The document defines over 50 terms related to agriculture and crop production. Some key terms include:
- Acre - a standard unit of land measurement equivalent to 43,560 square feet.
- Bushel - a unit of dry volume used to measure crop yields, with one bushel of corn weighing 56 pounds.
- Cash crop - a crop grown for revenue from off-farm sales.
- Conservation tillage - any tillage system that leaves at least 30% of the soil surface covered with crop residue after planting to reduce soil erosion.
- Corn belt - the region in the Midwestern U.S. where corn is a principal cash crop, spanning parts of several states.
Agronomy is the study of soil management, crop production, and other agricultural practices. It deals with maximizing crop yields through practices like introducing new crop varieties, proper soil fertility management, and intensive cropping systems. The document discusses key agronomy concepts like the meaning and scope of agronomy, seed types and sowing methods, tillage and crop geometry. It also covers topics like essential plant nutrients, the difference between manures and fertilizers, and nutrient use efficiency. The overall document provides an introduction to fundamental agronomy concepts and practices.
The document discusses factors that affect the phyllochron, or the time interval between the emergence of successive leaves, in rice plants. It reports on studies that found older seedlings and closer spacing resulted in longer phyllochron durations, negatively impacting tiller production and yield. Specifically, older seedlings experienced more root damage during transplanting, causing stress and slower growth rates, while closer spacing increased competition between plants for resources. Wider spacing and younger seedlings promoted higher tiller numbers and potential yields.
Agronomy is the science of managing crops and farmland to maximize crop yields. It involves choosing the best crop varieties for the climate and soil, using proper cultivation techniques, managing pests and irrigation, and harvesting at the right time. Key branches of agronomy include crop science, soil science, and environmental science. Crops are classified in various ways, including by place of origin, botanical/taxonomic family, economic use, season grown, and life cycle (annual, biennial, or perennial). The fundamental principles of agronomy are maximizing resource use and choosing adapted crop varieties, along with proper cultivation, nutrient management, and pest control.
Crop rotation refers to growing different crops in succession on the same piece of land. It helps maintain soil fertility through legumes that fix nitrogen. Crop rotation provides various benefits like increased yields, reduced costs from weeds and pests, and regular income. Principles of effective crop rotation include adapting to soil and climate, maintaining soil organic matter, and rotating between deep and shallow root crops. Other cropping systems discussed are intercropping, mixed cropping, relay cropping, and monocropping.
Effect of planting pattern, plant density and integration of zeoponix and che...Innspub Net
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of planting pattern, plant density and integration of zeoponix and chemical N fertilizer (urea) on sunflower yield and yield components. The experimental design was analyzed as factorial based on randomized complete block with three replications. Treatments consisted of 3 factors which are different crop densities, including 2 levels. The population of plants was including 5 plants m–2 (d1) and 8 plants m–2 (d2). The second factor was planting patterns which were included twin rectangular rows (A1) and twin zigzag rows (A2). Different fertilizing treatments were selected as third factor consisted of the sole application of zeoponix (f1) and chemical fertilizer urea (f3), and integration of 50%zeoponix +50% chemical fertilizer urea (f2), that were at 3 levels. Results showed that there were significant differences in interaction of planting pattern, plant density and fertilizing system on plant height, stalk diameter, biologic yield, seed yield, number of seeds per head, 1000 seed weight, seed oil content and oil yield, protein content and protein yield and harvest index. LSD test for means of these traits showed that zigzag arrangement × plant population of 8 plants m–2 × 100% zeoponix (a2d2f1) treatment had the best performance and could be recommended to farmers for sunflower cultivation. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-6-december-2015-ijaar/
1) The document discusses rainfed agriculture in India, which occupies 67% of cultivated land but produces 44% of food grains. It defines dry farming, dryland farming and rainfed farming based on annual rainfall.
2) It provides a brief history of developments in rainfed agriculture in India starting from the 1920s, including establishment of research stations and institutions.
3) The document outlines several problems faced in rainfed agriculture like inadequate and uneven rainfall distribution, long gaps between rainfall, early/late monsoon onset, early cessation of rains, and prolonged dry spells. It provides solutions to address each problem.
This document outlines the key concepts and course details for an agronomy course on crop production. It discusses the course objectives of acquiring crop production skills and applying agronomic practices to improve yields. It also covers the basic practices of crop production, including soil preparation, sowing seeds, adding manure and fertilizers, irrigation, weed control, harvesting, and storage. The document provides examples and details for each step of crop production.
Agronomy is the study of soil management, crop production, and other agricultural practices. It deals with maximizing crop yields through practices like introducing new crop varieties, proper soil fertility management, and intensive cropping systems. The document discusses key agronomy concepts like the meaning and scope of agronomy, seed types and sowing methods, tillage and crop geometry. It also covers topics like essential plant nutrients, the difference between manures and fertilizers, and nutrient use efficiency. The overall document provides an introduction to fundamental agronomy concepts and practices.
The document discusses factors that affect the phyllochron, or the time interval between the emergence of successive leaves, in rice plants. It reports on studies that found older seedlings and closer spacing resulted in longer phyllochron durations, negatively impacting tiller production and yield. Specifically, older seedlings experienced more root damage during transplanting, causing stress and slower growth rates, while closer spacing increased competition between plants for resources. Wider spacing and younger seedlings promoted higher tiller numbers and potential yields.
Agronomy is the science of managing crops and farmland to maximize crop yields. It involves choosing the best crop varieties for the climate and soil, using proper cultivation techniques, managing pests and irrigation, and harvesting at the right time. Key branches of agronomy include crop science, soil science, and environmental science. Crops are classified in various ways, including by place of origin, botanical/taxonomic family, economic use, season grown, and life cycle (annual, biennial, or perennial). The fundamental principles of agronomy are maximizing resource use and choosing adapted crop varieties, along with proper cultivation, nutrient management, and pest control.
Crop rotation refers to growing different crops in succession on the same piece of land. It helps maintain soil fertility through legumes that fix nitrogen. Crop rotation provides various benefits like increased yields, reduced costs from weeds and pests, and regular income. Principles of effective crop rotation include adapting to soil and climate, maintaining soil organic matter, and rotating between deep and shallow root crops. Other cropping systems discussed are intercropping, mixed cropping, relay cropping, and monocropping.
