Human Rights and Banana Agriculture in Latin AmericaOliver Knippen
This document discusses the history of human rights violations related to banana production in Central and South America. It describes how indigenous groups were enslaved by Spanish conquistadors to work on plantations. It also discusses how in the 20th century, democratically elected populist leaders who aimed to improve workers' rights were often overthrown in coups backed by the US and replaced with dictators friendly to American business interests. Even today, working conditions on banana plantations have seen limited improvement, while pesticides used on the plantations have been linked to health issues in nearby villages with little internet access.
Permaculture in El Salvador focuses on restoring indigenous agricultural and other traditions while restoring the environment. An antidote to the legacy of colonialism an an alternative to current business-as-usual, permaculture practices in El Salvador help heal the wounds of
The Zapatistas are a group of indigenous Mexicans who fight for improved rights and living conditions for indigenous people in Mexico. They are named after Emiliano Zapata, a leader in the early 20th century Mexican Revolution who advocated for indigenous rights. In the 1990s, the Zapatistas used harassment and sabotage against the Mexican government. They launched an armed uprising on January 1, 1994 to protest the North American Free Trade Agreement and the poor economic conditions facing indigenous people in the southern state of Chiapas, which produces significant resources but sees little return. While agreements were reached, the Zapatistas argue that more needs to be done to help indigenous communities with healthcare, housing, education, and
Background to the Zapatista Movement
This slideshow is designed to accompany the Schools for Chiapas video ‘Who are the Zapatistas?’, to give educators and learners some extra background information to the movement. The video can be found on Vimeo in English here: http://vimeo.com/109167119
The document provides information about the Zapatistas movement in Mexico. It discusses that the Zapatistas are a group that fights for improved rights and living conditions for indigenous people in Mexico. They take their name from Emiliano Zapata, a leader of the Mexican Revolution who fought for the people. The movement emerged on January 1st, 1994 to protest the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement, which they believed would negatively impact poor indigenous farmers. While the Mexican government suppressed the initial uprising, the Zapatistas continue working to negotiate for changes that address the economic and social issues facing the people of Chiapas.
The Zapatistas are a group of indigenous Mexicans who fight for improved rights and living conditions for indigenous people in Mexico. They are named after Emiliano Zapata, a leader in the early 20th century who fought for indigenous rights. In the 1990s, the Zapatistas engaged in harassment and sabotage against the Mexican government to protest poverty and inequality in Chiapas, a resource-rich state where most indigenous people live in poverty.
Human Rights and Banana Agriculture in Latin AmericaOliver Knippen
This document discusses the history of human rights violations related to banana production in Central and South America. It describes how indigenous groups were enslaved by Spanish conquistadors to work on plantations. It also discusses how in the 20th century, democratically elected populist leaders who aimed to improve workers' rights were often overthrown in coups backed by the US and replaced with dictators friendly to American business interests. Even today, working conditions on banana plantations have seen limited improvement, while pesticides used on the plantations have been linked to health issues in nearby villages with little internet access.
Permaculture in El Salvador focuses on restoring indigenous agricultural and other traditions while restoring the environment. An antidote to the legacy of colonialism an an alternative to current business-as-usual, permaculture practices in El Salvador help heal the wounds of
The Zapatistas are a group of indigenous Mexicans who fight for improved rights and living conditions for indigenous people in Mexico. They are named after Emiliano Zapata, a leader in the early 20th century Mexican Revolution who advocated for indigenous rights. In the 1990s, the Zapatistas used harassment and sabotage against the Mexican government. They launched an armed uprising on January 1, 1994 to protest the North American Free Trade Agreement and the poor economic conditions facing indigenous people in the southern state of Chiapas, which produces significant resources but sees little return. While agreements were reached, the Zapatistas argue that more needs to be done to help indigenous communities with healthcare, housing, education, and
Background to the Zapatista Movement
This slideshow is designed to accompany the Schools for Chiapas video ‘Who are the Zapatistas?’, to give educators and learners some extra background information to the movement. The video can be found on Vimeo in English here: http://vimeo.com/109167119
The document provides information about the Zapatistas movement in Mexico. It discusses that the Zapatistas are a group that fights for improved rights and living conditions for indigenous people in Mexico. They take their name from Emiliano Zapata, a leader of the Mexican Revolution who fought for the people. The movement emerged on January 1st, 1994 to protest the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement, which they believed would negatively impact poor indigenous farmers. While the Mexican government suppressed the initial uprising, the Zapatistas continue working to negotiate for changes that address the economic and social issues facing the people of Chiapas.
The Zapatistas are a group of indigenous Mexicans who fight for improved rights and living conditions for indigenous people in Mexico. They are named after Emiliano Zapata, a leader in the early 20th century who fought for indigenous rights. In the 1990s, the Zapatistas engaged in harassment and sabotage against the Mexican government to protest poverty and inequality in Chiapas, a resource-rich state where most indigenous people live in poverty.
1. Latin America fought wars over issues of race, independence from European powers, territorial disputes, and conflicts between federalist and centralist political groups.
2. Argentina experienced civil wars between federalist and unitarian factions, and the Great War between Uruguayan factions backed by different foreign powers.
3. Filibustering involved independent military forces seeking to seize power in Central America without uniforms and through surprise attacks.
4. Mexico's War of Reform was a struggle between liberal and conservative political forces over the role of the church and federalism.
