angle. The effect of these parameters on the cutting forces, tool temperature, and surface roughness
studied. This helps in evaluating the tool life and tool wear. This effect of parameters on tool is important for efficient machining
and machining conditions. The paper also covers the effect of cutting parameters on the chip formation and residual stresses
produced during cutting process.
Keywords: Cutting parameters, orthogonal, cutting process, cutting tool
Analysis of Machining Characteristics of Cryogenically Treated Die Steels Usi...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Effect of Hardness and Wear Resistance on En 353 Steel by Heat Treatment IJMER
En 353 steel is an easily available and cheap material that is acceptable for heavy duty
applications. Heat treatment on En 353 steel is improved the ductility, toughness, strength, hardness and
relive internal stress in the material. Spectrographic method is used to analyze the composition of the
alloy material. The experimental results of hardness and dry wear testing on pin-on-disc are done to get
idea about heat treated En 353 steel. It is found that the hardness and wear resistance of the En 353 steel
is improved after the heat treatment and the microstructure is changed from ferrite to martensite.
Effects of cryogenic treatment on tool steel aisi d6eSAT Journals
Abstract
In present technological modern age. All the manufacturers adopt that process which governs to higher productivity that has been achieved by the various treatment of tool steel. These conventional processes improve no of characteristics to fulfill desired purpose. But all these process does not provided fully satisfaction from conventional heat treatment process. Thus a new process is being additionally employed for improving mechanical properties called cryogenic treatment process or sub-zero treatment of tool steels. During this process tool steel is proceed below Atmospheric tem. That is in minus about (-1960 C or 3100 F). Due to cooling, steel alter their mechanical properties like wear resistance, Hardness, toughness, fatigue life micro-structure alteration etc. Cryo-treatment not only improve its mechanical properties but also improve thermal properties, electrical properties & easier machining etc. in this paper cryogenic treatment of tool steel AISI-D6 is perform and study is made for wear-resistance, Hardness, toughness, with respect to untreated test specimen of same, we have got improved wear-resistance capacity improve hardness as well as toughness.
Keywords – AISI-D6 tool steel, cryogenic process, wear resistance, Hardness, Toughness.
Similar to Characterization and Performance Evaluation of HSS Cutting Tools under deep Cryogenic Treatment (20)
Experimental Investigation of a Household Refrigerator Using Evaporative-Cool...inventy
The objective of this paper was to investigate experimentally the effect of Evaporative-cooled condenser in a household refrigerator. The experiment was done using HCF134a as the refrigerant. The performance of the household refrigerator with air-cooled and Evaporative-cooled condenser was compared for different load conditions. The results indicate that the refrigerator performance had improved when evaporative-cooled condenser was used instead of air-cooled condenser on all load conditions. Evaporativecooled condenser reduced the energy consumption when compared with the air-cooled condenser. There was also an enhancement in coefficient of performance (COP) when evaporative-cooled condenser was used instead of air-cooled condenser. The Evaporative cooled heat exchanger was designed and the system was modified by retrofitting it, instead of the conventional air-cooled condenser by making drop wise condensation using water and forced circulation over the condenser. From the experimental analysis it is observed that the COP of evaporative cooled system increased by 13.44% compared to that of air cooled system. So the overall efficiency and refrigerating effect is increased. In minimum constructional, maintenance and running cost, the system is much useful for domestic purpose. This study also revealed that combining a evaporative cooled system along with conventional water cooled system under the condition that the defrost water obtained from the freezer is used for drop wise condensation over condenser and water cooled condensation of the condenser at the bottom using remaining defrost water would reduce the power consumption, work done and hence further increase in refrigerating effect of the system. The study has shown that such a system is technically feasible and economically viable
Copper Strip Corrossion Test in Various Aviation Fuelsinventy
This research work takes in to account of corrosiveness test on various aviation fuels in the state of Telengana (India). The purpose of this experiment is to determine the corrosiveness test of fuels. This determination will be accomplished by using copper strip corrosion test by using the copper strip experiment we can determine the corrosive property of the fuel and hence the efficiency of fuel. The research covers the importance of knowing the corrosive property of different petroleum fuels including aviation turbine fuel.
Additional Conservation Laws for Two-Velocity Hydrodynamics Equations with th...inventy
A series of the differential identities connecting velocities, pressure and body force in the twovelocity hydrodynamics equations with equilibrium of pressure phases in reversible hydrodynamic approximation is obtaned.