Effect of planting pattern, plant density and integration of zeoponix and che...Innspub Net
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of planting pattern, plant density and integration of zeoponix and chemical N fertilizer (urea) on sunflower yield and yield components. The experimental design was analyzed as factorial based on randomized complete block with three replications. Treatments consisted of 3 factors which are different crop densities, including 2 levels. The population of plants was including 5 plants m–2 (d1) and 8 plants m–2 (d2). The second factor was planting patterns which were included twin rectangular rows (A1) and twin zigzag rows (A2). Different fertilizing treatments were selected as third factor consisted of the sole application of zeoponix (f1) and chemical fertilizer urea (f3), and integration of 50%zeoponix +50% chemical fertilizer urea (f2), that were at 3 levels. Results showed that there were significant differences in interaction of planting pattern, plant density and fertilizing system on plant height, stalk diameter, biologic yield, seed yield, number of seeds per head, 1000 seed weight, seed oil content and oil yield, protein content and protein yield and harvest index. LSD test for means of these traits showed that zigzag arrangement × plant population of 8 plants m–2 × 100% zeoponix (a2d2f1) treatment had the best performance and could be recommended to farmers for sunflower cultivation. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-6-december-2015-ijaar/
1) The document discusses rainfed agriculture in India, which occupies 67% of cultivated land but produces 44% of food grains. It defines dry farming, dryland farming and rainfed farming based on annual rainfall.
2) It provides a brief history of developments in rainfed agriculture in India starting from the 1920s, including establishment of research stations and institutions.
3) The document outlines several problems faced in rainfed agriculture like inadequate and uneven rainfall distribution, long gaps between rainfall, early/late monsoon onset, early cessation of rains, and prolonged dry spells. It provides solutions to address each problem.
This document outlines the key concepts and course details for an agronomy course on crop production. It discusses the course objectives of acquiring crop production skills and applying agronomic practices to improve yields. It also covers the basic practices of crop production, including soil preparation, sowing seeds, adding manure and fertilizers, irrigation, weed control, harvesting, and storage. The document provides examples and details for each step of crop production.
1. The document defines several key biological and agricultural terms, including abiotic factors, angiosperms, annuals, asexual reproduction, autotrophy, broadcast seeding, tillage, chlorophyll, cloning, and compost.
2. Reproduction methods like cutting, seeds, bulbs and corms are discussed. Agricultural practices like plowing, fertilization, and different types of crops are also explained.
3. The summary provides essential definitions and information about important biological concepts and agricultural practices covered in the document.
This document provides an introduction to crop rotation, outlining its objectives, criteria for crop selection, principles, effects on soil, advantages, and disadvantages. Crop rotation involves growing different crops in succession on the same land over time to benefit soil fertility and maximize yields while minimizing costs. It aims to improve soil properties, regulate pest/weed/disease pressures, and optimize the use of labor, moisture, and nutrients. The selection of crops considers factors like climate adaptability, market demand, duration, input availability, and resistance to pests/diseases. Principles include alternating rooting depths, botanical families, restoration needs, and tolerance to issues like pathogens. Crop rotation benefits soil health and yields but must be carefully implemented to avoid
This document discusses field crops and their importance as food, feed, and for industrial uses. It identifies key field crops like cereals, legumes, root crops, and others. It describes the general morphology and important parts of field crops, including underground and above ground parts. Environmental factors that affect field crops are also outlined, such as climate, soil factors, and biotic factors. Seed structure is explained, along with the process of germination.
Multilayer Cropping : Ideal approach for better yield and increasing farm incomeAntaraPramanik
In India mostly farmers (about 85%)comes under small and marginal farmers. In near future, availability of land for cultivation will be reduce with increasing population and rapid urbanization, degradation of land due to soil erosion and soil salinity.
As per estimate, in India more than 95% holding will be under the category of small and marginal holders by 2050 (Agrawal R.L., 1995) .
For solution of this problem, multi storied cropping system will be a potential and efficient option to provide food, nutritional and income security to the growing population of India (Awasthi O.P. et.al., 2008) . This has possible because of the diverse agro climatic condition, enormous biodiversity, wide variation in soil fertility, large cultivable land area in the geographical boundary of India. Multi-layer Cropping is a system of growing crops together of different heights at the same time on the same piece of land. It is also referred as multi-storied cropping or multi-tier cropping. Multilayer Cropping is based on the principle of high-density planting and making the ultimate and efficient use of manure, water, land, labour and vertical space.
This system of cropping also works on the principles of minimization of production cost and inputs use, development of organic and sustainable farming system in order to mitigate the use of chemicals and ensuring the food and nutritional security to each household.
Multilayer system of cropping is sustainable method of cropping that is cost effective and requires less labour . Therefore, people should be made aware of this type of farming system.
We know that many farmers in different countries are unwillingly killing themselves because they work hard in their land but they don’t get good production.
Farmers who are willing to do work are deprived of different resources like irrigation and good area of agricultural land. In this scenario, they can be motivated to do multi-layer system of cropping which can ultimately solves all these problem.
This system of cropping can helps to uplift the economic condition of farmer. The Multilayer Cropping System is indeed a boon to small & marginal farmers.
Myself Vijay Kumar Shrivastav completed M.Sc. Agriculture (Agronomy) from G B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology in 1996.
In this presentation I have covered the title "CLASSIFICATION OF CROPS "
( फसलों के वर्गीकरण ) - Hindi
This presentation covers various points related to Classification of crops,agronomic classification, climatic crop classification,annual crops,biennial crops,perennial crops,fodder and forage crops,species and condiments crop,medicinal plants,south west monsoon crops,post monsoon crops,native crops,exotic crops,catch crops,paira or residual crops,trap crops,alley crops,irrigated crops,rainfed crops,tolerant crops,arable crops,direct seeded crops, Journey with Vijaykumar shrivastav,kharif,rabi, zaid
Companion planting involves growing multiple crops in close proximity that provide benefits to each other such as pest control, pollination or nutrient exchange. It has been used for centuries in gardens and agriculture as an environmentally friendly technique. Some key benefits of companion planting include attracting beneficial insects for pest control, fixing nitrogen in the soil, providing shelter from wind and pest disruption through diversifying crop placement. Examples given are planting marigolds with crops to deter pests, and the traditional "Three Sisters" method of growing corn, beans and squash together. Recent studies also show companion planting to be an effective method for disrupting pest host-finding and increasing yields.
This document discusses arecanut-based intercropping and mixed cropping systems. It describes how intercropping involves growing short-term annual or biennial crops in the spaces between young arecanut palms. As the palms mature, mixed cropping with perennial crops better utilizes the partial shade. Popular intercrops include banana, black pepper, cardamom, cocoa, and vegetables. Intercropping increases land productivity and farmer income while the crop is establishing. Benefits include utilizing resources and controlling pests and soil erosion. Constraints can include drought, funds, technical knowledge, and pest/disease issues.