This document summarizes the history of black farmers in America from 1865 to 2000, focusing on their long struggle to own land and operate independently, and the role of cooperatives in helping pursue this goal. It describes how after the Civil War, black farmers faced barriers like deficient civil rights and lack of opportunities that prevented most from achieving ownership. During the 1960s civil rights movement, cooperatives emerged as a way for black farmers to collectively pursue independent farming. The document examines initiatives from 1865 to 1932 that aimed to establish independent black farmers, the impact of New Deal policies of 1933-1941, and the rise of black farmer cooperatives in the 1950s-60s that promoted independent farm enterprise.
Growing crops was essential for early European settlers in North America to survive as they had depleted supplies and little knowledge of the local environment. Crop production was crucial, with 90% of the workforce farming in Jefferson's time and 40% in 1900. Now less than 1% of Americans farm. Crop production requires skills in biology, agronomy, mechanics and marketing. It involves 8 components throughout the year: operations, equipment, environmental concerns, and best practices for each component.
This document summarizes labor issues and concerns in the industrial food system. It discusses how immigration status leaves many food system workers, especially unauthorized immigrants, vulnerable to low wages, dangerous working conditions, lack of benefits and abuse. Agricultural work and slaughterhouse jobs are physically demanding and hazardous. Historically, programs like the Bracero Program and current reliance on immigrant labor have enabled exploitation of vulnerable workers. Organizing efforts through groups like the Coalition of Immokalee Workers have helped improve some conditions, but significant risks and hardships remain for many in the food labor force.
Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta co-founded the first farm workers union in the 1960s to advocate for the rights of Latino farm workers in California who faced poor working conditions and racial discrimination. They organized peaceful protests and strikes, gaining national attention with a 25-day march to Sacramento where 10,000 protesters demanded better treatment and wages. This marked a major victory for the farm workers movement and inspired other Latino civil rights leaders across the country to challenge inequality and discrimination in education and politics throughout the 1960s-1970s.
America was founded on theft of Native American land and slavery, according to the author. The violence in Charlottesville is a consequence of the racist legacy begun by the founders, as the country was built on colonialism, slavery, and violence against non-whites. The author argues the US is destroying itself due to its imperialist and plutocratic origins and inherent hate.
Guatemala is a Central American country with a population of over 13 million people. Spanish is the most widely spoken language, though over 40 indigenous Mayan languages are also recognized. The majority of Guatemalans are either of mixed indigenous and Spanish descent or European descent. The ancient Maya civilization flourished in Guatemala for over 2000 years and their ruins can still be visited today. Guatemala endured a long civil war and human rights issues, but has worked to improve healthcare, education, and living standards since peace agreements in the 1990s.
The document discusses the Bracero Program from 1942-1964 and Cesar Chavez. The Bracero Program brought over 2 million Mexican agricultural workers to the US on temporary contracts due to labor shortages during World War II. While it provided opportunities for work, braceros also faced exploitation and poor working and living conditions, such as being sprayed with DDT and living in cramped housing. Cesar Chavez was a prominent civil rights leader who dedicated his life to helping farm workers. He co-founded the United Farm Workers union and effectively used nonviolent tactics like strikes and boycotts to advocate for higher wages and better treatment of workers. Chavez left a lasting legacy of fighting for social justice and equality
Guatemala is a mountainous country located between the Caribbean Sea and the North Pacific Ocean with many rivers. The population is made up of Mestizo, indigenous Mayan groups, and others. While Spanish is the official language, many Mayan languages are still spoken. The culture features both indigenous and Spanish influences in arts, music, and religion. Guatemala experienced a civil war during the late 20th century after a CIA backed coup removed a democratically elected left-leaning president in 1954, installing right-wing dictators and fueling guerilla movements.
The Zapatistas are a group of indigenous Mexicans who have fought for improved rights and living conditions for indigenous people in Chiapas, Mexico since the 1990s. They employ guerrilla warfare tactics against the Mexican government to protest poverty, inequality, and trade policies they believe hurt indigenous farmers. Chiapas is resource-rich but many indigenous people live in poverty, inspiring the Zapatistas' armed uprisings and ongoing activism to demand greater autonomy and economic opportunities for indigenous communities.
This document provides an overview of a paper analyzing the Bracero Program from 1942-1964 through primary sources. The paper examines the working and living conditions of Mexican migrant workers in the program, who were excluded from New Deal labor protections. It also explores how the workers exhibited agency and their impact on Mexican-American immigration patterns. The document discusses the strengths and limitations of oral histories and documents from the Bracero History Archive that will be analyzed to address these topics. It also reviews the existing historiography on how Braceros have been portrayed and how this paper aims to take a balanced approach.
Civil resistance movements in several countries successfully overthrew dictatorships in nonviolent ways. In Portugal in 1974, a nonviolent popular uprising and general strike supported by the army overthrew the authoritarian regime. In Uruguay from 1983-1984, a small nonviolent human rights group organized strikes and demonstrations that eventually led to free elections and the end of the dictatorship. In Tunisia in 2010-2011, mass nonviolent protests in response to economic and political issues grew large enough that the army eventually refused to support the regime, leading the dictator to flee and free elections.
Exploring Rural Haiti through Jennie Smith’s: When The Hands Are Many: Commun...anthonyscaletta
The document discusses a book that examines rural Haitian society and culture through ethnographic research. It provides historical context on Haiti's exploitation by colonial powers and the U.S., leading to extreme poverty and political disempowerment among peasants. However, the peasants have strong communal organizations and traditions that help them cope with challenges. Their sense of community is core to rural life and is expressed through practices like shared land ownership, work groups, music, and social groups.
