Crop production
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Growing crops was essential for early European settlers in North America to survive as they had depleted supplies and little knowledge of the local environment. Crop production was crucial, with 90% of the workforce farming in Jefferson's time and 40% in 1900. Now less than 1% of Americans farm. Crop production requires skills in biology, agronomy, mechanics and marketing. It involves 8 components throughout the year: operations, equipment, environmental concerns, and best practices for each component.
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Origin :
Agriculture word is derived from Latin word “Agricultūra”
basically Agricultūra is divided into two Latin word “Ager and Cultūra”
Ager mean field or Land and Cultūra mean growing or cultivation.
Defination:
The science, art, or practice of cultivating the soil, producing crops, and raising livestock and in varying degrees the preparation and marketing of the resulting products cleared the land to use it for agriculture.
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So, Agriculture is Primary sector of economy
introduction:
Agriculture is the cultivation and breeding of animals, plants and fungi for food, fiber, biofuel, medicinal plants and other products used to sustain and enhance human life.
Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that nurtured the development of civilization.
The study of agriculture is known as agricultural science.
clasification:
food crop
cash crop
Pulses
fruits
Contribution of crops to Pakistan economy:
about rs.505,000 million by major crop in 2005 with 55%growth since 2000
RS.185,000million by Minor crops in 2005 with 41 growth since 2000
total agriculture sector is Rs 288 billion include food grains
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Techno-economic problems
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This document summarizes different types of agriculture practiced in less developed countries, including shifting cultivation, pastoral nomadism, and intensive subsistence agriculture. Shifting cultivation involves clearing and burning plots of land for temporary agriculture before letting the land lie fallow. Pastoral nomadism involves herding livestock in dry areas. Intensive subsistence agriculture features small, intensively farmed plots used to grow crops like wet rice in Asia to feed families. The future of these agricultural systems is threatened by issues like population growth, urbanization, and commercialization.
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This document describes the major types of agricultural regions found in more developed countries, including mixed crop and livestock farms, dairy farming, grain farming, livestock ranching, Mediterranean agriculture, commercial fruit and vegetable farming, and plantation farming. It provides details on the key crops grown and locations of each agricultural region. The regions vary based on climate, soil quality, proximity to urban areas, and whether crops are grown for local consumption or export.
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Agriculture Sector of Pakistan
Origin :
Agriculture word is derived from Latin word “Agricultūra”
basically Agricultūra is divided into two Latin word “Ager and Cultūra”
Ager mean field or Land and Cultūra mean growing or cultivation.
Defination:
The science, art, or practice of cultivating the soil, producing crops, and raising livestock and in varying degrees the preparation and marketing of the resulting products cleared the land to use it for agriculture.
John Salazar (former US Commissioner of agriculture department) said :
There is only one thing that can bring our nation down our dependence on foreign countries for food and energy. Agriculture is the backbone of our economy”
So, Agriculture is Primary sector of economy
introduction:
Agriculture is the cultivation and breeding of animals, plants and fungi for food, fiber, biofuel, medicinal plants and other products used to sustain and enhance human life.
Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that nurtured the development of civilization.
The study of agriculture is known as agricultural science.
clasification:
food crop
cash crop
Pulses
fruits
Contribution of crops to Pakistan economy:
about rs.505,000 million by major crop in 2005 with 55%growth since 2000
RS.185,000million by Minor crops in 2005 with 41 growth since 2000
total agriculture sector is Rs 288 billion include food grains
,vegetables, fruits, food grains, vegetables, fruit .tobaco,fisheries,products spices ,livestock
Major problem of agriculture sector in Pakistan.
Techno-economic problems
Natural problems
Socio-Economic problem
Financial problem
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Irrigation
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Task
Modern technology has brought both advantages and disadvantages to modern lifestyles. It has made our lives more convenient in many ways, such as allowing us to work remotely and stay connected to loved ones from anywhere. However, it has also increased distractions and made us more isolated as we interact less in person. On balance, while technology provides clear benefits, it may be improving some lifestyles more than others and its overuse could undermine well-being.