This document discusses vegetable-based cropping systems. It begins with definitions of cropping system and cropping pattern. The basic principles of cropping systems are to choose crops that complement each other and utilize resources efficiently. Objectives are efficient resource utilization and maintaining stable production. Benefits include maintaining soil fertility and controlling pests. Cropping systems are classified based on whether one or multiple crops are grown, including sole cropping, multiple cropping, intercropping, mixed cropping, ratoon cropping, and crop rotation. Advantages and disadvantages of each system are provided. Factors that influence the selection of a cropping system are also discussed.
Botanical Classification – based on the morphological characteristics of plants as well as on their anatomy, physiology and DNA sequences. • Descriptive Classification – based on the environmental adaptation, growth habit and other observable features. • Agricultural Classification – plants can be broadly classified as either useful or unuseful. Those which are useful are called crops while those which are not useful are called weeds.
This document discusses new plant types (NPTs) in rice, which have been developed through agricultural research to have higher yields. NPTs have several key characteristics that contribute to increased production, including being dwarf (short), having erect leaves and synchronized tillering, low floret sterility, shorter growth duration, responsiveness to fertilizer, and lodging resistance. NPTs are capable of yielding 2-3 times more than traditional tall varieties through more efficient utilization of resources and increased metabolic activity. However, NPTs are more susceptible to variations in management and disease. The document provides examples of NPTs developed for wheat, rice, sorghum and other cereals crops.
Prior to planting, the soil needs to be prepared through tillage or herbicides to kill weeds. There are three main tillage categories - conventional, reduced, and conservation - depending on how much crop residue is left on the surface. Conservation tillage, including no-till, leaves at least 30% residue coverage and places seeds directly into last season's crop residue without disturbing the soil. Herbicides are used in all tillage systems to control weeds. Tillage generally occurs between harvest and spring planting, though the optimal time is just before planting to reduce soil erosion. Late planting can significantly reduce crop yields.
These materials were developed by the Lesotho Conservation Agriculture National Task Force and endorsed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The materials can be freely reproduced for non-commercial purposes with attribution to the Task Force and FAO. The document outlines the three principles of conservation agriculture: minimum tillage and soil disturbance, permanent soil cover with crop residues and live mulches, and crop rotation and intercropping. It provides brief explanations of the benefits of each principle, such as protecting the soil from erosion, improving soil fertility and water retention, and reducing pests and diseases.
This document discusses new plant types (NPTs) which are rice varieties that have been bred to have higher yields through alterations to their morphology and physiology. NPTs are dwarf, have erect leaves, efficient tillering, low sterility, short growth duration, and are responsive to fertilizer. They can yield 2-3 times more than traditional tall varieties through more efficient utilization of resources. However, they require adequate fertilizer and irrigation to reach their full yield potential and may be more susceptible to diseases due to their growth habits. The document provides details on the characteristics and advantages of NPTs for higher rice production.
This document provides an overview of different classification systems for crops. It begins by explaining the importance of botanical classification, which is based on structural characteristics and divides plants into kingdoms, divisions, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. It then discusses classification by agronomic use, life cycle, season, climate, photoperiod, growth habit, and pollination type. The key systems covered include classification by food vs. fiber crops, annual vs. perennial crops, temperature zone, photoperiod requirements, determinate vs. indeterminate growth, and self- vs. cross-pollination. Examples are provided for different categories within each system to illustrate how crops can be classified.
Agronomy is the study of crop production and soil management. It aims to maximize food production through understanding the relationships between soils, plants and their environment. Some key milestones in agronomy include the establishment of the Department of Agriculture in India in 1880 and the Indian Agricultural Research Institute in 1903. The Green Revolution of the 1960s greatly increased food production in India through the use of high-yielding varieties, irrigation, fertilizers and pesticides. Major crops are classified based on factors like life cycle, economic use, season and climate. Key soil types in India include alluvial, black, red, laterite and desert soils. Alluvial soils cover around 48 million hectares and are found in river basins.
This document discusses intercropping systems in Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). It defines intercropping as cultivating two or more crops simultaneously in the same field. The objectives of intercropping include higher productivity, stability of production, and insurance against crop failure. Research has found that intercropping Bt cotton with fodder maize resulted in the highest seed cotton equivalent yield. Applying recommended doses of nitrogen to intercrops also increased intercrop yields. Intercropping was concluded to increase soil fertility, nutrient uptake, and income per unit area compared to sole cropping.
1. There are two main institutes in India that work on cropping systems: the National Research Centre on Integrated Farming in Bihar and the ICAR-Indian Institute of Farming Systems Research in Uttar Pradesh.
2. Cropping systems involve growing multiple crops in the same field over a period of time, either together or in sequence. Modern cropping systems aim to maximize productivity while promoting environmental sustainability.
3. Cropping systems can include intercropping, where crops are grown together, or sequential cropping, where crops are grown in succession. Choosing complementary crops that utilize resources efficiently and maintain soil fertility is important.
A presentation on study of special classification created with the help of fundamentals of Agriculture Written By Arun Katyayan. Images Source : Google
6. cultural control of weeds A lecture by Allah Dad Khan Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Cultural weed control uses non-chemical crop management practices like variety selection, land preparation, and harvesting techniques. It aims to prevent weed growth and reduce weed populations through practices like maintaining soil moisture to suppress weeds, using crop rotations and intercropping to limit available nutrients and space for weeds, and establishing crop stands that are vigorous competitors with weeds through practices like optimizing planting dates and fertilizer application. The document provides 25 specific cultural weed control practices and explains how each works to control weeds without the use of herbicides.
Conservation Agriculture
introduction
Principles of conservation Agriculture
Advantages of C.A .
Tools And Technologies Involved In Conservation Agriculture
Cultural and Mechanical Control of WeedsKarl Obispo
This document discusses cultural and mechanical methods for controlling weeds. Cultural control methods include using weed-free crop seeds, planting smother crops, and crop rotation. Mechanical control methods involve manual and machine-based approaches like hand-pulling, hoeing, mowing, flooding, mulching, burning, machine tillage, and soil solarization. Both cultural and mechanical controls aim to prevent weed growth and spread, eradicate existing weeds, or keep weed populations below an economic threshold.
1. The document defines several key biological and agricultural terms, including abiotic factors, angiosperms, annuals, asexual reproduction, autotrophy, broadcast seeding, tillage, chlorophyll, cloning, and compost.
2. Reproduction methods like cutting, seeds, bulbs and corms are discussed. Agricultural practices like plowing, fertilization, and different types of crops are also explained.
3. The summary provides essential definitions and information about important biological concepts and agricultural practices covered in the document.
