Critical Evaluation Of Relevant Issues In E

Critical Evaluation of Relevant Issues in E
Critical Evaluation of Relevant Issues in E – Commerce E–commerce is short form of Electronic
Commerce which actually means the virtual business or buying and selling of products or services
over electronic systems such as the internet and or mobile networks. The invention of faster internet
connectivity and powerful online tools has resulted in this new method of trading or commerce
arena – Ecommerce. Ecommerce offered many advantages to companies and customers but it also
caused many problems. It is a fact that even today many people are skeptical about using online
transaction for the fear of either goofing up or being duped! Nowadays E–Commerce is the buzz
word on everyone's lips be it the buyers or the sellers. Even education is ... Show more content on
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This is not always the case as many emails get through that con many people out of money and
other worldly goods. An example of conning that is very common today is a mail arriving in the
mailbox stating that a very large sum of money is yours for taking. All you have to do is claim it by
proving your identity and giving your bank details. When an unsuspecting, gullible person does
gives his bank details these are used to fraudulently withdraw money from the victims account. We
could call it virtual robbery! There are many forms of e–commerce but the most popular ones are
known as digital content such as individuals going online to purchase books or clothing. Anything
imaginable can be purchase through the internet. Everything from cars to groceries to CDs to
clothing to laptops/mobile phones/ accessories, etc. Other things that can be done online are things
like online banking, online bill payments, buying stocks, completing wire transfers and transferring
funds from bank to bank and account to account. Large companies also do the same transactions but
in larger forms. It is just amazing how the e–commerce industry has grown since the 1970s. Now
people go without visiting their banks for months together because almost anything can be done
online like fund transfer; making a fixed deposit, opening accounts even! With the growth of
ecommerce via the Internet there is growing awareness both among the buyers and the
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e-bay Essay
E–commerce and Security
Abstract
This project will look at e–Commerce, concentrating on security measures of an online auction site,
eBay. Security on the Internet is a concern for any online business in today's society. We will discuss
online services, how businesses on the Internet conduct their transactions and shipping. With eBay
we will be looking at their operation procedures while concentrating on Firewalls, Transparent
Cryptographic File and Public Key Infrastructure as possible solutions for security measures.
Background to Online Services
Case Study and the general background of eBay
Cyber Security Measure
Conclusion
Body (description of the problem)
Technology is moving ahead of a rapid pace and reinventing the way business is ... Show more
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The customer can get information and quotes online whenever it suits them and they can also buy
their insurance coverage online and be instantly insured. This is an end–to–end fully online
operation available 24 hours a day.
Integrating the supply chain:
Businesses need to take advantage of e–commerce to beat competition. There is an example of a
leading organization in the building industry, with over 2000 suppliers and 25 stores serving both
trade and retail customers. They wanted to reduce overheads, strengthen their supplier relationships
and take advantage of e–commerce.
One solution is to automate the purchase order process. Orders are sent directly to a suppliers'
system with a consolidated order sent at the end of the day. Suppliers complete the process by
invoicing our client back electronically– the invoice is automatically generated when the goods are
despatched. Orders and invoices can be in any file format required by either the buyer or the
supplier. All that's required is a common network between the two parties, such as the Internet. Also
neither party is tied to any particular Internet service or bandwidth capabilties. In fact, the solution
even works if one party doesn't have a computer because both orders and invoices can be
electronically arranged over the phone.
Becoming an electronic middleman:

A unique electronic infrastructure means a wide range of businesses can transact their e– business
via the client's service, the Internet for example.

E-Commerce Solutions for Online Business
A1. E–Commerce Solutions John's new online business, Recycledgolfballs.com, will need to
include online payment options. Building an online business requires multiple payment options to
help your local customer, to the international buyer paying with multiple different currencies.
Recycledgolfballs.com now takes credit cards, PayPal, e–checks, and is now offering gift cards.
Along with accepting new payment options comes with securing and making your customer feel
safe also. With the addition of new payment options John will also feature one of the most essential
e–commerce tools, the shopping cart. Credit cards options for an online business are essential to
make shopping convenient, and allow for stress–free transactions for your customers. Taking credit
cards requires you to obtain a merchant account and to set up your gateway and payment processor.
Credit card payments allow for a diverse customer base and help attract customers looking for a
secure transaction. Address verification (AVS) is used every time an order is placed, the physical
street address that's on file with the credit card issuer is compared to the billing address the customer
gives you with an order. The final security measure is Card code verification (CCV): Customers
must enter both a credit card account number and a special three–digit code (the set of numbers that
follows the card number). The code is usually on the back of the credit card. Security is the highest
importance so avoiding