Comparative Study of the Quality of Life, Quality of Work Life and Organisati...inventy
People’s lives are increasingly centred on work; they spend at least one-third of their time within the organisations that employ them. Investigating the factors that interfere with employees’ well-being and the organisational environment is becoming an increasing concern in organisations. This article identifies the criteria of the quality of life (QoL), quality of working life (QWL) and organisational climate instruments to point out their similarities. For bibliographic construction and data research, articles were sought in national and international journals, books and dissertations/articles in SciELO, Science Direct, Medline and Pub Med databases. The results show direct relationships amongst QoL, QWL and organisational climate instruments. The relationship between QoL and QWL instruments is based on fair compensation, social interaction, organisational communication, working conditions and functional capacity. QWL and organisational climate instruments are related through social interaction and interfaces. QoL and organisational climate instruments are related based on social interaction, organisational communication, and work conditions.
A Study of Automated Decision Making Systemsinventy
The decision making process of many operations are dependent on analysing very large data sets, previous decisions and their results. The information generated from the large data sets are used as an input for making decisions. Since the decisions to be taken in day to day operations are expanding, the time taken for manual decision making is also expanding. In order to reduce the time, cost and to increase the efficiency and accuracy, which are the most important things for customer satisfaction, many organisations are adopting the automated decision making systems. This paper is about the technologies used for automated decision making systems and the areas in which automated decisions systems works more efficiently and accurately.
Crystallization of L-Glutamic Acid: Mechanism of Heterogeneous β -Form Nuclea...inventy
The mechanism of heterogeneous nucleation of β-form L-glutamic acid was deeply investigated in cooling crystallization. The present study found that the β-form crystals were epitaxially grown on the α-form crystals and they were preferably crystallized on the (011) and (001) surfaces instead of the (111) surfaces of α- form crystals. This result was explained via the molecular simulation. The molecular simulation indicated that the different surfaces of α-form crystals provided different functional groups, resulting in different sites for the heterogeneous nucleation of β-form crystals. Here, the functional group were COO- , C=O and O-H on the (011) and (001) surfaces of α-form crystals, respectively, while it was the NH3 + on the (111) surfaces of α-form crystals. As such, the degree of lattice matching (E) between the β-form crystals and the various surfaces of α- form crystal was distinguished, where the degree of lattice matching (E) between the β-form crystals and the (011), (001) and (111) surfaces of α-form crystal were estimated as 5.30, 5.25 and 2.39, respectively, implying that the (011) and (001) surfaces of α-form crystal were more favorable to generate the heterogeneous nucleation of β-form crystals than the (111) surfaces of α-form crystal
Evaluation of Damage by the Reliability of the Traction Test on Polymer Test ...inventy
In recent decades, polymers have undergone a remarkable historical development and their use has been greatly imposed by gradually dethroning most of the secular materials. These polymer materials have always distinguished themselves by their simple shaping and inexpensive price, their versatility, lightness, and chemical stability but despite their massive use in everyday life as well as in advanced technologies. Generally, these materials still not understood which requires a thorough knowledge of their chemical, physical, rheological and mechanical properties. This paper, we study the mechanical behavior of an amorphous polymer: Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene “ABS” by means of uniaxial tensile testing on pierced test pieces with different notch lengths ranging between 1 to 14mm.The proposed approach consists in analyzing the evolution of the global geometry of the obtained strain curves by taking into account the zones and characteristic points of these curves as well as the effect of the damage on the mechanical behavior of the polymer ABS, in order to visualize the evolution of the damage by a static model
Application of Kennelly’model of Running Performances to Elite Endurance Runn...inventy
: The model of Kennelly between distance (Dlim) and exhaustion time (tlim) has been applied to the individual performances of 19 elite endurance runners (World-record holders and Olympic winners) from P. Nurmi (1920-1924) to M. Farah (2012) whose individual best performances on several different distances are known. Kennelly’s model (Dlim = k tlim ) can describe the individual performances of elite runners with a high accuracy (errors lower than 2 %). There is a linear relationship between parameters k and exponents of the elite runners and the extreme values correspond to S. Coe (k = 15.8; = 0.851) and E. Zatopek (k = 6.57; = 0.984). Exponent can be considered as a dimensionless index of aerobic endurance which is close to 1 in the best endurance runners. If it is assumed than maximal aerobic speed can be maintained 7 min in elite endurance runners, exponent is equal to the normalized critical speed (critical speed/maximal aerobic speed) computed from exhaustion times equal to 3 and 12.5 min in these runners.
Development and Application of a Failure Monitoring System by Using the Vibra...inventy
In this project, a failure monitoring system is developed by using the vibration and location information of balises in railway signaling. A lot of field equipment in railway are loosening and broken in time period so that they need maintenance due to the vibrations that occur due to high speed trains traffic and railway vehicles impact. Among the field equipment, balises have very important role of communication in terms of transmitting information to trains. In this scope, it is aimed to make maintenance works more efficient, have no delayed trains, detect previously failure location and intervene in failure timely, by detecting and controlling balise cases such as loosening, out of place and the data consistency error that happens because of balise physical state. In this project, the communication is provided with I2C, Modbus RTU (Remote Terminal Unit) and RS485 standards by using Arduino Uno cards and MPU6050 IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) sensors in laboratory. Each used sensors are in slave mode and computer interface designed with C# is in master mode. Fault situations in the system are checked instant by the interface. (it is assumed to mount the IMU sensor and the Arduino circuit on the balise) it is seen that the interface responds to the sensor movements instant and the system works well in the end of test processes.