Mississippi has historically trended Republican in presidential elections but Democrats have had an advantage in local elections. The state was once among the wealthiest due to cotton plantations and slave labor but experienced a collapse after the Civil War when the cotton market declined and slaves were freed. Today, Mississippi is the poorest state and relies heavily on federal subsidies as well as industries like casinos, though it remains reliant on cotton production.
This document provides an introduction to a reading guide project comparing immigration in the early 1900s as depicted in Upton Sinclair's The Jungle to modern immigration trends. It notes similarities between challenges faced by the fictional immigrant character Jurgis and today's immigrants, such as low wages and inadequate housing making it difficult to earn a living, as well as disproportionate exposure to disease. While immigrants in The Jungle faced tuberculosis and poisoning, today COVID-19 affects meatpacking workers. The document outlines how immigration patterns have shifted over time but many challenges remain the same.
Andrew Jackson was a self-made man from the western frontier who became president in 1828, representing the growing political power of the West. As president, Jackson introduced the Spoils System of giving political patronage jobs to supporters and pursued the Indian Removal Act, which forcibly relocated many Native American tribes west of the Mississippi River on the Trail of Tears, resulting in thousands of deaths.
How the CIA and Corporate America used propaganda in 1954 to overthrow a demo...PatrickWarren09
The United States of America preaches freedom and democracy, but what does it actually practice? In the following example the democratically elected leader of Guatemala was removed by the CIA and the United Fruit Company in 1954 and the American public was lied to by the "father of public relations", Edward Bernays.
The United Farm Workers of America (UFW) began in 1962 as a coalition fighting for improved wages and working conditions for migrant farm workers. Led by Cesar Chavez, the UFW organized a five-year grape boycott in 1965 that drew national attention to the plight of farm workers. By 1970, over 65% of California grape growers had signed contracts with the UFW agreeing to higher pay and better protections for workers. However, conflicts with other unions and a decline in membership led to setbacks for the farm workers movement in later decades.
The Delano Grape Strike Begins September 8, 1965Global Even.docxtodd241
The Delano Grape Strike Begins: September 8, 1965
Global Events: Milestone Events Throughout History. 2014.
COPYRIGHT 2014 Gale, Cengage Learning
From U.S. History In Context.
Full Text:
Key Facts
Global Context
Africa
The Mozambican War of Independence, fought by rebels in Mozambique against Portuguese colonial forces, begins in 1964.
Asia and Oceania
A massive purge of Communists begins in Indonesia in 1965, resulting in an estimated five hundred thousand deaths over the course of six months.
Central and South America
Just ten days before the Olympic Games are to be held in Mexico City in 1968, a government crackdown on student and civilian protesters results in the deaths of at least forty-four people in an event known as the Tlatelolco massacre.
Europe
The prime ministers of Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, two nations with a long history of violent rivalry, meet in 1965 for the first time in over forty years.
Middle East
Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (1906–1975) is crowned king of Saudi Arabia in 1964. He institutes a variety of modernization policies that improve the Saudi economy.
North America
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlaws discrimination or segregation based on race or religion in the United States.
Key Figures
Political Leaders
Cesar Chavez (1927–1993), American labor leader.
Background
In the early years of the United States, most farming was done on small family farms. Harvest time required extra hands, but typically relatives, neighbors, and hired hands helped bring in the crops. Communities worked together to meet the needs of the labor-intensive harvest. Large-scale agriculture, supported by slavery, existed in the American South.
The demand for seasonal farm labor began in the United States as early as 1850. Throughout the country, farm production reached the point that producers required additional workers. In the Northeast, farm laborers were typically newly arrived immigrants, often of European descent. Former slaves, poor European Americans, and Native Americans did agricultural work in the post–Civil War South. In the West, farm laborers were often immigrants from China, Japan, or Mexico. As early as 1903, Japanese and Mexican farm workers in the beet industry formed a labor association and went on strike for better wages. One Mexican worker was killed during a conflict between laborers and farmers, but the newly formed union achieved its demands. One of the keys to the union’s success was that it drew together different cultural and ethnic groups that shared a common goal.
During the early twentieth century, urbanization and changes in farm production and technology increased the need for seasonal farm laborers. Numerous family farms were absorbed by large-scale agricultural facilities. At the same time, many people left rural areas for urban ones, and traditional farming skills were lost. Technological and chemical innovations, including machinery and pesticides, increased the cost and the productivit.
The Brown Berets organized to advocate for educational equality and against police brutality. They also sought to return lands once held by Mexico to Mexican control. By 1968, the Brown Berets had become a national organization with chapters across the United States. La Alianza was formed in 1963 to inform Spanish land grant heirs of their rights under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The Poor People's Campaign, led by Martin Luther King Jr., aimed to gain economic justice for poor Americans and pressure Congress to pass an economic bill of rights. It expanded the civil rights movement's focus to include economic justice issues. The Chicano Movement adopted and promoted civil disobedience and nonviolent protest strategies from leaders like Gandhi
Mayan Center for Peace: Guatemala to Minnesotaadam.utley
How have neo-liberal economic doctrines impacted indigenous communities in Guatemala? What new ways of life present ways of resistance political-cultural repression?
1. Latin America fought wars over issues of race, independence from European powers, territorial disputes, and conflicts between federalist and centralist political groups.