Crop glossary
The document defines over 50 terms related to agriculture and crop production. Some key terms include:
- Acre - a standard unit of land measurement equivalent to 43,560 square feet.
- Bushel - a unit of dry volume used to measure crop yields, with one bushel of corn weighing 56 pounds.
- Cash crop - a crop grown for revenue from off-farm sales.
- Conservation tillage - any tillage system that leaves at least 30% of the soil surface covered with crop residue after planting to reduce soil erosion.
- Corn belt - the region in the Midwestern U.S. where corn is a principal cash crop, spanning parts of several states.
Equipment for soil preparation
Farm tractors provide mechanical power to tillage implements for soil preparation. Common tillage implements include moldboard plows, which cut and invert soil layers; disk plows and harrows, which laterally displace soil using concave steel disks; and chisel plows and field cultivators, which break up soil clods without inverting layers. Tractor size is measured by PTO horsepower and can range from under 40 HP to over 400 HP, with large modern tractors costing over $200,000. These implements are used for primary and secondary tillage operations like seedbed preparation and weed control.
Soil preparation
Prior to planting, the soil needs to be prepared through tillage or herbicides to kill weeds. There are three main tillage categories - conventional, reduced, and conservation - depending on how much crop residue is left on the surface. Conservation tillage, including no-till, leaves at least 30% residue coverage and places seeds directly into last season's crop residue without disturbing the soil. Herbicides are used in all tillage systems to control weeds. Tillage generally occurs between harvest and spring planting, though the optimal time is just before planting to reduce soil erosion. Late planting can significantly reduce crop yields.
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The document discusses the structures "have something done" and "get something done" which are used to describe when someone arranges for a service to be performed by another person. It notes that "have" is more formal and suggests the person arranged it, while "get" is more informal and implies more effort. Some key uses include "having a haircut", "getting the car fixed", and that these structures can also describe when something unwanted occurred, like "having the car stolen".
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This document summarizes Danielle Nierenberg's presentation at the Sustainable Food Summit. Some key points:
1) Nierenberg discussed agricultural innovations that help reduce food waste, engage youth, allow cities to feed themselves, and mitigate climate change based on her research traveling to 35 countries.
2) Examples of innovations that cut food waste included solar dryers, hermetically sealed bags, and consumer education programs.
3) Engaging youth in agriculture provides jobs and opportunities for young people in both developing and developed nations.
Unit5 the myth
1) The assigned reading challenges the common belief that scarcity is the cause of hunger by using the example of Niger, which exported food while its own population suffered from hunger due to high food prices.
2) The secondary source argues that there is enough food globally to provide everyone with an adequate daily calorie intake, yet many still go hungry, showing that abundance rather than scarcity characterizes the global food supply.
3) Hunger persists not due to lack of food but due to social and political factors like colonial land policies, gender inequality, and government policies that incentivize food exports over local production and access.
1 Intersectionality Activity Guide Broadening th
1
Intersectionality Activity Guide:
Broadening the focus of feminism. Explain how specific populations of women
challenged white, middle class feminists to address Intersectionality (the ways in which
a person’s multiple identities interconnect to impact a person’s experience as well as
how institutions and systems influence power and privilege based upon multiple
identities).
Use the Week 16 Module Resources and Chapters 11 and 12 of Through Women’s Eyes,
to complete the following guide. The guide is intended to help focus on key concepts
and will not be submitted. It also duplicates many of the questions in the Chapter 11
Reading Guide.
Explain intersectionality:
Lesbian Activism and Sexual Politics:
African American Women’s Influence:
Latinx Activism and Influence:
Asian American Women’s Influence:
2
Native American Women’s Influence:
Women’s Influence in the Disability Rights Movement:
By the 1970s and 1980s, how inclusive was the women’s movement and how effectively
did it address the multidimensional nature of women’s inequality and obstacles in the
path to equality?