The Management of Protected Areas in Serengeti Ecosystem: A Case Study of Iko...inventy
The study assessed the management of protected areas in Serengeti ecosystem using the case of IGGRs. Specifically, the study aimed at identifying the strategies used for natural resources management; examining the impacts of those strategies; examining the hindrances of the identified strategies; and lastly, examining the methods for scaling up the performance of strategies used for natural resources in the study area. The study involved two villages among 31 villages bordering IGGRs where in each village; at least 5% of the households were sampled. Both Primary data and secondary data were collected and analyzed both manually and computer by using SPSS software. The study revealed that, study population ranked IGGRs performance on protection of natural resources, especially on conserving wildlife for future generation and in reducing poaching to be good(53.3%). In addition, the relationship with IGGRs was said to be considerable good (46.7%). In the aspect of reducing poaching, the findings show that poaching has been reduced by 96.2% from 2009 to 2012. Furthermore, 81.4% of respondents said they use different strategies to control loss of natural resources which in turn has considerably improved the relationship between protected areas and the surrounding communities in some of the aspects. Despite of above successes, the study findings has revealed a number of challenges that hinders the full attainment of conservation objectives. Among the challenges are loss of life and properties (86.4%), shortage of water for livestock (68.9%) since water sources such as Grumeti and Rubana rivers are within protected area while the adjacent local communities do not have a free access to those water sources. Other challenges especially on the IGGRs management include insufficient fund base, working facilities and inadequate staffs. Based on the above findings, the study concluded that the strategies used for natural resources management of protected areas in Serengeti ecosystem is fairly sustainable and need functional participatory approaches of local people and other stakeholders in order to bring about a collaborative natural resources management network in the ecosystem. Furthermore, based on the findings above, equity in benefit sharing accrued from natural resource management in protected areas, more financial support to IGGRs and local community, the use of non-lethal deterrents for crop protection, integration of croplivestock production systems, adoption of land use plans as a solution to land conflicts, strengthens of community based conservation (CBC), adoption of modern information technology such as geographical information system (GIS) and remote sensing are recommended.
Size distribution and biometric relationships of little tunny Euthynnus allet...inventy
This study is taken from data of commercial fishing of the little tunny, Euthynnus alletteratus (Rafinesque, 1810) caught in the Algerian coast, sampled between november 2011 and april 2016. Data were collected in order to determine size distributions of the population and biometric relationships of species including the size - weight relationships. A total of 601 fish ranged from 30.9 and 103 cm fork length (FL) were observed. The size distribution of Euthynnus alletteratus shows multiple modal values witch the most important cohort corresponds to the age class 2 (42-46 cm). The value of the allometric coefficient (b) of the FL/TW relationship is lower than 3, indicating a negative allometric growth.
Removal of Chromium (VI) From Aqueous Solutions Using Discarded Solanum Tuber...inventy
Industrial polluting effluents containing heavy metals are of serious environmental concern in India. Chromium is frequently used in industries like electroplating, metal finishing, cooling towers, dyes, paints, anodizing and leather tanning and is found as traces in effluents finding their way to natural water bodies causing hazardous toxicity to the health of humans, animals and aquatic lives directly or indirectly. Many methods for the removal of Chromium such as chemical reduction, precipitation, ion exchange, electrochemical reduction, evaporation, reverse osmosis and adsorption using activated carbon etc. have been reported but all being expensive and complicated to operate. Experimental practices reveal that adsorption by agricultural and horticultural wastes are quite simple, inexpensive and efficient method. Agra is famous for Potato farming, a lot of discarded potato waste from cold storages is thrown along road side drains causing solid waste generated which either creates solid waste disposal problem or otherwise it finds way to Yamuna river resulting high BOD and posing a serious threat to the aquatic environment. For developing countries like India adsorption studies using discarded potato (Solanum tuberosum) waste from cold storages (DPWC) a solid waste as low cost adsorbent for Chromium removal was dual beneficial i.e., an ideal solution to these solid wastes disposal problem of Agra and removal of Chromium from tannery effluents and thereby saving aquatic life from Chromium contamination in Yamuna river. Keeping this in view batch experiments were designed to study the feasibility of discarded potato waste from cold storages to remove chromium (VI) from the aqueous solutions. During the study various affecting parameters, such as pH, adsorbent does, initial concentration, temperature, contact time, adsorbent grain size and start up agitation speed were optimized as 5.0, 10-20 g/l, 50 mg/l, 250C, 135 minutes, average size and 80 rpm respectively on chromium removal efficiency. Various Isotherms such as Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin also fitted suitably and various corresponding constants determined from these Isotherms favor and support the adsorption. Thermodynamic constants ∆G, ∆H and ∆S were found to be 0.267 KJ/mole, 0.288 KJ/mole and 0.0013 KJ/mole respectively.
