The document discusses various topics related to critical thinking, logic, argumentation, and decision making. It provides definitions of key concepts, examples to illustrate ideas, and tips or guidelines related to improving thinking skills, making effective presentations, analyzing arguments, and making creative and effective decisions. The document is a presentation that aims to enhance understanding of important thinking skills and logical reasoning.

1. Presented by:
Pritom Gogoi

2. Thinking skills in the age of globalization
Globalization is changing the way we work and live.
Globalization brings about an ever quickening pace of life.
Critical thinking skill and creativity.
Become a critical thinker and solve problems.

3. Ways to improve critical thinking
Learning the theory
Deliberate practice
Developing right attitude
Developing theoretical knowledge and actual ability

4. Key questions to think about ?
What does it
mean ?
How many
supporting
reasons and
objectives?
Why is it
important or
relevant?
Which are the other
possibilities to consider ?

5. 5 Tips to make an effective presentation
Know
your
audience
What is
your
central
message &
why is it
important?
Organize
the ideas
Be
simple
and
direct
Rewrite,
rewrite
and
rewrite

6. Definitions
Definiendum
Definiens

7. Different types of definition
1
•Reportive definition
2
•Stipulative definition
3
•Precising definition

8. Ways to provide a meaningful definition
Avoid verbal
and factual
dispute
Avoid
circular
definition
Avoid
obscurity
Avoid
persuasive
definitions

9. •Definition of truth by , Aristotles
To say of what is that it is not ,or of what is not that it is , is
false , while
To say of what is that it is , and of what is not that it is not , is
true.
Truth

10. •Analytical truth :- statement that is true in virtue of meaning of words
contained in the statement
•Empirical truth :- depends on contingent facts about the world fact that could
have been different if the history and physical laws of universe had been any
difference
•Value truth :- is one about what is to be good or bad , what is morally right
or wrong , or what we should or should not do
Types of truth

11. •The core of logic is about consistency and deduction. It also
plays a special role in computer technology , as computers are
good at processing information because there processors can
perform a huge no. of logical information
Basic logic

12. An argument is a list of statements, one of which is the
conclusion and the others are the assumptions of the
argument. For example, it is raining so you should bring an
umbrella
Argument

13. Consistency:- a statement is consistent when and only when it is
logically possible for all of them to be true in same situation otherwise
its inconsistent
Entailment:- if p1…..pn are all true then Q must also be true
logical equivalence :- if P entails Q and Q entails P then P and Q
are logically equivalent.
Concepts of logics

14. •An argument is valid if and only if there is no logically possible
situation in which the premises are true and the conclusion is false
•If an argument is valid and all the premises are true then it is called
sound argument. An argument that is not sound is unsound.
Validity and soundness

15.  Argument mapping is a way to visually show the logical structure of arguments.
 The purpose of mapping is to uncover the logical structure of arguments, identify
unstated assumptions, evaluate the support an argument offers for a conclusion,
and aid understanding of debates.
 Co premises are premises that work together to form a single argument for a
conclusion, where as independent premises offer distinct reasons for accepting the
conclusion.
 Objections represent opposing arguments from different slides.
Argument Mapping

16.  What is good argument ?
The premises are true or highly plausible.
The argument is deductively valid or inductively strong.
The premises are not question-begging.
All the premises are relevant to the conclusion.
 Four ways to attack an argument
1. Attack the premises.
2. Attack the reasoning.
3. Attack the arguments indirectly by attacking the
conclusion.
4. Give an analogous arguments that is obviously bad.
Argument Analysis

17.  Noteworthy features-based on evidence; hypothesis testing is fallible.
 Steps in Hypothesis testing:
a. Define the hypothesis to be tested.
b. Collect the evidence for an against the hypothesis.
c. List all the alternative hypothesis.
d. Rank them and pick the best one to accept.
 Mechanism is related to truthfulness.
 Two kinds of Coherence:
a. Logically consistent-a theory should be internally coherent.
b. Good theories should be consistent with other well-confirmed theories and facts.
Hypothesis-Core of scientific methodology

18. The method of
agreement
The method of
concomitant
variations
The method of
residues
The joint method
Mill’s
Methods
Limitations:
1. The two cause might not be any of the
candidate causes.
2. The effect might have more than one cause.
3. Causation can be in deterministic.
Mill’s Methods

19. Good evidence for causation
 Accidental Correlation
 The Causal direction is reversed
 Hidden common causes
 A caution due to side effect
 Look for reliable model of causal
mechanism
Look for covariation and
manipulability
Causation is complicated
 Causes delevance
 casually necessary & sufficient
 Conditions
 Triggers
 Proximity
 Randomness & casual determinace
Why correlation is not causation ?

20. Diagrams Of Casual
Processes

21. Climate Change
Soil Erosion
Less Farmland
More Floods
Deforestation
Industrialization
Extreme Weather
Casual Networks

22. Fish Bone Diagram
Problem
or
Effect
Casual Factor #1 Casual Factor #3
Casual Factor #4Casual Factor #2

23. Blurry
Photo
HARDWARE
METHOD
ENVIRONMENT
USER
Dirty lens
Wrong lens
Wrong exposure
Out of focus
Wrong mode
Shaky hands
Not following
instructions
Subject moving too fast
Too dark
Reasons for blurry photo with a camera

24. Flow Chart
A flow chart is a diagram of the sequence of movements or actions of people or things
involved in a complex system or activity.
The example below describes how a busy person ruthlessly deals with the flood of emails
in his inbox: Start
Important
Urgent
Reply Immediately
End
End
End
Reply later
Delete

25. Fallacies
 A fallacy is an argument that uses poor reasoning.
 An argument can be fallacious whether or not its conclusion is true.
 A fallacy can be either formal or informal.
Formal Fallacy: An error that stems from a poor logical form is sometimes called
a formal fallacy or simply an invalid argument.
Informal fallacy: It is an error in reasoning that does not originate in improper
logical form.

26. Cognitive biases is a common tendency to acquire and process information by
filtering it through one's own likes, dislikes, and experiences.
TYPES:
1. Memory Biases
2. Context Biases
3. Ego Biases
Cognitive Biases

27. Analogical Reasoning
 Is a method of processing information that compares similarities and understood concepts.
 It is form of inductive reasoning
Evaluating analogical arguments
 Truth
 Relevance
 Number & Diversity
 Disanalogy

28. 1
• Think generally about how the decision should be made.
• Do some research
2
• Come up with a list of options.
• Evaluate their props and cons & pick the best option.
3
• Prepare for contingencies.
• Monitor progress and learn from results.

29. Typical Problems In Decision Making
Plunging in
No system
Decision paralysis and procrastition
Failure to execute
Framing bias
Over confidence
No learning
Sour grapes mentality
Obession with some cost

30. Creativity Cycle
Preparation
Incubation
Verification
Exploration

31. Brain Storming and Group Creativity
Brain storming is a method for generating ideas in a group. It was 1st popularized by
Alex Osborn, an advertising executive around 1950’s.
Factors that diminish the
effectiveness of brain storming:
 Problem of production
blocking
 Group thinking
Measures that might be useful for more effective
brain storming:
An impartial group leader to structure the
discussion without introducing biases
A devil’s advocate to challenge assumptions
Consultations with outside experts