2. Argentina experienced civil wars between federalist and unitarian factions, and the Great War between Uruguayan factions backed by different foreign powers.
3. Filibustering involved independent military forces seeking to seize power in Central America without uniforms and through surprise attacks.
4. Mexico's War of Reform was a struggle between liberal and conservative political forces over the role of the church and federalism.
This document summarizes the history of black farmers in America from 1865 to 2000, focusing on their long struggle to own land and operate independently, and the role of cooperatives in helping pursue this goal. It describes how after the Civil War, black farmers faced barriers like deficient civil rights and lack of opportunities that prevented most from achieving ownership. During the 1960s civil rights movement, cooperatives emerged as a way for black farmers to collectively pursue independent farming. The document examines initiatives from 1865 to 1932 that aimed to establish independent black farmers, the impact of New Deal policies of 1933-1941, and the rise of black farmer cooperatives in the 1950s-60s that promoted independent farm enterprise.
Growing crops was essential for early European settlers in North America to survive as they had depleted supplies and little knowledge of the local environment. Crop production was crucial, with 90% of the workforce farming in Jefferson's time and 40% in 1900. Now less than 1% of Americans farm. Crop production requires skills in biology, agronomy, mechanics and marketing. It involves 8 components throughout the year: operations, equipment, environmental concerns, and best practices for each component.
This document summarizes labor issues and concerns in the industrial food system. It discusses how immigration status leaves many food system workers, especially unauthorized immigrants, vulnerable to low wages, dangerous working conditions, lack of benefits and abuse. Agricultural work and slaughterhouse jobs are physically demanding and hazardous. Historically, programs like the Bracero Program and current reliance on immigrant labor have enabled exploitation of vulnerable workers. Organizing efforts through groups like the Coalition of Immokalee Workers have helped improve some conditions, but significant risks and hardships remain for many in the food labor force.
Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta co-founded the first farm workers union in the 1960s to advocate for the rights of Latino farm workers in California who faced poor working conditions and racial discrimination. They organized peaceful protests and strikes, gaining national attention with a 25-day march to Sacramento where 10,000 protesters demanded better treatment and wages. This marked a major victory for the farm workers movement and inspired other Latino civil rights leaders across the country to challenge inequality and discrimination in education and politics throughout the 1960s-1970s.
America was founded on theft of Native American land and slavery, according to the author. The violence in Charlottesville is a consequence of the racist legacy begun by the founders, as the country was built on colonialism, slavery, and violence against non-whites. The author argues the US is destroying itself due to its imperialist and plutocratic origins and inherent hate.
Guatemala is a Central American country with a population of over 13 million people. Spanish is the most widely spoken language, though over 40 indigenous Mayan languages are also recognized. The majority of Guatemalans are either of mixed indigenous and Spanish descent or European descent. The ancient Maya civilization flourished in Guatemala for over 2000 years and their ruins can still be visited today. Guatemala endured a long civil war and human rights issues, but has worked to improve healthcare, education, and living standards since peace agreements in the 1990s.
The document discusses the Bracero Program from 1942-1964 and Cesar Chavez. The Bracero Program brought over 2 million Mexican agricultural workers to the US on temporary contracts due to labor shortages during World War II. While it provided opportunities for work, braceros also faced exploitation and poor working and living conditions, such as being sprayed with DDT and living in cramped housing. Cesar Chavez was a prominent civil rights leader who dedicated his life to helping farm workers. He co-founded the United Farm Workers union and effectively used nonviolent tactics like strikes and boycotts to advocate for higher wages and better treatment of workers. Chavez left a lasting legacy of fighting for social justice and equality
Guatemala is a mountainous country located between the Caribbean Sea and the North Pacific Ocean with many rivers. The population is made up of Mestizo, indigenous Mayan groups, and others. While Spanish is the official language, many Mayan languages are still spoken. The culture features both indigenous and Spanish influences in arts, music, and religion. Guatemala experienced a civil war during the late 20th century after a CIA backed coup removed a democratically elected left-leaning president in 1954, installing right-wing dictators and fueling guerilla movements.
The Zapatistas are a group of indigenous Mexicans who have fought for improved rights and living conditions for indigenous people in Chiapas, Mexico since the 1990s. They employ guerrilla warfare tactics against the Mexican government to protest poverty, inequality, and trade policies they believe hurt indigenous farmers. Chiapas is resource-rich but many indigenous people live in poverty, inspiring the Zapatistas' armed uprisings and ongoing activism to demand greater autonomy and economic opportunities for indigenous communities.
This document provides an overview of a paper analyzing the Bracero Program from 1942-1964 through primary sources. The paper examines the working and living conditions of Mexican migrant workers in the program, who were excluded from New Deal labor protections. It also explores how the workers exhibited agency and their impact on Mexican-American immigration patterns. The document discusses the strengths and limitations of oral histories and documents from the Bracero History Archive that will be analyzed to address these topics. It also reviews the existing historiography on how Braceros have been portrayed and how this paper aims to take a balanced approach.
Civil resistance movements in several countries successfully overthrew dictatorships in nonviolent ways. In Portugal in 1974, a nonviolent popular uprising and general strike supported by the army overthrew the authoritarian regime. In Uruguay from 1983-1984, a small nonviolent human rights group organized strikes and demonstrations that eventually led to free elections and the end of the dictatorship. In Tunisia in 2010-2011, mass nonviolent protests in response to economic and political issues grew large enough that the army eventually refused to support the regime, leading the dictator to flee and free elections.