Effect of Various External and Internal Factors on the Carrier Mobility in n-...inventy
The effect of various external (temperature, electric field, light) and intracrystalline (doping, initial resistivity) factors on the mobility of carriers in layered n-InSe semiconductor experimentally have been investigated. Scientific explanations of the results are proposed
Transient flow analysis for horizontal axial upper-wind turbineinventy
This study is to carry out a transient flow field analysis on the condition that the wind turbine is working to generate turbine, the wind turbine operating conditions change over time, Purpose of this study is try to find out the rule from the wind turbine changing over time . In transient analysis, the wind velocity on inlet boundary and rotation speed in the rotor field will change over time, and an analytical process is provided that can be used for future reference. At present, the wind turbine model is designed on the concept of upwind horizontal axis type. The computer engineering software GH Bladed is used to obtain the relationship between the rotor velocity and the wind turbine. Then the ANSYS engineering software is used to calculate the stress and strain distribution in the blades over time. From the analytical result, the relationship between the stress distribution in the blades and the rotor velocity is got to be used as a reference for future wind turbine structural optimization.
Choice of Numerical Integration Method for Wind Time History Analysis of Tall...inventy
Wind tunnel tests are being performed routinely around the world for designing tall buildings but the advent of powerful computational tools will make time-history analysis for wind more common in near future. As the duration of wind storms ranges from tens of minutes to hours while earthquake durations are typically less than a three to four minutes, the choice of a time step size (Δt) for wind studies needs to be much larger both to reduce the computational time and to save disk space. As the error in any numerical solution of the equation of motion is dependent on step size (Δt), careful investigations on the choice of numerical integration methods for wind analyses are necessary. From a wide variety of integration methods available, it was decided to investigate three methods that seem appropriate for 3D-time history analysis of tall buildings for wind. These are modal time history analysis, the Hilber-Hughes-Taylor (HHT) method or α-method with α=- 0.1, and the Newmark method with β=0.25 and γ=0.5 ( i.e., trapezoidal rule). SAP2000, a common structural analysis software tool, and a 64-story structure are used to conduct all the analyses in this paper. A boundary layer wind tunnel (BLWT) pressure time history measured at 120 locations around the building envelope of a similar structure is used for the analyses. Analyses performed with both the HHT and Newmark-method considering P-delta effects show that second order effects have a considerable impact on both displacement and acceleration response. This result shows that it is necessary to account P-delta effect for wind analysis of tall buildings. As the direct integration time history analysis required very large computation times and very large computer physical memory for a wind duration of hours, a modal analysis with reduced stiffness is considered as a good alternative. For that purpose, a non-linear static analysis of the structure with a load combination of 1.0D + 1.0L is performed in SAP2000 and the reduced stiffness of the structure after the analysis is used to conduct an eigenvalue analysis to extract the mode shapes and frequencies of this structure. Then the first 20- modes are used to perform a modal time history analysis for wind load. The result shows that the responses from modal analysis with “20-mode (reduced stiffness)” are comparable with that from the P-Δ analyses of Newmark-method
Impacts of Demand Side Management on System Reliability Evaluationinventy
Electricity demand in Saudi Arabia is steadily increasing as electrical loads grows at a rate of about 7% per year, this represents a high rate by all standards, and largely due to population growth, as well as due to government subsidies which may lead to prices much lower than actual production cost. This growth represents a challenge that requires Saudi Electricity Company (SEC) to invest huge amounts of money every year, for the construction of additional generation capacity along with the reinforcement of transmission network to meet the consumption growth.Also the demand varies frequently throughout the day, causing a waste of a large part of the energy. SEC believes the optimum solution lies in altering the load shape in order to have a better balance between customer’s consumption and SEC’s generation, This paper describes the method for improving the power system reliability by shifting the portion of peak load to off-peak periods This load management scheme can be achieved by lifting the generation during off peak periods and utilizing the stored energy during peak periods. A hybrid set up involving solar and wind energy along with batteries can also be used to store energy and utilize it during peak periods.
Reliability Evaluation of Riyadh System Incorporating Renewable Generationinventy
In this paper, the experience of Saudi Electricity Company (SEC) in analyzing the generation adequacy for Year 2013 is presented. This analysis is conducted by calculating several reliability indices for Riyadh system hourly load during all four seasonal periods. The reliability indices are gauged against the international utility practice. SEC also plans to introduce renewable energy into the network in order to secure the environmental standards and reduce fuel costs of conventional generation. Thus, the reliability improvement due to different integration levels of Solar and Wind generating sources has also been investigated. The capacity value provided by these variable renewable energy sources (VERs) to reliably meet the system load has been calculated using effective load carrying capability (ELCC) technique with a loss of load expectancy metric.