This document provides an introduction to crop rotation, outlining its objectives, criteria for crop selection, principles, effects on soil, advantages, and disadvantages. Crop rotation involves growing different crops in succession on the same land over time to benefit soil fertility and maximize yields while minimizing costs. It aims to improve soil properties, regulate pest/weed/disease pressures, and optimize the use of labor, moisture, and nutrients. The selection of crops considers factors like climate adaptability, market demand, duration, input availability, and resistance to pests/diseases. Principles include alternating rooting depths, botanical families, restoration needs, and tolerance to issues like pathogens. Crop rotation benefits soil health and yields but must be carefully implemented to avoid
This document discusses field crops and their importance as food, feed, and for industrial uses. It identifies key field crops like cereals, legumes, root crops, and others. It describes the general morphology and important parts of field crops, including underground and above ground parts. Environmental factors that affect field crops are also outlined, such as climate, soil factors, and biotic factors. Seed structure is explained, along with the process of germination.
Multilayer Cropping : Ideal approach for better yield and increasing farm incomeAntaraPramanik
In India mostly farmers (about 85%)comes under small and marginal farmers. In near future, availability of land for cultivation will be reduce with increasing population and rapid urbanization, degradation of land due to soil erosion and soil salinity.
As per estimate, in India more than 95% holding will be under the category of small and marginal holders by 2050 (Agrawal R.L., 1995) .
For solution of this problem, multi storied cropping system will be a potential and efficient option to provide food, nutritional and income security to the growing population of India (Awasthi O.P. et.al., 2008) . This has possible because of the diverse agro climatic condition, enormous biodiversity, wide variation in soil fertility, large cultivable land area in the geographical boundary of India. Multi-layer Cropping is a system of growing crops together of different heights at the same time on the same piece of land. It is also referred as multi-storied cropping or multi-tier cropping. Multilayer Cropping is based on the principle of high-density planting and making the ultimate and efficient use of manure, water, land, labour and vertical space.
This system of cropping also works on the principles of minimization of production cost and inputs use, development of organic and sustainable farming system in order to mitigate the use of chemicals and ensuring the food and nutritional security to each household.
Multilayer system of cropping is sustainable method of cropping that is cost effective and requires less labour . Therefore, people should be made aware of this type of farming system.
We know that many farmers in different countries are unwillingly killing themselves because they work hard in their land but they don’t get good production.
Farmers who are willing to do work are deprived of different resources like irrigation and good area of agricultural land. In this scenario, they can be motivated to do multi-layer system of cropping which can ultimately solves all these problem.
This system of cropping can helps to uplift the economic condition of farmer. The Multilayer Cropping System is indeed a boon to small & marginal farmers.
Myself Vijay Kumar Shrivastav completed M.Sc. Agriculture (Agronomy) from G B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology in 1996.
In this presentation I have covered the title "CLASSIFICATION OF CROPS "
( फसलों के वर्गीकरण ) - Hindi
This presentation covers various points related to Classification of crops,agronomic classification, climatic crop classification,annual crops,biennial crops,perennial crops,fodder and forage crops,species and condiments crop,medicinal plants,south west monsoon crops,post monsoon crops,native crops,exotic crops,catch crops,paira or residual crops,trap crops,alley crops,irrigated crops,rainfed crops,tolerant crops,arable crops,direct seeded crops, Journey with Vijaykumar shrivastav,kharif,rabi, zaid
Companion planting involves growing multiple crops in close proximity that provide benefits to each other such as pest control, pollination or nutrient exchange. It has been used for centuries in gardens and agriculture as an environmentally friendly technique. Some key benefits of companion planting include attracting beneficial insects for pest control, fixing nitrogen in the soil, providing shelter from wind and pest disruption through diversifying crop placement. Examples given are planting marigolds with crops to deter pests, and the traditional "Three Sisters" method of growing corn, beans and squash together. Recent studies also show companion planting to be an effective method for disrupting pest host-finding and increasing yields.
This document discusses arecanut-based intercropping and mixed cropping systems. It describes how intercropping involves growing short-term annual or biennial crops in the spaces between young arecanut palms. As the palms mature, mixed cropping with perennial crops better utilizes the partial shade. Popular intercrops include banana, black pepper, cardamom, cocoa, and vegetables. Intercropping increases land productivity and farmer income while the crop is establishing. Benefits include utilizing resources and controlling pests and soil erosion. Constraints can include drought, funds, technical knowledge, and pest/disease issues.
This document discusses vegetable-based cropping systems. It begins with definitions of cropping system and cropping pattern. The basic principles of cropping systems are to choose crops that complement each other and utilize resources efficiently. Objectives are efficient resource utilization and maintaining stable production. Benefits include maintaining soil fertility and controlling pests. Cropping systems are classified based on whether one or multiple crops are grown, including sole cropping, multiple cropping, intercropping, mixed cropping, ratoon cropping, and crop rotation. Advantages and disadvantages of each system are provided. Factors that influence the selection of a cropping system are also discussed.
Botanical Classification – based on the morphological characteristics of plants as well as on their anatomy, physiology and DNA sequences. • Descriptive Classification – based on the environmental adaptation, growth habit and other observable features. • Agricultural Classification – plants can be broadly classified as either useful or unuseful. Those which are useful are called crops while those which are not useful are called weeds.
This document discusses new plant types (NPTs) in rice, which have been developed through agricultural research to have higher yields. NPTs have several key characteristics that contribute to increased production, including being dwarf (short), having erect leaves and synchronized tillering, low floret sterility, shorter growth duration, responsiveness to fertilizer, and lodging resistance. NPTs are capable of yielding 2-3 times more than traditional tall varieties through more efficient utilization of resources and increased metabolic activity. However, NPTs are more susceptible to variations in management and disease. The document provides examples of NPTs developed for wheat, rice, sorghum and other cereals crops.
Prior to planting, the soil needs to be prepared through tillage or herbicides to kill weeds. There are three main tillage categories - conventional, reduced, and conservation - depending on how much crop residue is left on the surface. Conservation tillage, including no-till, leaves at least 30% residue coverage and places seeds directly into last season's crop residue without disturbing the soil. Herbicides are used in all tillage systems to control weeds. Tillage generally occurs between harvest and spring planting, though the optimal time is just before planting to reduce soil erosion. Late planting can significantly reduce crop yields.
These materials were developed by the Lesotho Conservation Agriculture National Task Force and endorsed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The materials can be freely reproduced for non-commercial purposes with attribution to the Task Force and FAO. The document outlines the three principles of conservation agriculture: minimum tillage and soil disturbance, permanent soil cover with crop residues and live mulches, and crop rotation and intercropping. It provides brief explanations of the benefits of each principle, such as protecting the soil from erosion, improving soil fertility and water retention, and reducing pests and diseases.