What were the most severe obstacles blocking women’s path toward equality in the late
twentieth- and early twenty-first-centuries?
What were the most significant accomplishments women achieved in the struggle for
equality in the late twentieth- and early twenty-first centuries?
4 Sustaining Our Agricultural Resources
branex/iStock/Getty Images Plus
Learning Outcomes
After reading this chapter, you should be able to
• Describe the origins and history of agriculture.
• Compare and contrast modern, industrialized agriculture with traditional agriculture.
• Explain what constitutes healthy soil and how it affects plant life.
• Describe the impact of chemical pesticides on the environment.
• Describe the impact of synthetic fertilizers on the environment.
• Describe the ways industrialized agriculture is dependent on water and fossil fuels.
• Analyze how animal production and concentrated animal feeding operations create
environmental problems.
• Describe how sustainable farming strategies differ from unsustainable ones.
• Evaluate the choices you can make to promote sustainable agriculture practices.
• Outline some high-tech, sustainable farming techniques.
• Describe the arguments for and against genetically modified organisms.
© 2020 Zovio, Inc. All rights reserved. Not for resale or redistribution.
100
Section 4.1 The Origins and History of Agriculture
In October 2018 the scientific journal Nature published a major research report that pre-
sented a troubling picture of the future of food, agriculture, and the environment (Spring-
mann et al., 2018). The authors of the report—including scientists from the United States,
Europe, and Australia—argue that, based on current trends, we will see an increase of 50% to
90% in the negative environmental impacts of food pr ...
1 Intersectionality Activity Guide Broadening th
1
Intersectionality Activity Guide:
Broadening the focus of feminism. Explain how specific populations of women
challenged white, middle class feminists to address Intersectionality (the ways in which
a person’s multiple identities interconnect to impact a person’s experience as well as
how institutions and systems influence power and privilege based upon multiple
identities).
Use the Week 16 Module Resources and Chapters 11 and 12 of Through Women’s Eyes,
to complete the following guide. The guide is intended to help focus on key concepts
and will not be submitted. It also duplicates many of the questions in the Chapter 11
Reading Guide.
Explain intersectionality:
Lesbian Activism and Sexual Politics:
African American Women’s Influence:
Latinx Activism and Influence:
Asian American Women’s Influence:
2
Native American Women’s Influence:
Women’s Influence in the Disability Rights Movement:
By the 1970s and 1980s, how inclusive was the women’s movement and how effectively
did it address the multidimensional nature of women’s inequality and obstacles in the
path to equality?
What were the most severe obstacles blocking women’s path toward equality in the late
twentieth- and early twenty-first-centuries?
What were the most significant accomplishments women achieved in the struggle for
equality in the late twentieth- and early twenty-first centuries?
4 Sustaining Our Agricultural Resources
branex/iStock/Getty Images Plus
Learning Outcomes
After reading this chapter, you should be able to
• Describe the origins and history of agriculture.
• Compare and contrast modern, industrialized agriculture with traditional agriculture.
• Explain what constitutes healthy soil and how it affects plant life.
• Describe the impact of chemical pesticides on the environment.
• Describe the impact of synthetic fertilizers on the environment.
• Describe the ways industrialized agriculture is dependent on water and fossil fuels.
• Analyze how animal production and concentrated animal feeding operations create
environmental problems.
• Describe how sustainable farming strategies differ from unsustainable ones.
• Evaluate the choices you can make to promote sustainable agriculture practices.
• Outline some high-tech, sustainable farming techniques.
• Describe the arguments for and against genetically modified organisms.
© 2020 Zovio, Inc. All rights reserved. Not for resale or redistribution.
100
Section 4.1 The Origins and History of Agriculture
In October 2018 the scientific journal Nature published a major research report that pre-
sented a troubling picture of the future of food, agriculture, and the environment (Spring-
mann et al., 2018). The authors of the report—including scientists from the United States,
Europe, and Australia—argue that, based on current trends, we will see an increase of 50% to
90% in the negative environmental impacts of food pr ...