The effect of reduced pressure acetylene plasma treatment on physical charact...inventy
The capacitors are increasingly being used as energy storage devicesin various power systems. The scientists of the world are tryingto maximize the electrical capacity of the supercapacitors. To achieve this purpose, numerous method sare used: the surface activation of electrodes, the surface etching using the electronbeam, the electrode etching with variousgasplasma, etc. The purpose of this work is toresearch how the properties of carbon electrodes depend on the plasma parameters at whichtheywere formed. The largest surface area ofcarbonelectrodeof47.25m2 /gis obtainedat 15 ofAr/C2H2gasratio. Meanwhile, theSEMimages show that the disruption of structures with low bond energies and the formation of new onesare taking place when the carbon electrodes are etched at acetylene plasma and placed on carbon electrode. The measurements of capacitance showthat capacitors with affectedelectrodes have about10-15% highercapacity than those not treated with acetyleneplasma.
Experimental Investigation of Mini Cooler cum Freezerinventy
In general cases the refrigerator could be converted into an air conditioner by attaching a fan. Thus a cooler as well as freezer is obtained in a single set up. The freezer can be converted to an air conditioner when the outside air is allowed to flow beside the cooling coil and is forced outside by an exhaust fan. In this case a mini scale cooler cum freezer using R134a as refrigerant was fabricated and tested In our mini project work we had designed, fabricated and experimentally analysed a mini cooler cum freezer. From the observations and calculations, the results of mini cooler cum freezer are obtained and are compared.
Growth and Magnetic properties of MnGeP2 thin filmsinventy
We have successfully grown MnGeP2 thin films on GaAs (100) substrate. A ferromagnetic transition near 320 K has been observed by temperature dependent magnetization and resistance measurements. Field dependent magnetization experiments have shown that the coercive fields at 5, 250, and 300 K are 3870, 1380 and 155 Oe, respectively. Magnetoresistance and Hall measurements have displayed that hole conduction is dominant in MnGeP2. PACS: 75.50.Pp, 75.70.-i, 85.70.-w, 73.50.-h
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
RAT: Retrieval Augmented Thoughts Elicit Context-Aware Reasoning in Long-Hori...
Characterization and Performance Evaluation of HSS Cutting Tools under deep Cryogenic Treatment
1. Research Inventy: International Journal of Engineering And Science
Vol.5, Issue 10 (October 2015), PP -13-19
Issn (e): 2278-4721, Issn (p):2319-6483, www.researchinventy.com
13
Characterization and Performance Evaluation of HSS Cutting
Tools under deep Cryogenic Treatment
1
Indra Reddy, 2
Dr. Y. Sesha Rao, 3
A.S.P Seshank, 4
Vamsi Inturi
1
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, SRKR Engineering College, Bhimavaram
2
Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Pace institute of Technology and Sciences, Ongole
3
Student, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, SRKR Engineering College, Bhimavaram
4
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Pace institute of Technology and Sciences, Ongole
ABSTRACT: Cutting tool materials are high quality steels made to close compositional and
physical tolerances. In service, most cutting tools are subjected to extremely high and
fluctuating loads. That is, the tool materials must withstand loads for long times without
breaking and without undergoing excessive wear or deformation. For a tool steel at a given
hardness, wear resistance may vary widely depending on the heat treatment used and wear
mechanism involved in the process. Low temperature treatment is one of the most promising
methods to enhance the performance of tool materials. Thus, the influence of cryogenic
treatment (CT) on the performance of high speed steel (HSS) cutting tool is studied in this
paper. The study was conducted on untreated and cryogenically treated HSS tools under the
machining process of turning mild steel (MS) specimens. The tests on turning process were
conducted at constant depth of cut (1mm) for a combination of five different cutting speeds
and three different feed rates. The cutting tool parameters such as hardness and tool life, and
the surface roughness of MS test specimens were measured. Also the microstructure
characterization and chemical composition of the cutting tools are studied with the help of
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). It was
found that the cryogenically treated HSS tools are superior to non treated ones in all the test
conditions.
Key words: Materials: Steel,
Applications: Cutting tools, Low temperature,
Techniques and methods: Electron microscopy,
Physics and mechanics of materials and contact: Hardness
I. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, increased interest in the effects of low temperature on tool materials, particularly HSS
tools, has been demonstrated. Actually when the cutting tools are heat treated, i.e., during quenching, the total
austenite is not transformed in to martensite, and the austenite retained at room temperature is unstable. This
untransformed austenite makes the tool brittle and causes loss of strength and hardness. Therefore cryogenics or
deep freezing is necessary to make sure that there is no retained Austenite during quenching.