This document discusses new plant types (NPTs) which are rice varieties that have been bred to have higher yields through alterations to their morphology and physiology. NPTs are dwarf, have erect leaves, efficient tillering, low sterility, short growth duration, and are responsive to fertilizer. They can yield 2-3 times more than traditional tall varieties through more efficient utilization of resources. However, they require adequate fertilizer and irrigation to reach their full yield potential and may be more susceptible to diseases due to their growth habits. The document provides details on the characteristics and advantages of NPTs for higher rice production.
This document provides an overview of different classification systems for crops. It begins by explaining the importance of botanical classification, which is based on structural characteristics and divides plants into kingdoms, divisions, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. It then discusses classification by agronomic use, life cycle, season, climate, photoperiod, growth habit, and pollination type. The key systems covered include classification by food vs. fiber crops, annual vs. perennial crops, temperature zone, photoperiod requirements, determinate vs. indeterminate growth, and self- vs. cross-pollination. Examples are provided for different categories within each system to illustrate how crops can be classified.
Agronomy is the study of crop production and soil management. It aims to maximize food production through understanding the relationships between soils, plants and their environment. Some key milestones in agronomy include the establishment of the Department of Agriculture in India in 1880 and the Indian Agricultural Research Institute in 1903. The Green Revolution of the 1960s greatly increased food production in India through the use of high-yielding varieties, irrigation, fertilizers and pesticides. Major crops are classified based on factors like life cycle, economic use, season and climate. Key soil types in India include alluvial, black, red, laterite and desert soils. Alluvial soils cover around 48 million hectares and are found in river basins.
This document discusses intercropping systems in Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). It defines intercropping as cultivating two or more crops simultaneously in the same field. The objectives of intercropping include higher productivity, stability of production, and insurance against crop failure. Research has found that intercropping Bt cotton with fodder maize resulted in the highest seed cotton equivalent yield. Applying recommended doses of nitrogen to intercrops also increased intercrop yields. Intercropping was concluded to increase soil fertility, nutrient uptake, and income per unit area compared to sole cropping.
1. There are two main institutes in India that work on cropping systems: the National Research Centre on Integrated Farming in Bihar and the ICAR-Indian Institute of Farming Systems Research in Uttar Pradesh.
2. Cropping systems involve growing multiple crops in the same field over a period of time, either together or in sequence. Modern cropping systems aim to maximize productivity while promoting environmental sustainability.
3. Cropping systems can include intercropping, where crops are grown together, or sequential cropping, where crops are grown in succession. Choosing complementary crops that utilize resources efficiently and maintain soil fertility is important.
A presentation on study of special classification created with the help of fundamentals of Agriculture Written By Arun Katyayan. Images Source : Google
6. cultural control of weeds A lecture by Allah Dad Khan Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Cultural weed control uses non-chemical crop management practices like variety selection, land preparation, and harvesting techniques. It aims to prevent weed growth and reduce weed populations through practices like maintaining soil moisture to suppress weeds, using crop rotations and intercropping to limit available nutrients and space for weeds, and establishing crop stands that are vigorous competitors with weeds through practices like optimizing planting dates and fertilizer application. The document provides 25 specific cultural weed control practices and explains how each works to control weeds without the use of herbicides.
Conservation Agriculture
introduction
Principles of conservation Agriculture
Advantages of C.A .
Tools And Technologies Involved In Conservation Agriculture
Cultural and Mechanical Control of WeedsKarl Obispo
This document discusses cultural and mechanical methods for controlling weeds. Cultural control methods include using weed-free crop seeds, planting smother crops, and crop rotation. Mechanical control methods involve manual and machine-based approaches like hand-pulling, hoeing, mowing, flooding, mulching, burning, machine tillage, and soil solarization. Both cultural and mechanical controls aim to prevent weed growth and spread, eradicate existing weeds, or keep weed populations below an economic threshold.
This document provides an overview of crop production and management practices in India. It discusses the two main cropping patterns - Kharif crops grown during the rainy season like rice, maize and cotton, and Rabi crops grown during the winter months like wheat, gram and mustard. The basic practices of crop production discussed are soil preparation, sowing, adding manure and fertilizers, irrigation, weed control, harvesting and storage. Traditional and modern tools and techniques used for various activities are also summarized.
The document provides an overview of agronomy concepts including plant classification, cropping systems, tillage practices, and Zimbabwe's agro-ecological zones. It discusses classifying plants according to family, use, and life cycle. Common cropping systems like monoculture, intercropping, fallow, and crop rotation are described along with their advantages and disadvantages. Tillage types and aims, planting methods, and factors determining plant population are also outlined. Finally, Zimbabwe's five natural regions are defined based on rainfall and suitable farming activities.
The document discusses principles and concepts of cropping systems for dryland areas. It describes that cropping patterns are based on rainfall variability which influences crop growth. Common cropping systems include mono-cropping of crops like groundnut and multiple cropping like sequential cropping of sorghum followed by safflower. Factors influencing cropping system choice include farm resources, enterprises and technologies. Management practices discussed include tillage, mulching, nutrient management using integrated approaches, and drought mitigation strategies.
Technology has greatly increased agricultural production and yields through mechanization, improved seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation. The Haber-Bosch process enabled synthetic nitrogen fertilizer production, fueling the Green Revolution in the mid-20th century. Modern farms now use machinery such as tractors, planters, balers, milking machines, and bulk tanks, along with genetically modified crops, drip irrigation, and other advanced techniques. While increasing yields, concerns remain regarding environmental and health impacts.
To provide food for a growing population, various agricultural practices are necessary. These practices include preparing the soil, sowing seeds, adding fertilizers, irrigating crops, harvesting mature crops, and storing the harvest. Key activities involve tilling soil, selecting quality seeds, replenishing soil nutrients, supplying water, removing weeds, cutting crops, and protecting stored grains from pests. Proper agricultural management through these practices helps maximize food production.
Irrigation is used to supply water to agricultural crops through various methods. Major types of irrigation in India include canal systems from rivers, groundwater wells, tanks, and rainwater harvesting. Common techniques involve surface irrigation through flooding of fields, as well as localized systems like drip and sprinkler irrigation. River lift systems involve pumping water from sources to command areas and fields through distribution networks. Cropping patterns include intercropping different crops together, mixed cropping by planting multiple crops in the same season, and crop rotation by alternating different types of crops over seasons.
conservation agriculture ; concept and technology interventiondeepakrai26
Conservation agriculture is an approach to managing agro-ecosystems that focuses on improved productivity, profits, food security, and preservation of resources and the environment. It has three key principles: continuous minimum mechanical soil disturbance, permanent organic soil cover, and crop rotation. Direct seeding or planting with minimum soil disturbance is used to maintain soil cover, as are herbicides for weed control. Permanent soil cover protects the soil and benefits organisms and moisture levels. Crop rotation recycles nutrients and increases biodiversity below ground. Adopting conservation agriculture provides economic benefits through reduced costs and labor needs as well as improved soil structure and moisture over time, leading to agronomic and environmental benefits.