Agriculture A Lecture By MR Allah Dad Khan Visiting Professor Agriculture Uni...
Agriculture can be classified into different types based on various criteria. Some major global types include nomadic agriculture, where people and livestock constantly move in search of pasture. Ranching agriculture is a commercial form, common in low rainfall areas, where large livestock like cattle are reared. Shifting agriculture is practiced in tropical forests, clearing new plots regularly as old ones are abandoned. Sedentary agriculture is similar but cultivates the same plot continuously. Intensive subsistence agriculture with high population densities is common in tropical Asia, focused on rice. Dryland farming grows crops like wheat in slightly drier tropical regions. Plantation agriculture produces tropical exports like tea, rubber and palm oil. Mediterranean agriculture combines livestock, wheat and
14sec2
While more food is being produced globally than ever before, many people still experience hunger and starvation. Economic and distribution factors play a large role in this. The Green Revolution in the 1960s increased crop yields but developing nations could not afford the new technologies and machinery required. Poor farmers in these countries grow cash crops they can sell for more money instead of food for their own consumption. As a result, hunger is exacerbated by governmental and economic pressures as well as natural causes like drought and overpopulation.
14sec2
While more food is being produced globally than ever before, many people still experience hunger and starvation. Economic and distribution factors play a large role in this. The Green Revolution in the 1960s increased crop yields but developing nations could not afford the new technologies and machinery required. Poor farmers in these countries grow cash crops they can sell for more money instead of food for their own consumption. Hunger is also exacerbated by natural disasters, overpopulation, and policies that favor large landowners and profit over local food security.
FDRA
The document discusses the history and development of food production and distribution in Puerto Rico from the pre-Columbian era to present day. It analyzes the challenges and opportunities for achieving a sustainable food system in Puerto Rico. Some of the key challenges include high production costs, lack of industry integration, and insufficient entrepreneurial culture. Overcoming these challenges will require promoting entrepreneurship through supporting elements like leadership, access to capital and networks, and an innovative mindset.
Cultural anthropology subsistence
An economic System during early civilization and at present times.
*The sources/references of pictures and authors of the collected ideas of this PowerPoint Presentation is highly recognized.
Introduction-Agriculture-for BAT.ppt EPER.ppt
Agriculture originated from Latin words meaning land and cultivation. It involves the systematic raising of useful plants and livestock managed by humans to meet needs. Although civilization cannot develop without agriculture, agriculture itself does not create civilization. It provides essentials like food, clothing and shelter. Agriculture helps harness nature's gifts like land, water and climate to maximize crop and animal production. Major crops originated in different regions, with cereals and legumes achieving dominance as carbohydrate and protein sources.
Introduction-Agriculture-for BAT.ppt EPER.ppt
The document discusses the history and origins of major agricultural crops worldwide. It notes that agriculture originated independently in several places, including the Middle East where the Cushites first domesticated plants and animals. Key crops that were domesticated include grains like wheat, millet, and rice in Asia; maize in the Americas; sorghum and beans in Africa. Other crops mentioned include soybeans, peanuts, coconuts, vegetables, fruits, and cut flowers. The document traces the geographic centers and earliest domestications of these major agricultural products.
Cultural AnthropologyGetting FoodCultural Anthro.docx
Cultural Anthropology
Getting Food
Cultural Anthropology
Food-getting activities take precedence over all other survival needs, including reproduction, social control, defense, and transmission of knowledge to the next generation
Cultural Anthropology
In our society food-getting strategies are simplified – we merely need to go to the supermarket
Video:
"'Freegans' Take Green to Extreme"
Cultural Anthropology
But for some of the world, the level of food-getting takes up more time and is much more labor-intensive. It is called subsistence economics.
