The document discusses strategies for scaling livestock innovations that address key challenges in value chains and are driven by demand from end users. It outlines the need for effective partnerships, understanding external validity, and the integration of various ingredients such as technology, finance, and governance to facilitate successful scaling. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of developing frameworks to assess scaling readiness and establishing clear action plans at both the country and management unit levels.

1. Facilitating scaling: Initial ideas
for Livestock CRP Integrated Core
Project
Helena Posthumus
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Livestock CRP Priority Countries Planning Meeting
26 – 27 March 2019
Nairobi, Kenya

2. Scaling for impact
Scaling of what? Livestock innovations / solutions that:
 contribute to development outcomes
 address key bottlenecks in livestock value chains
 meet a pressing demand or need at scale (demand-driven by end users)
 are scalable… (given context, conditions, capacities, resources)
2

3. R4D continuum (GIZ)
4
Discovery
Proof of
concept
Pilot project Scaling
10s 100s 1000s 100,000sBeneficiaries
Theory Applicability, practice Large-scale adoptionResearch to product
Academic Development / NGOs Private & public sectorPartnerships
Peer-reviewed academic articles Communication for local context and knowledgeCommunication
Most for research Most for implementation partners Private / public fundsFunding
Research institute Development project Farmers, entrepreneurs, service providersRisk bearer

4. 5
Schut et al. 2009

5. A framework for scaling of agricultural innovations
6
Common, public
responsibility,
resources &
risks
Private or
public
responsibility,
resources &
risks

6. From pilot to scale: the problem of external validity
External validity: ‘the extent to which the methods, materials and setting of a study
approximate the real-world that is being examined’
Challenge: often the external validity of pilot projects is low…
 Due to artificial conditions:
 High capital investment
 Project budget covering transaction costs
 Highly skilled workforce
 Contracts and partnership agreements to create enabling conditions
 Different from the complex reality with limited resources, weak public institutions and
independent actors pursuing own interests
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7. Understanding and learning about scaling
8
Pilot Scale
Pilot
Pathways
of impact
Design for
change
Going to
scale
Understanding
core elements,
conditions and
arrangements
for success
Design an effective
change process
(Theory of Change
at scale)
learning

8. Understanding external validity
Some questions to understand external validity of pilot projects:
• What are the enabling factors and conditions that make your intervention successful?
• What are the economies and diseconomies of scale of best-bets?
• What are the transaction costs (search & information costs; bargaining & decision costs;
policing & enforcement costs), and who will pay in real life?
• Who will become the bearer of risk and uncertainty?
• Can agreements and conditions (enabling environment) created in pilot projects be
replicated by (public or private) institutions at scale?
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9. Scaling for impact
Lessons on going from pilot to scale:
• Do more than disseminate or replicate
• Make sure there is a demand or need for the innovation at scale
• Have a mix of activities which improve value chain relations, agricultural services and the institutional
environment – linking up with relevant partners
• Address the constraints and use the strengths of the target beneficiaries
• Bring the right processes, set of arrangements and enabling conditions to scale (that make the
innovation appropriate, effective and useful)…
• …or assess whether the required set of arrangements and enabling conditions are present at scale
for your best-bets
• Complement on-going interventions and build on existing experiences (“clean sites” don’t exist…)
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10. Ingredients for scaling (PPPlab)
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Scaling ingredient What it provides to support scaling
Technology An effective and efficient solution for the issue at stake
Business case An attractive financial / economic proposition for users and others
Awareness and demand A wish and readiness for the consumer or producer to use the solution
Finance Effective financing options for users and providers or buyers
Value chain development Effective input and supply provision and other support services
Platforms and collaboration Strategic and operational collaboration between key stakeholders
Public sector governance Enabling policies, regulations and mechanisms
Lobby and advocacy A ‘change coalition’ that pursues scaling and influence others
Knowledge and skills The required knowledge and professional capacity and recognition
Data and ICT Evidence and facts that underpin and communicate the scaling ambition

11. So what…? Next steps
At country level:
- Identify common problem in livestock
system and integrated package to
resolve this – FOCUS!
- What need or demand (at scale) is it
addressing?
- Assess stage at R4D continuum –
where are you?
- What conditions and requirements
need to be in place to make the
integrated package successful?
- Which partners should you involve to
get all scaling ingredients in place,
how?
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At CRP management unit level (with
Impact @ Scale program):
- Develop action-oriented analytical
framework on scaling readiness
- Developing theories of change at
scale (scaling strategies)
- Monitoring and learning on scaling
strategies and processes