The document discusses cropping systems and provides classifications and types of cropping systems including monoculture, multiple cropping, and intensive cropping systems. It describes various types of multiple cropping such as mixed cropping, intercropping, relay cropping, alley cropping, and multistoreyed cropping. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of these different cropping systems. The document also discusses grassland management principles and agroforestry.
The document discusses several modern agricultural technologies used in the 21st century including combine harvesters, agricultural robot suits, cultivators, pivot irrigation systems, tillage systems, and LED lighting technologies. It provides details on how each technology functions and the benefits they provide farmers for tasks like harvesting, weeding, irrigation, and plant growth. A variety of other technologies are also listed at the end related to soil cultivation, planting, fertilizing, pest control, and harvesting.
crop rotation by siddique ahmad university of agriculture peshawarSiddiqkhan284
Crop rotation is the practice of growing different crops in sequential seasons to maintain soil fertility. It has benefits like maintaining soil organic matter, controlling weeds and pests, and efficiently using farm resources. Key considerations for crop rotation include choosing crops that do not belong to the same family, including legumes to fix nitrogen, and using cover crops. Crop rotation improves soil properties like structure, texture, porosity and biological activity. It also helps balance nutrients, control pests, and maintain soil organic matter levels. Proper planning and implementation of crop rotation can reduce costs while improving soil health and sustainability.
Cropping system refers to the crops and crop sequences and management techniques used on a field over years. It includes terms like farming system, multiple cropping, cropping index, intercropping, and sole cropping. The principles of an effective cropping system are to choose crops that complement each other, utilize resources efficiently, maintain soil fertility, have diverse growth cycles and species, keep soil covered, plan and modify as needed, and monitor progress.
Mono-cropping involves growing a single crop on a piece of land each year, while multiple cropping or intercropping grows two or more crops simultaneously on the same land. Monoculture can increase yields but also degrades soils and increases pest risks over time. Intercropping utilizes resources more efficiently and provides greater yields, income, and crop failure protection than sole cropping. Common intercropping methods include row intercropping, strip intercropping, and relay cropping of cereals, pulses, and cash crops.
This document provides an overview of crop production and its management. It discusses key topics such as autotrophs and heterotrophs, different types of crops including Kharif and Rabi crops, and various agricultural practices for growing crops. These practices include soil preparation through ploughing, sowing seeds, adding manures and fertilizers, irrigation, crop protection from weeds and pests, harvesting, and storage. The document also describes differences between fertilizers and manure and the role of leguminous plants in increasing soil nitrogen.
Ch 1 Crop Production and Management 1.pptxdarshan69671
The document discusses key topics in crop production and management. It covers important agricultural practices like soil preparation, sowing, adding manure and fertilizers, irrigation, weeding and pest control, harvesting, threshing, and storage. Traditional and modern tools for each practice are described, such as the hoe, plough, and seed drill for soil preparation, and sprinkler irrigation and drip systems for irrigation. The document also discusses crop types, animal husbandry, and concludes with assignments for students.
Ch 1 Crop Production and Management 1.pptxPratikMacwan5
The images show a plough and a cultivator.
Plough:
- An agricultural implement used for initial tillage of soil.
- Traditionally drawn by draft animals like oxen and horses.
Cultivator:
- An implement used for secondary tillage, after the main ploughing.
- It loosens and breaks up the soil to a shallower depth than the plough.
- Nowadays operated mechanically by a tractor.
The main differences are:
- Plough is used for primary deep tillage while cultivator is for secondary shallow tillage.
- Plough is heavier while cultivator is lighter.
- Plough is mainly
This document outlines the key steps in the agricultural process, including soil preparation, sowing, fertilization, irrigation, weed protection, harvesting, and storage. Soil is prepared through tillage or chemicals to kill weeds. Seeds are soaked, cleaned, and sown into the soil. Manure and fertilizers are added to provide nutrients for growth. Irrigation supplies water, while weed protection controls unwanted plants. Crops are harvested using machines or by hand, then stored correctly to prevent quality loss or pest damage over time.
This document provides an overview of turf culture and the role of grasses in horticulture. It discusses how turf establishes an essential role through benefits like soil and land stability as well as being a primary producer. It then describes the turf industry and defines turf culture as the management of grass growth atop soil for continuous maintenance. Various grass types and their characteristics are examined. The document also details the benefits of turf, common diseases that can affect turf, and best practices for turf maintenance.
Irrigation makes agriculture possible in areas with insufficient rainfall by transporting water to crops. Less than 15% of U.S. cropland is irrigated, though it is essential in some highly productive regions. There are four primary types of irrigation: surface, sprinkler, drip/trickle, and subsurface. Irrigation increases crop yields, quality, and opportunities for double cropping. In 1997, there were 55 million irrigated acres in the U.S., concentrated in areas like California, Nebraska, and the lower Mississippi valley.
Farm tractors provide mechanical power to tillage implements for soil preparation. Common tillage implements include moldboard plows, which cut and invert soil layers; disk plows and harrows, which laterally displace soil using concave steel disks; and chisel plows and field cultivators, which break up soil clods without inverting layers. Tractor size is measured by PTO horsepower and can range from under 40 HP to over 400 HP, with large modern tractors costing over $200,000. These implements are used for primary and secondary tillage operations like seedbed preparation and weed control.
Growing crops was essential for early European settlers in North America to survive as they had depleted supplies and little knowledge of the local environment. Crop production was crucial, with 90% of the workforce farming in Jefferson's time and 40% in 1900. Now less than 1% of Americans farm. Crop production requires skills in biology, agronomy, mechanics and marketing. It involves 8 components throughout the year: operations, equipment, environmental concerns, and best practices for each component.
Modern technology has brought both advantages and disadvantages to modern lifestyles. It has made our lives more convenient in many ways, such as allowing us to work remotely and stay connected to loved ones from anywhere. However, it has also increased distractions and made us more isolated as we interact less in person. On balance, while technology provides clear benefits, it may be improving some lifestyles more than others and its overuse could undermine well-being.