Exploring Rural Haiti through Jennie Smith’s: When The Hands Are Many: Commun...anthonyscaletta
The document discusses a book that examines rural Haitian society and culture through ethnographic research. It provides historical context on Haiti's exploitation by colonial powers and the U.S., leading to extreme poverty and political disempowerment among peasants. However, the peasants have strong communal organizations and traditions that help them cope with challenges. Their sense of community is core to rural life and is expressed through practices like shared land ownership, work groups, music, and social groups.
Mississippi has historically trended Republican in presidential elections but Democrats have had an advantage in local elections. The state was once among the wealthiest due to cotton plantations and slave labor but experienced a collapse after the Civil War when the cotton market declined and slaves were freed. Today, Mississippi is the poorest state and relies heavily on federal subsidies as well as industries like casinos, though it remains reliant on cotton production.
This document provides an introduction to a reading guide project comparing immigration in the early 1900s as depicted in Upton Sinclair's The Jungle to modern immigration trends. It notes similarities between challenges faced by the fictional immigrant character Jurgis and today's immigrants, such as low wages and inadequate housing making it difficult to earn a living, as well as disproportionate exposure to disease. While immigrants in The Jungle faced tuberculosis and poisoning, today COVID-19 affects meatpacking workers. The document outlines how immigration patterns have shifted over time but many challenges remain the same.
Andrew Jackson was a self-made man from the western frontier who became president in 1828, representing the growing political power of the West. As president, Jackson introduced the Spoils System of giving political patronage jobs to supporters and pursued the Indian Removal Act, which forcibly relocated many Native American tribes west of the Mississippi River on the Trail of Tears, resulting in thousands of deaths.
How the CIA and Corporate America used propaganda in 1954 to overthrow a demo...PatrickWarren09
The United States of America preaches freedom and democracy, but what does it actually practice? In the following example the democratically elected leader of Guatemala was removed by the CIA and the United Fruit Company in 1954 and the American public was lied to by the "father of public relations", Edward Bernays.
The United Farm Workers of America (UFW) began in 1962 as a coalition fighting for improved wages and working conditions for migrant farm workers. Led by Cesar Chavez, the UFW organized a five-year grape boycott in 1965 that drew national attention to the plight of farm workers. By 1970, over 65% of California grape growers had signed contracts with the UFW agreeing to higher pay and better protections for workers. However, conflicts with other unions and a decline in membership led to setbacks for the farm workers movement in later decades.
The Delano Grape Strike Begins September 8, 1965Global Even.docxtodd241
The Delano Grape Strike Begins: September 8, 1965
Global Events: Milestone Events Throughout History. 2014.
COPYRIGHT 2014 Gale, Cengage Learning
From U.S. History In Context.
Full Text:
Key Facts
Global Context
Africa
The Mozambican War of Independence, fought by rebels in Mozambique against Portuguese colonial forces, begins in 1964.
Asia and Oceania
A massive purge of Communists begins in Indonesia in 1965, resulting in an estimated five hundred thousand deaths over the course of six months.
Central and South America
Just ten days before the Olympic Games are to be held in Mexico City in 1968, a government crackdown on student and civilian protesters results in the deaths of at least forty-four people in an event known as the Tlatelolco massacre.
Europe
The prime ministers of Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, two nations with a long history of violent rivalry, meet in 1965 for the first time in over forty years.
Middle East
Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (1906–1975) is crowned king of Saudi Arabia in 1964. He institutes a variety of modernization policies that improve the Saudi economy.
North America
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlaws discrimination or segregation based on race or religion in the United States.
Key Figures
Political Leaders
Cesar Chavez (1927–1993), American labor leader.
Background
In the early years of the United States, most farming was done on small family farms. Harvest time required extra hands, but typically relatives, neighbors, and hired hands helped bring in the crops. Communities worked together to meet the needs of the labor-intensive harvest. Large-scale agriculture, supported by slavery, existed in the American South.
The demand for seasonal farm labor began in the United States as early as 1850. Throughout the country, farm production reached the point that producers required additional workers. In the Northeast, farm laborers were typically newly arrived immigrants, often of European descent. Former slaves, poor European Americans, and Native Americans did agricultural work in the post–Civil War South. In the West, farm laborers were often immigrants from China, Japan, or Mexico. As early as 1903, Japanese and Mexican farm workers in the beet industry formed a labor association and went on strike for better wages. One Mexican worker was killed during a conflict between laborers and farmers, but the newly formed union achieved its demands. One of the keys to the union’s success was that it drew together different cultural and ethnic groups that shared a common goal.
During the early twentieth century, urbanization and changes in farm production and technology increased the need for seasonal farm laborers. Numerous family farms were absorbed by large-scale agricultural facilities. At the same time, many people left rural areas for urban ones, and traditional farming skills were lost. Technological and chemical innovations, including machinery and pesticides, increased the cost and the productivit.
The Brown Berets organized to advocate for educational equality and against police brutality. They also sought to return lands once held by Mexico to Mexican control. By 1968, the Brown Berets had become a national organization with chapters across the United States. La Alianza was formed in 1963 to inform Spanish land grant heirs of their rights under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The Poor People's Campaign, led by Martin Luther King Jr., aimed to gain economic justice for poor Americans and pressure Congress to pass an economic bill of rights. It expanded the civil rights movement's focus to include economic justice issues. The Chicano Movement adopted and promoted civil disobedience and nonviolent protest strategies from leaders like Gandhi
Mayan Center for Peace: Guatemala to Minnesotaadam.utley
How have neo-liberal economic doctrines impacted indigenous communities in Guatemala? What new ways of life present ways of resistance political-cultural repression?