Saudi Arabia Exporting Crude Oil
Saudi Arabia exporting Crude Oil to India:
Introduction:
Saudi Arabia is the 5th largest export economy in the world. India and Saudi Arabia relations refer
to the bilateral relationship between the Republic of India and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Relations between the two nations is strong and close. India is now the world's third largest importer
of crude oil after the United States and China.
Payment for International Contract:
For importing crude oil from Saudi Arabia to India, the most convenient way of making payment is
the Letter of Credit. It is the most secure in reducing risk of nonpayment because trading in an
international markets have so many risks like: both the importer and seller do not know each other
and therefore ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once this form has been completed, ICICI (Importer's bank) becomes the issuing bank and issues or
opens the letter of credit.
Given the international nature of the deal, ICICI bank instructs a local bank in Saudi Arabia to
communicate the terms of the credit to Aramco (Exporter) to accept presentation of the documents
and to release the payment to Aramco. This is the "advising bank". It recommends on the terms of
the credit.
The credit operation by the Aramco is very straightforward and easy to do. When the exporter has
shipped the crude, an exporter presents documents evidencing the shipment to the advising bank
(local bank of Saudi Arabia). If the documents match with the terms of the credit (including
specified crude oil quantity and so on) the advising bank effects payment. If the documents are
improper or not as up to the request, then advising bank is under a prima facie obligation to refuse
them. However, the bank can seek instructions from the issuing bank.
If the advising bank has accepted the documents from Aramco (Exporter), it refrain from
transferring a payment to the issuing bank. It is then the duty of the ICICI to check whether the
documents comply with the credit. If

Analysis on the Success of Taobao
ISBN 978–952–5726–00–8 (Print), 978–952–5726–01–5 (CD–ROM) Proceedings of the 2009
International Symposium on Web Information Systems and Applications (WISA'09) Nanchang, P.
R. China, May 22–24, 2009, pp. 202–205 Analysis on the Successful Strategies of Taobao's E–
Commerce Yang Lixia 1, Liu Xun 2 College of Arts, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan,
China Email: claireyang123@yahoo.com.cn 2 College of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei
University of Engineering, Handan, China Email: cnliuxun@yahoo.com.cn Abstract–The
improvement and the development of internet technologies have triggered the rapid development of
E–commerce applications since 21st century. A number of E–commerce sites have been rising in
China. But with the bursting of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
III. TAOBAO'S SUCCESSFUL STRATEGIES Taobao can be the top of E–commerce market in just
two years, people may think it lies on the characteristics of the Internet economy, but the most
important is its effective business strategies, including operation strategies and service strategies. A.
Operation Strategies 1. Capturing the market by No Fees In order to create brand, Taobao made a
plan that it wouldn't receive any charging transaction fees and 202 listing fees in the first three
years. Taobao believes that only allows users to get real benefits in online transactions, and then
there will be more loyal network dealers. With this belief, Taobao captured the market rapidly and
took more than 60% market share in two years. Free is a huge investment, it reduces the threshold of
personal transactions and protects the interests of both sides [3]. 2. Strengthening the comprehensive
cooperation with banks On October 27, 2003, Taobao and Zhejiang branch of ICBC (the Industrial
and Commercial Bank of China) signed a comprehensive cooperation agreement, which is a guard
against default and fraud. It reflected the integrity of online transactions and payment. The mode of
payment and settlement on the online bank was born. This is a new mode which puts the bank
intermediaries into the Internet and E–commerce, and it creates a precedent on the national credit
guarantee cooperation. The introduction of this service has greatly increased the users' confidence
on