This document discusses how to change sentences from active to personal and impersonal passive according to verb tense. It provides examples for changing sentences in the present, present progressive, present perfect, past, past progressive, past perfect, future, and future perfect tenses. The key aspects covered are using "it" as the subject for impersonal passive and the second subject for personal passive, and conjugating the first verb into the appropriate passive form while changing subsequent verbs as needed, such as using infinitives.
Coca-cola was invented in 1886 in Atlanta, Georgia by Dr. John Pemberton and was first sold for nine drinks per day. It was bought by Asa Candler in 1888 and the first factory was opened in Dallas, Texas in 1895. Over a billion gallons of Coca-cola are consumed each year in over 160 countries.
The document contains 5 multiple choice questions that assess comprehension of an unseen passage. The questions cover topics like consequences of late tuition payment, what a woman is bringing to school from home, her likely career path based on major, a father's suggestion based on a major's possibilities, and a fact that surprises the man about his daughter.
The document describes several places in a community, including a pharmacy for medical remedies, a restaurant for food and drinks, a post office for sending and receiving mail, a travel agency for buying tickets and planning vacations, a bank for money services like paying bills and saving, a newsstand for newspapers and magazines, and additionally mentions convenience stores, bookstores, bus stations, taxi stands, stadiums, parks, malls, museums, and airports as other places found in communities.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Introducing Milvus Lite: Easy-to-Install, Easy-to-Use vector database for you...Zilliz
Join us to introduce Milvus Lite, a vector database that can run on notebooks and laptops, share the same API with Milvus, and integrate with every popular GenAI framework. This webinar is perfect for developers seeking easy-to-use, well-integrated vector databases for their GenAI apps.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
1. Crop Glossary
Acre - The unit of measure most typically used to describe land area in the United
States. An acre is equivalent to 43,560 square feet and is about 9/10 the size of a
football field.
Acre-Inch - A volume measurement typically associated with irrigation operations on
cropland. An acre-inch is equivalent to 27,154 gallons. When an inch of water is applied
to cropland via irrigation, each acre receives 27,154 gallons. (Alternatively, a measure
of the volume of water applied to the soil/growing crop using irrigation - approximately
equivalent to 27,154 gallons.)
Agribusiness - An enterprise that derives a significant portion of its revenues from sales
of agricultural products or sales to agricultural producers.
Anhydrous Ammonia - A fertilizer used to provide nitrogen for crop production. The
product, stored under high pressure as a liquid, changes state during application and is
injected into soil as a gas. It is popular due to the fact that it is composed of 82 percent
nitrogen compared to other nitrogen fertilizers such as urea that contain only 46%
nitrogen and ammonium nitrate with 30-33% nitrogen content.
Boot - The time when the head is enclosed by the sheath of the uppermost leaf.
Bt Corn - Field corn that has received a gene transferred from a naturally-occurring soil
bacterium called Bacillus thuringiensis. The gene causes the corn plant to produce one
of several insecticidal compounds commonly called Bt toxins. The toxins affect the
midgut of particular groups of insects such as European corn borer that can be harmful
to corn.
Bushel - A unit of dry volume typically used to quantify crop yields. One bushel is
equivalent to 32 quarts or 2,150.42 cubic inches. A bushel is often used to represent the
weight of a particular crop; for example, one bushel of No. 2 yellow shelled corn at
15.5% moisture content weighs 56 lb.
Cash Crop - An agricultural crop grown to provide revenue from an off-farm source.
Center Pivot - A type of irrigation system that consists of a wheel-driven frame that
supports a series of sprinkler nozzles. The frame rotates about a central point to
distribute water over a large circular area.
Channel Erosion - Erosion in channels is mostly caused by downward scour due to
flow shear stress. Side wall sluffing can also occur during widening of the channel
caused by large flows.
Conservation Tillage - Any tillage and planting system that covers 30 percent or more
of the soil surface with crop residue, after planting, to reduce soil erosion by water.
Where soil erosion by wind is the primary concern, any system that maintains at least
1,000 pounds per acre of flat, small grain residue equivalent on the surface throughout
the critical wind erosion period.
2. Conventional Tillage - Full width tillage that disturbs the entire soil surface and is
performed prior to and/or during planting. There is less than 15 percent residue cover
after planting, or less than 500 pounds per acre of small grain residue equivalent
throughout the critical wind erosion period. Generally involves plowing or intensive
(numerous) tillage trips. Weed control is accomplished with crop protection products
and/or row cultivation.
Corn Belt - The area of the United States where corn is a principal cash crop, including
Iowa, Indiana, most of Illinois, and parts of Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, South Dakota,
Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin.
Depression - A low area in a field where surface drainage away from the area does not
occur.
Drawbar - A tractor component typically located at the rear and near the ground that
permits attachment of implements for pulling or towing.
Drawbar Work - Any operation performed by a tractor that requires force to be exerted
by wheels/tracks to propel an implement through or over the soil.
Drilled - Planted with a grain drill. Grain drills differ from row crop planters in that
they do not meter individual seeds, but drop small groups of seed in a process referred
to as bulk metering. Drills plant crops in closely spaced rows (typically seven to 10
inches on center) that will not be mechanically cultivated.
Ensiling - The process of creating silage via anaerobic fermentation.
Eutrophication - The process by which lakes and streams are enriched by nutrients
(usually phosphorus and nitrogen) which leads to excessive plant growth.
Federal, Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) - It specifies the levels of
pesticides, chemicals, and naturally occurring poisonous substances in food products. It
also regulates the safety of cosmetic products.
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) - The objective of
FIFRA is to provide federal control of pesticide distribution, sale, and use. All
pesticides used in the United States must be registered (licensed) by EPA. Registration
assures that pesticides will be properly labeled and that, if used in accordance with
specifications, they will not cause unreasonable harm to the environment. Use of each
registered pesticide must be consistent with use directions contained on the label or
labeling.
Feed Grain - Any of a number of grains used for livestock or poultry feed. Corn and
sorghum are feed grains.
Flowering - This is the stage when the crop starts flowering. In corn, tassel emergence
and pollen shedding takes place at this stage. Two to three days after pollen shedding,
silk emergence takes place. At this stage, typically occurs 51-56 days after planting the
corn seed, pollination between silks (female) and tassels (male) takes place.
3. Forage Crop - Annual or perennial crops grown primarily to provide feed for livestock.
During harvesting operations, most of the aboveground portion of the plant is removed
from the field and processed for later feeding.
Genetically-Modified Organism (GMO) - A term that refers to plants that have had
genes implanted to improve their performance by making them resistant to certain
pesticides, diseases, or insects.
Grazing - Any vegetated land that is grazed or that has the potential to be grazed by
animals.