Cultural Anthropology
Subsistence economics is a situation where basically all able-bodied adults are engaged in getting food for themselves and their family as their main activity
Cultural Anthropology
Subsistence economics is how humans obtained their food for millions of years by foraging for their subsistence – e.g. gathering plants, nuts, berries, scavenging, hunting and fishing
Cultural Anthropology
Foraging is much less common today
As a subsistence style, it is used today by hunter-gatherers, who make up only about 5 million people on the planet
Cultural Anthropology
Foraging for plant life – gathering plants, berries, seeds, nuts and tubers is more common in areas close to the equator as compared to northern latitudes such as the Arctic, where plant life is scarce
Video:
"Hunter-Gatherers"
Cultural Anthropology
In northern climates, since plants are scarce, hunting is more predominant
See an Inuit (Eskimo) hunter in Northern Canada in the classic anthropological film “ “Nanook of the North” (1922)
Foragers
Foragers actually spend less time obtaining food than most other types of food-getters
!Kung adults of Southern Africa spend just 17 hours a week on average getting food
Characteristics of Foragers
Foragers generally have small communities with no class differences
Getting Food: General Features of Food Collectors
A survey of 180 food-collecting societies indicates that there is a lot of variation with regard to which food-getting activity is most important to the society. Gathering is the most important activity for 30 percent of the surveyed societies, hunting for 25 percent, and fishing for 38 percent.
*
Food Production
Most of the world does not forage for food but produces it in one fashion or another
3 types of food production; horticulture, pastoralism, and intensive agriculture
No food production strategy is perfect, as the videos illustrate
Video:
'Women’s Horticulture Group in Burkina Faso"
Food Production
Horticulturalists have relatively small plots of land
Often use hand tools instead of machines
May also raise small animals; pigs, chickens, sheep, goats
Getting Food: Food Production
Horticulture
Plant cultivation carried out with relatively simple tools and methods; nature is allowed to replace nutrients in the soil, in the absence of permanently cultivated fields
Main Horticultural Method - Shifting cultivation
.
Food sovereignty
840 million hungry2 billion with nutritional deficiencies 76% live in rural areas, and depend on agriculture for their livelihood. Half the hungry are smallholder farmers with limited access to productive resources 66% live in marginal land threatened by natural disasters and desertification 8% are fisher-folk, hunters and herders 22% are landless and work as laborers
FDRA
The document summarizes the history of food production and distribution in Puerto Rico from the pre-Columbian Taíno people through modern times. It discusses how the Taíno grew various crops for subsistence and traded some surplus. During colonization, the Spanish introduced new crops and livestock. Under US occupation, agriculture became more commercialized and trade increased. Today, Puerto Rico imports about 80% of its food due to shifts away from agriculture. The document advocates developing sustainable and entrepreneurial approaches to strengthen the local food system.
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Crop production
- 1. Crop production Background: Growing crops for food was one of the first priorities of the earliest settlers arriving in North America. With shipboard supplies depleted, and having little familiarity with the land and native vegetation, groups arriving from Europe were quickly forced to learn to produce crops to ensure their survival. The stories of Native Americans teaching the settlers to plant and fertilize a corn crop are part of this country’s lore. In the era of Thomas Jefferson (arguably the most illustrious farmer that this nation has produced), farmers made up about 90% of the work force. As late as 1900, almost 40% of the labor force was engaged in producing crops and livestock for food, feed, and fiber. Now, with less than one percent of our population claiming farming as a principal occupation, most U.S. citizens have little or no crop production experience. This section provides an overview of the principles and practices associated with production of the major crops grown in the United States. What is crop production? Crop production is a complex business, requiring many skills (such as biology, agronomy, mechanics, and marketing) and covering a variety of operations throughout the year. In this module, the practice of crop production will be described by discussing eight components in the crop production cycle: For each component, the operations and when they need to be carried out, the machinery or equipment farmers use, potential environmental concerns related to that component, and best management practices recommended to minimize environmental problems will be described.