Banking Management
Need Answer Sheet of this Question paper, contact aravind.banakar@gmail.com
www.mbacasestudyanswers.com
ARAVIND – 09901366442 – 09902787224
Banking Management
CASE–01: BANKING ON RELATIONSHIP
The birth of ABC Bank took place after the RBI issued guidelines for the entry of new private sector
banks in January 1993. Subsequently, the promoter of ABC Bank sought permission to establish a
commercial bank and retained KPMG, a management consultant of international repute, to prepare
the groundwork for establishing a commercial bank. The Reserve Bank of India conveyed its
approval in principle to establish ABC Bank on February 11, 1994. Thereafter, the Bank was
incorporated under The Companies Act in September 1994. The ... Show more content on
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16. What do you understand by MICR? How does it help in clearing of instructions? Explain the
field structure of MICR cheque.
17. Explain different e–commerce activities and functions. What are the building blocks of e–
commerce solution? Explain with examples.
18. Explain the concept of transfer pricing in banks and its relevance on pricing/profit. Explain
briefly various methods of pricing products.
Answer any Three:
19. Explain briefly the product life cycle concept with reference to a banks product. Selection
development and launching a product are equally important comment.
20. What are the advantages of packaging? Illustrate in banking context.
21. Explain the concept of transfer pricing in banks and its relevance on pricing/profit. Explain
briefly various methods of pricing products.
22. Draw an approach for e–banking deployment for retail customers and explain.

23. Explain how a digital signature is generated? Explain its use with examples.
24. How can Indian banks use legal recognition of digital signature for development of business.
25. What is market segmentation? Why is it important to advertisers? How is it useful for banking.
26. Explain briefly the product life cycle concept with reference to a banks product. Selection
development and launching a product are equally important comment.
27. What are the advantages of packaging? Illustrate in banking

Online Debit Cards In France : A Case Study
In France, 39% of people pay online with debit cards, followed by 22% with credit cards.
In France, VISA represents 56% of online payments, followed by MasterCard with 24%, CB with
3% and American Express with 1%.
Overview
Hello! Thanks for your question about the breakdown of online card payments in France. The short
version is that 39% of people pay online with debit cards, followed by 22% with credit cards.
Invoicing represents 25% of online payments.
Below you will find a deep dive of my methodology and findings.
METHODOLOGY
To answer your question, I started by searching for recent reports, studies or surveys covering card
payment methods in France. My search was then refined to look for online payment methods and e–
commerce ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Information about CB
CB is the main payment method used in France for online payments, even when co–branded with
MasterCard or Visa. There were 66.5 billion CB active payment cards in 2016 in France, that were
used to make 10.64 billion euros'payments, with an average of 43.76 euros for each. The CB card
payment system is managed by the "Groupement des Cartes Bancaires CB", which means the
Banking Card CB Group.
Invoice or Card Payments
According to a 2016 report on e–commerce payment methods, France is one of the European
countries that has the highest percentage of online card usage with around 65% compared to 25%
for invoices, CORD or other means of online payment.
Proportion of payment cards by type in France
A payment statistics report by the European Central Bank has compiled 2016 data for types of
payment cards in France (name and number of cards in circulation as well as proportion).
These are:
–With debit function 44 539 000 (47.26%)

–With delayed debit function 8 840 000 (9.4%)
–With credit function 4 752 000 (5%)
–With debit and/or delayed debit function 5 804 000 (6.1%)
–With credit and/or delayed debit function 14 939 000 (15.8%)
–With e–money function 2 749 000 (2.9%)
–Total number of cards 94 243 000 (100%)
Change of payment cards legislation Impact
In June 2016, French laws changed in regard to the networks that were allowed to process card
payments in France. The main change concerned the

International Business factor
Since the Second World War, international business appeared as the main economic factor
responding to postwar needs. Nowadays, globalisation has increased the facility of international
exchange and has risen the multicultural needs.The increase in demand for international products
has resulted in large possibilities to do business abroad. However, it is really complicate to import or
export without knowledge in this area. Global business is all of the commercial exchanges which
involve more than one country. Understanding and applying the major factors of overseas business
is crucial. In fact, it is clear that the most important factors involved in international exchange
include foreign culture, transport and payment transaction. This ... Show more content on
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Dr. Nelson (2009, pp.121–2) agrees that air shipment is the fastest way of delivery; however, it is
the most expensive transportation. Freight by sea is more cost efficient and more convenient for
bulk and heavy products but it takes longer to transfer. (Nelson, 2009, pp.121–2 and Weiss, 2008,
pp.143–p7).
Finally, after finding the most suitable transport to distribute the merchandise, organisations need to
establish the incoterms to do international business. Radke (2012) describes that incoterms intended
to regulate, define the cost, reduce transfer of risk and also avoid misinterpretation of freighting
selling goods contract. He explains that there are 11 incoterms with different insurances, including
various covers for the risk of goods damage or loss. Hence, incoterms are crucial if an incident
happen when the goods are in transit and to determine who is responsible for the cargo among of the
seller and the buyer. For instance, The International Chamber of Commerce(2010, pp. 60–7)
explains that the incoterm Delivered Duty Paid (DDP) is all seller 's obligations, from "door to
door". In other terms, the seller is responsible/for packaging, insurance, taxes, duties and any
potential hazards (ICC, 2010, pp. 60–7). Those factors show the importance for an importer or an
exporter to send their product with the best transport method and anticipate the contractor 's
responsibilities. Moreover, these points are essential part of doing overseas