Ground Water - The water under the surface of the earth that is found within the pore
spaces and cracks between the particles of soil, sand, gravel and bedrock.
Gully Erosion - They are formed when channel development has progressed to the
point where the gully is too wide and too deep to be tilled across. These channels carry
large amounts of water after rains and deposit eroded material at the foot of the gully.
They disfigure landscape and make land unfit for growing crops.
Hay - The product of any of a variety of perennial crops, typically grasses or legumes,
that can be used a feed for ruminant animals.
Heading - The stage in which the head pushes its way through the flag leaf collar.
IPM - An integrated approach to controlling plant pests using careful monitoring of
pests and weeds. It may include use of natural predators, chemical agents and crop
rotations.
Leach - The downward transport of dissolved or suspended minerals, fertilizers,
pesticides and other substances by water percolating through the soil.
Karst - Areas with shallow ground water, caverns, and sinkholes.
Mulch Tillage - Full-width tillage involving one or more tillage trips which disturbs all
of the soil surface and is done prior to and/or during planting. Tillage tools such as
chisels, field cultivators, disks, sweeps or blades are used. Weed control is
accomplished with crop protection products and/or cultivation.
Non-Point Source Management Program - Under the Non-point Source Management
Program, states can receive funding to control non-point sources of pollution to protect
surface and ground water, including programs to control pesticide contamination of the
ground and surface water.
No-Tillage - Crop production system in which the soil is left undisturbed from harvest
to planting. At the time of planting, a narrow strip up to 1/3 as wide as the space
between planted rows (strips may involve only residue disturbance or may include soil
disturbance) is engaged by a specially equipped planter. Planting or drilling is
accomplished using disc openers, coulter(s), row cleaners, in-row chisels, or roto-tillers.
Weed control is accomplished primarily with crop protection products. Other common
4. terms used to describe No-till include direct seeding, slot planting, zero-till, row-till,
and slot-till.
Pasture (or Pastureland) - Land used primarily for the production of domesticated
forage plants for livestock (in contrast to rangeland, where vegetation is naturally-
occurring and is dominated by grasses and perhaps shrubs).
Pesticide - A general name for agricultural chemicals that include:
Herbicide - for the control of weeds and other plants
Insecticide - for the control of insects
Fungicide - for the control of fungi
Nematocide - for the control of parasitic worms
Rodenticide - for the control of rodents
Postemergence - Refers to the timing of pest control operations. Postemergence
operations are accomplished during the period subsequent to the emergence of a crop
from the soil and must be completed prior to point at which crop growth stage prohibits
in-field travel (unless alternative application means – aerial or irrigation-based – are
used).
Power Take-Off (PTO) - A splined shaft that extends from a tractor drive train and is
designed to couple with the splined drive shaft of an implement. The connection permits
mechanical power to be transmitted from tractor to implement.
Preemergence - Refers to the timing of pest control operations. Preemergence
operations are accomplished during the period subsequent to the planting of a crop and
prior to the emergence of that crop from the soil.
Preplant - Refers to the timing of pest control operations. Preplant operations are
accomplished during the period subsequent to the harvest of one season’s crop and prior
to the planting of the next season’s crop.
Primary Tillage - The mechanical manipulation of soil that displaces and shatters soil
to reduce soil strength and to bury or mix plant materials and crop chemicals in the
tillage layer. Tends to leave a rough soil surface that is smoothed by secondary tillage.
Ridge Tillage - The soil is left undisturbed from harvest to planting except for strips up
to 1/3 of the row width. Planting is completed on the ridge and usually involves the
removal of the top of the ridge. Planting is completed with sweeps, disk openers,
coulters, or row cleaners. Residue is left on the surface between ridges. Weed control is
accomplished with crop protection products (frequently banded) and/or cultivation.
Ridges are rebuilt during row cultivation.
Rill Erosion - The removal of soil by concentrated water running through little
streamlets, or headcuts. Detachment in a rill occurs if the sediment in the flow is below
the amount the load can transport and if the flow exceeds the soil's resistance to
detachment. As detachment continues or flow increases, rills will become wider and
deeper.
5. Row Crop - Agricultural crop planted, usually with mechanical planting devices, in
individual rows that are spaced to permit machine traffic during the early parts of the
growing season
Safe Drinking Water Act - The objective of the Safe Drinking Water Act is to protect
public health by establishing safe limits (based on the quality of water at the tap) for
contaminants that may have an adverse effect on human health, and to prevent
contamination of surface and ground sources of drinking water.
Secondary Tillage - The mechanical manipulation of soil that follows primary tillage.
Performed at shallower depths than primary tillage, secondary tillage can provide
additional soil pulverization, crop chemical mixing, soil surface leveling, and firming,
and weed control. In conventional tillage systems, the final secondary tillage pass is
used to prepare a seedbed.
Seeded - Generic term for introducing seed into the soil-air-water matrix, typically via a
mechanized process that will maximize the likelihood of subsequent seed germination
and plant growth.
Self-Propelled - A term that is typically applied to farm machines with integral power
units that are capable of moving about as well as performing some other simultaneous
operation such as harvesting or spraying a crop.
Sidedress - To apply fertilizer to a standing crop, usually by surface application of
liquid fertilizer products or subsurface application of liquid or gaseous fertilizers placed
near crop rows.
Silage - A feed prepared by chopping green forage (e.g. grass, legumes, field corn) and
placing the material in a structure or container designed to exclude air. The material
then undergoes fermentation, retarding spoilage. Silage has a water content of between
60 and 80%.
Silking - It is considered the first reproductive stage
Sinkhole - A surface depression caused by a collapse of soil or overlying formation
above fractured or cavernous bedrock.
Soil Test - A soil test indicates the availability of nutrients present in the soil and the
availability of those nutrients to crops grown there.
Sown - Planted using a broadcast seeding machine that distributes seed upon the soil
surface. The seed may then be incorporated into the soil to ensure adequate seed-soil
contact for germination.
Strip Tillage - The process in which only a narrow strip of land needed for the crop row
is tilled.
Tasseling - A condition when the tassel-like male flowers emerge.
6. Tillage - The mechanical manipulation of soil performed to nurture crops. Tillage can
be performed to accomplish a number of tasks including: seedbed preparation, weed
control, and crop chemical incorporation.
Transgenic Crop - Contains a gene or genes which have been artificially inserted
instead of the plant acquiring the gene(s) through pollination. The inserted gene(s) may
come from an unrelated plant or from a completely different species.
Urea - A form of nitrogen that converts readily to ammonium.
Value-Added Products - A general term that refers to agricultural products that have
increased in value due to processing. Examples include corn oil and soybean meal.