Cryogenic treatment of tool steels is a new technology to increase the wear resistance and extend intervals
between replacements for blades, bits, machining mills etc., and hence improves surface quality of the machined
parts. Mohan Lal et al., [1] studied the improvement in wear resistance and the significance of treatment
parameters in different tool and die materials. They found that cryogenic treatment imparts nearly 110%
improvement in tool life. Cohen et al. [2] proved that the power consumption of cryogenically treated HSS tools
is less when compared to the untreated HSS tools.
Although it has been conformed that cryogenic treatment improves the wear resistance and tool life, the process
has not been standardized, with the results being inconsistent by varying from researcher to researcher [3].
Flavio J. Da Silva [4] studied the effect of cryogenic treatment on M2 high speed steel tools after using them in
either laboratories or shop floor tests in an automotive industry. Singh [5] conducted experimentation on the
effect of cryogenic treatment on machining characteristics of Titanium alloy (Ti-6A1-4V). In his
experimentation, he predicted the best rpm range for conventional milling of Titanium alloy using HSS tool
material. The mechanical properties, viz., surface roughness, surface hardness, metal removal rate and tool wear
2. Characterization and Performance Evaluation...
14
rate were observed to find out the best range of machining characteristics. Vadivel et al. [6] studied on
cryogenically treated carbide cutting tools and showed micro structural changes in the material that can
influence the life of the tools significantly. Cajner et al. [7] studied the effect of deep cryogenic treatment on
impact and fracture toughness, erosion wear resistance and the material microstructure has been tested on test
pieces made of PM S390 MC HSS.
Podgonik et al. [8] investigated the influence of deep CT parameters, viz., treatment time and temperature on the
tribological performance of powder-metallurgy (P/M) HSS. Tribological tests indicate that deep cryogenic
treatment contributes to improved abrasive wear resistance and better galling properties of P/M HSS. Jo J. Braz
et al. [9] stated that cryogenic cooling is an efficient way of maintaining the temperature at the cutting interface
well below the softening temperature of the cutting tool material. This technology is exploited mainly in the
grinding industry because of the high specific energy requirements which results in high grinding zone
temperature. Gill et al. [10] concluded the deep CT has destructive effect on the performance of TiAlN coated
tungsten carbide inserts especially at lower cutting speeds. However, at higher cutting speeds, marginal gain in
tool life can be obtained.
The present study focuses on the effect of CT on hardness and tool life, and microstructure characterization and
chemical composition of HSS cutting tool during the turning operation on MS work piece specimens. It also
studies the surface roughness changes on the test specimens.
II. EXPERIMENTATION:
In the present study the performance evaluation of untreated and treated HSS tools is done during turning of MS
test specimens. The machining conditions are given in Table 1. All the tests are carried out on a heavy duty lathe
fitted with variable spindle drive.
Table 1: Machining conditions
Work piece material Mild steel specimen
Tool type V tool (zero rake angle)
Cutting velocity 88,150,250,420 , 710rpm
feed 0.06,0.07 , 0.1mm/rev
Depth of cut 1mm
Experiment condition Dry
2.1 CRYOGENIC TREATMENT:
The HSS tools are cryogenically treated under dry condition using liquid nitrogen. During the
treatment, the tool is placed in a container and the temperature is slowly decreased to -1930
c. At this
temperature the cutting tool is held for a period of 36 hours before the process was reversed. Then the cutting
tools are slowly brought to room temperature. The cryogenic treatment curve is shown in Fig.1.
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
0 8 36 44
tempin00c
time in hrs
cryogenic treatment curve
cryogenic treatment curve
Fig. 1: Cryogenic treatment curve
3. Characterization and Performance Evaluation...
15
2.2 MEASUREMENT OF CUTTING TOOL AND WORK PARAMETERS:
The surface morphology and microstructure of untreated and cryo treated HSS cutting tools are studied
using a high resolution Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Also the compositions of the top surface of both
the untreated and cryo treated HSS tools are examined by using Energy Dispersive Spectroscope (EDS). Then
the hardness of untreated and cryo treated HSS cutting tools is measured by a Rockwell hardness tester having a
diamond indenter. The tool life is also determined by measuring actual cutting time between two regrindings.
After the machining operation, the surface roughness of the work-piece is measured by using a talysurf surface
measuring tester.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
The effects of cryogenic treatment (including the subsequent tempering treatment) on the performance
of both the HSS cutting tools & MS test specimens are studied and discussed in this section.
3.1. SEM ANALYSIS:
The SEM images of untreated and cryo treated HSS tools (Fig.2a and b) clearly reveal the presence of
several black spots in the cryo treated tools. These are identified as η-carbides. The formation of η-carbides
increases hardness of cutting tool and provides greater wear resistance. Literally it is accepted that the major
contribution for improvement in properties is due to the transformation of retained austenite to martensite [11].