This document provides a summary of Mexican history from the arrival of the Spaniards in Mexico to recent trends among the Mexican population in the United States. It covers major periods and events including the Spanish conquest of the Aztecs, the Mexican War of Independence from Spain, mass Mexican immigration to the US in the early 20th century, and the rise of the Chicano movement fighting for civil rights. More recently, it discusses the growth of the Mexican population and culture in the US as well as ongoing issues around immigration and socioeconomic status.
This presentation is of the sectional crises over states' rights and slavery's westward expansion that gave way to American Civil War. It is the fourth in a series of textbook/lecture substitutes designed for students in a college seminar on the Civil War and Reconstruction.
This document summarizes the key themes and findings from a research paper about Chinese immigrant workers in post-Civil War Louisiana. It discusses:
1) How plantation owner Edward Gay enlisted labor agents to recruit Chinese workers from San Francisco due to labor shortages and frustrations with freedmen.
2) Gay viewed Chinese workers as being less "troublesome" than freedmen, but documents show he was aware they would cost more.
3) Initially, Gay and other planters were satisfied with Chinese workers and their productivity, but relations soon soured, as evidenced by lawsuits between planters and workers.
The summary concisely outlines the main topics and conclusions from the original research document in 3 sentences
The document discusses the history and evolution of the Mexican American community in the United States from the Mexican-American War to the mid-20th century. It describes how Mexican Americans faced discrimination and were often segregated into separate, inferior schools compared to white students. Educators at the time claimed this segregation was justified and would benefit Mexican American students, despite facing resistance from parents. The document examines the vocational tracking of Mexican American students and the policies that hindered their equal access to education during this period.
HY 1110, American History I 1 Course Learning Outcome.docxaryan532920
HY 1110, American History I 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VII
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
8. Discuss the evolution of American philosophies or ideals.
Reading Assignment
Schur, J. (n.d.). Eli Whitney's patent for the cotton gin. Retrieved from
http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/cotton-gin-patent/
Whitman, W. (n.d.). Leaves of grass. Retrieved from http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1322/1322-h/1322-h.htm
In order to access the articles below, you must first log into the myCSU Student Portal and access the
America: History and Life with Full Text database within the CSU Online Library.
Fountain, D. L. (2014). A broader footprint: Slavery and slaveholding households in antebellum piedmont
North Carolina. North Carolina Historical Review, 91(4), 407-444.
Rousey, D. C. (2001). Friends and foes of slavery: Foreigners and northerners in the old South. Journal Of
Social History, 35(2), 373.
Unit Lesson
Jim Crow was not a President, Senator, or Congressman; he was not even a local figure of power. Jim
Crow was a minstrel show character portrayed most famously by T.D. “Daddy” Rice in the early
nineteenth century. However, there is absolutely no doubt that this fictional personification of racism and
subjugation ranks among the most influential icons of the American antebellum period, and it is still
recognizable today.
UNIT VII STUDY GUIDE
Western Expansion &
the Antebellum South
"I wheel about an' turn about And do jis' so And ebry time I wheel about I
jump Jim Crow." – T.D. "Daddy" Rice (as cited in “Antebellum Period
Quotes,” 2014, para 1).
(Thomas Rice as Jim Crow, n.d.)
HY 1110, American History I 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
From the earliest days of the American colonies, amongst the feelings of unification, freedom from unlawful
taxation, and desire to self-govern, there were also feelings of great division and entitlement across the
American settlements. So far, we have discussed several of these debates, but the one that remained
constant was the question of what “freedom” really meant.
Evils of Slavery
Even today in America, there are conflicting teachings of what the true catalysts of the Civil War were. For the
South, the “War of Northern Aggression” was a direct attack by subjecting the Southern economy for the pure
benefit of Northern industry, which threatened the agricultural culture and virtues that Jefferson had
represented so famously. As we will review later, however, slavery was not a universal good for all
Southerners. In fact, in the years leading up to, and during, the war, there were well-established regions of
anti-slavery sentiment in every future Confederate state, save one: South Carolina.
For the North, with the exception of the few wealthy outliers who benefitted from the transport and sale of
Southern goods, slavery was being viewed more and more clearly as an unnecessary evil—one ...
This document discusses the history and culture of Mexican Americans in the United States. It notes that Mexican Americans currently make up 14.5% of the total US population and live across urban and rural areas nationwide. While many Spanish-speaking cultures are often miscategorized as the same, Mexican culture has a distinct history and customs developed over 500 years separate from other Latin American countries. The traditional Mexican American diet and family structure reflect a blend of indigenous, Spanish, and American influences. The document then shifts to discussing the Mexican American civil rights movement and challenges faced by Mexican immigrants and citizens throughout the 1940s-1950s due to racism, labor issues, and immigration policies.
The Zapatistas are a group of indigenous Mexicans who fight for improved rights and living conditions for indigenous people in Mexico. They are named after Emiliano Zapata, a leader in the early 20th century Mexican Revolution who advocated for indigenous rights. In the 1990s, the Zapatistas used harassment and sabotage against the Mexican government. Their uprising began on January 1, 1994 in Chiapas, Mexico's poorest state, in response to the North American Free Trade Agreement which they believed would hurt indigenous and poor farmers. While agreements were made, the Zapatistas said indigenous peoples' problems had not been solved regarding healthcare, housing, education, and jobs.