Still it is suggested that CT makes a contribution to increase in hardness due to fine η-carbide precipitation
rather than transformation of retained austenite to martensite.
It is observed that the volume fraction of carbides in the CT sample was found higher, and the main
reason for improving fine carbide precipitation is super saturation of martensite. Decrease in temperature during
CT leads to lattice distortion and thermodynamic instability of martensite. Hence both carbon and alloying
elements migrate to the nearby defects and segregate, resulting in the formation of fine carbides on tempering.
The formation of high carbide contraction will increase wear resistance, reduce friction, and improves stability
[12-16]. It is also observed that the cryogenic treatment refined the grain size and changed the state of energy
absorption in the fracture process of metal and resulted in increased toughness of steel.
Fig.2: SEM Micrographs of HSS tool (a) before CT (b) after CT
3.2. EDS ANALYSIS:
The composition of the top surface of both untreated and cryo treated HSS tools are examined using EDS
through X-ray. Fig.3 and 4 depict EDS spectra of HSS tools. The chemical composition demonstrates that, some
change in composition took place on the surface of the tool after cryo treatment. The peaks in figures indicate
the percentage composition of elements. The corresponding compositions are shown in Table 2. It is revealed
that the percentage of Molybdenum in CT tool is increased from 6.65% to 8.02%. This increase in Molybdenum
percentage enhances the red hardness and stability of the tool.
4. Characterization and Performance Evaluation...
16
Fig. 3: Representative EDS spectra for untreated HSS tool
Fig. 4: Representative EDS spectra for cryo treated HSS tool
Table 2: Percentage composition of (a) untreated HSS tool (b) cryo treated HSS tool
Element % weight of element in
untreated
tool
cryo treated
tool
S 0.81 -----
V 3.77 4.49
Cr 10.28 9.72
Fe 44.45 45.66
Co 4.88 3.59
Mo 6.65 8.02
W 2.25 1.94
O 26.90 26.58
Total 100.00 100.00
3.3 HARDNESS AND TOOL LIFE:
The results of hardness tester for untreated and cryo treated HSS tools are shown in Fig.5. It indicates
that the average Rockwell hardness number of untreated tool is 66 and that of cryo treated tool is 68.
5. Characterization and Performance Evaluation...
17
Fig. 5: Comparison of Rockwell hardness of untreated and cryo treated tools
During the performance evaluation in machining, tool life test is conducted for different values of
speed, viz., 88, 150, 250, 420 and 710 rpm with feeds of 0.06, 0.07 and 0.1 mm/rev at constant depth of cut of
1mm. It is found that the tool life of untreated HSS cutting tool is 102.68 minutes and that of cryo treated tool is
105 minutes.
3.4 SURFACE ROUGHNESS OF WORK PIECE:
After the comparative evaluation of the characteristics of untreated and cryo treated HSS cutting tools,
an attempt is made to investigate the machining performance of them in turning of MS test specimens in dry
condition. The surface roughness of MS machined specimens is measured under different combinations of
speeds and feeds when machining is done with constant depth of cut of 1mm. The results with respect to
untreated and cryo treated HSS tools are shown in Table 3. It is observed from the average results that, surface
roughness improves as the speed increases, whereas it increases as the feed increases. Thus while making a
choice of cutting process parameters for surface finish, it is desirable to have high cutting speed and small feed
rates.
The variation of surface roughness with cutting speeds has been comparatively shown for untreated and cryo
treated HSS tools in Fig.6. It is noticed that the CT tool produces superior surface when compared to the
untreated tool for the entire range of cutting speeds and feeds.
Table 3: Surface roughness of MS test specimens for untreated and cryo treated HSS tools
UN TREATED TREATED
Specimenno
No
Speed(rpm)
Feed
(mm/rev)
DepthofCut(mm)
Machiningtime(min)
Surfaceroughness(µm)
Average
MachiningTime(min)
Surfaceroughness(µm)