The Zapatistas are a group of indigenous Mexicans who fight for improved rights and living conditions for indigenous people in Mexico. They are named after Emiliano Zapata, a leader in the early 20th century Mexican Revolution who advocated for indigenous rights. In the 1990s, the Zapatistas used harassment and sabotage against the Mexican government. They launched an armed uprising on January 1, 1994 to protest the North American Free Trade Agreement and the poor economic conditions facing indigenous people in the southern state of Chiapas, which produces significant resources but sees little return. While agreements were reached, the Zapatistas argue that more needs to be done to help indigenous communities with healthcare, housing, education, and
The Zapatistas are a group of indigenous Mexicans who fight for improved rights and living conditions for indigenous people in Mexico. They are named after Emiliano Zapata, a leader in the early 20th century Mexican Revolution who advocated for indigenous rights. In the 1990s, the Zapatistas used harassment and sabotage against the Mexican government. They launched an armed uprising on January 1, 1994 to protest the North American Free Trade Agreement and the poor economic conditions facing indigenous people in the southern state of Chiapas, which produces significant resources but sees little return. While agreements were reached, the Zapatistas argue that more needs to be done to help indigenous communities with healthcare, housing, education, and
The Zapatistas are a group of indigenous Mexicans who fight for improved rights and living conditions for indigenous people in Mexico. They are named after Emiliano Zapata, a leader in the early 20th century Mexican Revolution who advocated for indigenous rights. In the 1990s, the Zapatistas used harassment and sabotage against the Mexican government. They launched an armed uprising on January 1, 1994 to protest the North American Free Trade Agreement and the resulting negative impacts on indigenous farmers and communities in the southern state of Chiapas, which has high levels of poverty despite contributing significant resources to the Mexican economy. While agreements were reached, the Zapatistas argue that more needs to be done to improve healthcare,
The Zapatistas are a group of indigenous Mexicans who fight for improved rights and living conditions for indigenous people in Mexico. They are named after Emiliano Zapata, a leader in the early 20th century Mexican Revolution who advocated for indigenous rights. In the 1990s, the Zapatistas used harassment and sabotage against the Mexican government. Their uprising began on January 1, 1994 in Chiapas, Mexico's poorest state, in response to the North American Free Trade Agreement which they believed would hurt indigenous and poor farmers. While agreements were made, the Zapatistas said indigenous peoples' problems had not been solved regarding healthcare, housing, education, and jobs.
Similar to Farm Workers, the Rebellion in the Fields (15)
The document argues that refugees have the right to seek asylum in the U.S. for several reasons: 1) humans have migrated for thousands of years and all people have a right to safety and a decent life, 2) the U.S. southern border was created by an illegal invasion of Mexico, and 3) the U.S. has a history of repeatedly invading and interfering in Central American countries, overthrowing governments and supporting dictatorships.
1) The document calls for thousands of people to gather in New York City from October 22-24 to protest police murder and brutality.
2) It outlines the scale of mass incarceration in the US, with 2.5 million people imprisoned as of 2015, disproportionately affecting black and Latino communities.
3) The origins and growth of mass incarceration are traced from the 1970s "War on Drugs" under Nixon to expanded policies under Reagan, leaving many inner city residents without jobs or prospects besides prison.
This document summarizes the history and current state of mass incarceration in the United States. It notes that the prison population has increased over 1000% since the 1970s to over 2.5 million people today, disproportionately impacting Black and Latino communities. It traces the rise of mass incarceration back to the Nixon administration's War on Drugs and further expansion under Reagan. The document argues that mass incarceration, police brutality, and criminalization of communities of color constitute a "slow genocide" and calls for resistance through protests and actions like the April 14, 2015 day of action calling for "No Work! No School! No Business as Usual!" It provides context and links for further information.
Millones de Afro Americanos y Latinos llenando los prisiones de EEUU y ademas el terror y asesinato policial -- la criminalización de una generación de jóvenes -- es el Nuevo Jim Crow.
Stop Mass Incarceration Network -- October 2014 Month of Resistance to Mass Incarceration, Police Terror, Repression and the Criminalization of a Generation. A brief history of mass incarceration in this era, resistance, Ferguson and others, and the epidemic of incarceration, deportation and police murder -- must stop.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
2. California produces a sizable majority of
many American fruits, vegetables, & nuts:
99 percent of artichokes,
99 percent of walnuts,
97 percent of kiwis,
97 percent of plums,
95 percent of celery,
95 percent of garlic,
89 percent of cauliflower,
71 percent of spinach,
69 percent of carrots, etc.
3. % of U.S. food crops produced in California:
99 percent of artichokes,
99 percent of walnuts,
98 percent of garlic,
98 percent of pistachios,
97 percent of plums,
97 percent of kiwis,
97 percent of plums,
96 percent of olives,
96 percent of figs,
96 percent of processing tomatoes,
95 percent of nectarines,
95 percent of broccoli,
95 percent of celery,
95 percent of garlic,
92 percent of lemons,
92 percent of strawberries,
91 percent of grapes,
89 percent of cauliflower,
88 percent of avocados
88 percent of apricots
71 percent of spinach,
69 percent of carrots,
4. Farmworkers are denied their rights and
treated like a lower caste.