Average
1 88 0.06 1 18.93 14.48 12.25 11.67 13.87 13.067 18.93 2.23 2.66 2.67 2.4 2.545
2 88 0.07 1 16.23 18.46 11.16 10.16 15.82 13.9 16.23 2.65 2.66 2.69 3.33 2.832
3 88 0.1 1 11.36 10.59 17.63 14.48 14.23 14.232 11.36 3.27 3.42 3.37 3.85 3.474
4 150 0.06 1 11.11 4.85 4.5 4.81 4.65 4.612 11.11 2.46 2.83 2.27 2.37 2,485
5 150 0.07 1 9.52 5.07 4.96 4.7 6.44 5.925 9.52 2.46 2.69 2.08 2.5 2.432
6 150 0.1 1 6.66 6.32 7.29 7.96 7.33 7.225 6.66 2.53 2.23 2.58 2.61 2.332
7. Characterization and Performance Evaluation...
19
(c) Ra vs. speed for feed = 0.1 mm/rev
Fig.6: Surface roughness (Ra) variation of MS specimens for untreated and cryo treated HSS tools
IV. CONCLUSIONS:
This paper focused mainly on the characterization and performance evaluation of HSS cutting tool
under deep cryogenic treatment. It is observed that, the cryogenic treatment of HSS cutting tool resulted in
change in microstructure and formation of η phase carbides rather than in the removal of retained austenite. As a
result the hardness of CT HSS cutting tool is marginally increased when compared to that of untreated HSS tool.
Also the tool life of the CT tool is found to be more when compared to that of untreated tool during the turning
operation of MS work pieces under the different combinations of speed and feed rates at constant depth of cut. It
is also to be noted that the surface roughness of MS test specimens is more superior when machined with cryo
treated HSS tool rather than untreated HSS tool (Table 3) under all the test conditions.
REFERENCES:
[1] Mohan Lal.D, Ranganarayanan.S, Kalanidhi.A., "Cryogenic treatment to augment wear resistance of tool and die steels",
Cryogenics, Vol. 41,pp. 149-155, 2001.
[2] Cohen.P, Kamody.D.,"Cryogenics goes deeper", Cutting Tool Engg.,Vol. 150, no. 7, pp. 46-50, 1998.
[3] Sekhar Babu.P, Rajendran.P, Rao.K.N., "Cryogenic treatment of M1, EN19 and H13 tool steels to improve wear resistance", IEI
ournal-MM, Oct 28, 2004.
[4] Flavio.J.Da Silva, Sinesio D.Franco, Emmanuel O.ezugwu, A.Lisson R.Machado, Antonio M.SouzaJr., "Performance of
cryogenically treated HSS tools", Wear, Vol. 261, pp. 674-685, 13 Mar, 2006.
[5] Singh.A.H., "Effect of Cryogenic treatmenton machining characteristics of titanium alloy (Ti-6A1-4v)", M.Tech. Thesis, Guru
Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India, Oct 2007.
[6] Vadivelaand.K, Rudremoorty.R., "Performance analysis of cryogenically treated coated carbide inserts", International Journal of
Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol.42, pp. 222-232,, 2009.
[7] Cajner.F, Leskovsek.V, Landek.D, Cajner.H., "The effect of Deep-Cryogenic treatment on high speed steel properties", 2 nd
International conference on heat treatment and surface engineering of tools and dies, Hotel KOMPAS, Bled, Slovenia,2008.
[8] Podgornik.V, Ek.L, Vi Intin.V., "Influence of Deep-Cryogenic Treatment on Tribological Properties of P/M High-Speed Steel",
Journal of Materials and Manufacturing Processes, Vol. 24, no.7 & 8, pp. 734-738, 5 Jul 2009.
[9] Jo.J.Braz, Rio De Janerio., "Cryogenic Cooling and its Applications", Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences
and Engineering, Rio de Janeiro,Vol.26, pp. 144-160, Jan-Mar 2004.
[10] Gill.S.S, Singh.R, Singh.H, Singh.J., “Investigation on wear behavior of cryogenically treated TiAlN coated tungsten
carbide inserts in turning” , Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf., Vol. 51,pp. 25–33, 2011
[11] Yang.H.S, Jun Wang, Shen.B.L, Liu.H.H, Gao.S.J, Huang.S.J., “Effect of cryogenic treatment on the matrix structure and
abrasion resistance of white cast iron subjected to destabilization treatment”, Wear, 261 (10), 1150–1154, 2006.
[12] Steward.H., “A look at cryogenic treatment of tool metals”, FDM, ABI/INFORM Global 80 (1), 64–67, 2008.
[13] Huang.J.Y, Zhu.Y.T, Liao.X.Z, Beyerlein.I.J, Bourke.M.A, Mitchell.T.E., “Microstructure of Cryogenic treated M2 tool steel”,
Materials Science Engineering A339, 241–244, 2003.
[14] Zhirafar.S, Rezaeian.A, Pugh.M., “Effect of cryogenic treatment on the mechanical properties of 4340 steel”, Journal of
Materials Processing Technology, 186, 298–303, 2007.
[15] Gogte.C.L, Iyer.K.M, Paretka.R.K, Peshwe.D.R., “Deep Sub zero Processing of Metals and Alloys: Evolution of Microstructure
of AISI T42 Tool Steel”, Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 24 (7&8), 718–722, 2009.
[16] Chen Shaofu, Huaizhong.Q.U., “Cryogenic treatment and its application[J]”, Internal Combustion Engine parts, 4, 4-7, 1995(in
Chinese).