Trabajadores del campo se les niega
sus derechos, tratados como una casta
inferior.
92% of California farmworkers are from
Mexico. More than 50% denied
documents.
5. From India to Africa, Asia to the U.S. farmers and farmworkers
are trapped in a web of exploitation.
Indian cotton farmer
Mexican corn farmer
Guatemala coffee farmer
African cocoa farmer
6. There’s a web of global capitalist
relations that trap farmers and
farmworkers across the planet.
8. Plunder of Mexico at one end --
desperate workers driven north at the other.
9. A farmworker movement
in the 1960s – 1970s
challenged the injustices
of this relationship.
Un movimiento
campesino desafió las
injusticias de estas
relaciones.
10. En los años de las guerras de lechuga.
YEARS
In the
11. The story of an exploiting empire
begins early on.
The seizure of native lands. The mass importation of slaves.
12. “Without slavery you have no cotton; without cotton you have no modern
industry. It is slavery that has given the colonies their value; it is the
colonies that have created world trade, and it is world trade that is the
pre-condition of large-scale industry.” K. Marx
28. Braceros worked for low
wages, denied the right to
organize or protest.
The border patrol (migra) –
used to intimidate &
deport workers.
29. “They chased them like outlaws,
like rustlers like thieves”.
Song writer and singer Woody
Guthrie wrote a song protesting
the deportations of braceros.
Deportees -- Outernational
Being “inspected” by a grower.
30. The Bracero program ends in 1964. In 1965 the
Filipinos workers strike in Coachella for better wages.
31. On September 16, 1965, Mexican workers
join the Filipinos on strike in Delano.
32. An era of political upheaval had just begun.
Anti-Vietnam war protests Civil Rights struggles
33. Student strikes and other
actions spread across the
country.
Uprising in the Watts
community of Los Angeles.
38. 1970: In the midst of this the Farmworkers’ Union
(UFWOC) forces grape growers to recognize a union
in the grape vineyards.
39. August 1970: A General strike of lettuce
workers in the Salinas Valley follows.
40.
41. UFW didn’t take a public stand against
the Vietnam War until 1969 – after
prominent Democrats came out
publically against the war.
Prominent figures in the ruling class
came out in support of the UFW – their
point – to split off the farmworker
movement from the broader radicalized
social movements.
42. “The farmworker struggle gained in vitality to
the degree to which it came to represent the
rebellion against the twofold oppression of
farmworkers: as highly exploited workers with
low wages, few benefits, poor housing, and so
on, and as Mexicans, subject to intense forms
of repression and discrimination in nearly
every aspect of social and civil life (or as some
farmworkers considered themselves with
ample justification, a lower caste).”
Lettuce Wars Pg 123
43. This duality was precisely what the openly
declared enemies (growers) and alleged friends
(Democrats, certain labor leaders, etc.) most
despised and sought to suppress.
44. Farmworker strikes and
protests all over
California in 1973 and
1974 in response to
efforts to destroy the
union and the
movement.
Growers’ counter offensive –
Coachella 1973.
45. For 12 years –
Lettuce Wars in the
fields of Salinas,
Watsonville,
Imperial Valley, etc.
46. In 1974 at the height of strike wave the UFW
launched its biggest campaign – the “anti-
illegals campaign”, doing great political damage
to the farmworker movement and the broader
progressive movement.
47. Elections followed the passage of the
Agriculture Labor Relations Act, ALRA
in 1975. The UFW emerged the
dominant union in the vegetable fields
by 1977. But this period was also
marked by internal repression and
purges of progressives.
48. The Imperial – Salinas
Valley Lettuce strike of
1979 – the longest and
hardest fought strike.
The funeral of Rufino Contreras
49. The decline of radical
social movements . . .
The overturning of
socialism in various
countries . . .
The rise of Reaganism,
Thatcherism and the
reassertion of
capitalist/imperialist
authority here and
internationally . . .
Strengthened the growers
and conservative forces in
the union . . .
50. The farmworker movement ended in
the early 1980s.
• Growers dumped their union contracts and
faced little resistance.
• The growers flooded the fields with labor
contractors dividing workers up.
• Wages and conditions declined.
• The 1986 Immigration Reform flooded fields
with workers.
• The racial caste system -- pervasive as ever.
51. “Labor contractors became the fortress standing guard over the newly re-conquered
terrain. By using contractors the growers created a downward
pressure on wages and conditions through competition among the contractors;
distanced themselves from blame for worsening working conditions; and made
collective action by farmworkers to defend themselves extremely difficult . . .”
52. “The results were evident: wages dropped dramatically and then
stagnated; benefits deteriorated or disappeared; working conditions
declined. Around the mid-1980s, growers began to dismantle the labor
camps, reaping the benefits of rising real estate prices while dispersing
the workers even more and ratcheting up the debilitating struggle for
survival.”
53. 15 years of intense and complex struggle –
strikes, boycotts, mass jailing, beatings,
killings, marches . . . to squeeze a few
drops of justice from a desert of human
plunder and today . . . conditions are even
more oppressive – what does this say
about reform and the need for truly radical
change?
54. “Those who this system has cast off, those it
has treated as less than human, can be the
backbone and driving force of a fight not only
to end their own oppression, but to finally end
all oppression, and emancipate all of
humanity”.
“Those who this system has cast off, those it
has treated as less than human, can be the
backbone and driving force of a fight not only
to end their own oppression, but to finally end
all oppression, and emancipate all of
humanity”. B. Avakian