Summary: Bank Of New York Mellon Corp. V. R.
The opinion in Bank of New York Mellon Corp. v. C.I.R. affirmed two separate lower court
decisions that relied on the economic substance doctrine to reject corporate taxpayers' attempts to
claim foreign tax credits based on a series of complex transactions, including a STARS transaction
case.
In the case involving the STARS transaction, Bank of New York Mellon Corp. (BNY) sought to take
advantage of foreign tax credits generated by STARS. The court takes the approach in testing
economic substance by considering "whether the taxpayer had an objectively reasonable expectation
of profit, apart from tax benefits, from the transaction" and "whether the taxpayer had a subjective
non–tax business purpose in entering the transaction." It further notes that the Second Circuit's test
"is not a rigid two–step process with discrete prongs; rather, [the Second Circuit] employ[s] a
'flexible' analysis where ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If it is included, then profit will be decreased. The Fifth and Eighth Circuits have taken an approach
that foreign taxes are not economic costs and should not be deducted from pretax profit. However,
in the Second Circuit, the court in BNY concluded that the objective prong of the economic
substance test requires the inclusion of foreign taxes in both a calculation of pre–tax profit and a
consideration of the transaction's overall economic effect. The court supports its decision with the
congressional intent that foreign tax credits are to "facilitate global commerce by making the IRS
indifferent as to whether a business transaction occurs in this country or in another, not to facilitate
international tax arbitrage." Taking into consideration the tax spread, the Bx payment, and the U.K.
taxes paid by the trust, the transaction does not generate profit and thus fails the objective prong of
the

E Commerce
Electronic commerce, commonly known as e–commerce, is a type of industry where buying and
selling of product or service is conducted over electronic systems such as the Internet and other
computer networks. Electronic commerce draws on technologies such as mobile commerce,
electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction
processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data
collection systems. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web at least at one
point in the transaction's life–cycle, although it may encompass a wider range of technologies such
as e–mail, mobile devices social media, and telephones as well.
Electronic commerce is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
E–commerce can be divided into:
E–tailing or "virtual storefronts" on websites with online catalogs, sometimes gathered into a
"virtual mall"
The gathering and use of demographic data through Web contacts and social media
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), the business–to–business exchange of data
E–mail and fax and their use as media for reaching prospective and established customers (for
example, with newsletters)
Business–to–business buying and selling
The security of business transactions
Internationally there is the International Consumer Protection and Enforcement Network (ICPEN),
which was formed in 1991 from an informal network of government customer fair trade
organisations. The purpose was stated as being to find ways of co–operating on tackling consumer
problems connected with cross–border transactions in both goods and services, and to help ensure
exchanges of information among the participants for mutual benefit and understanding. From this
came econsumer, as an initiative of ICPEN since April 2001. www.econsumer.gov is a portal to
report complaints about online and related transactions with foreign companies.
There is also Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) was established in 1989 with the vision of
achieving stability, security and prosperity for the region through free and open trade and
investment. APEC has an Electronic Commerce Stearing Group as well as

Electronic Payment System
UNIT – 3 Electronic Payment System Contents What is E–payment? Types of E–payment Systems
Digital Token–based Electronic Payment Systems Smart Cards & Electronic Payment Systems
Credit Card–based Electronic Payment Systems Risk & Electronic Payment Systems Designing
Electronic Payment System What is E–payment ? E–payment systems is the mechanism of
transferring money over the Internet and technology used in this transfer is called as EFT. EFT
defined as " any transfer of fund initiated through an e–terminal, telephonic instrument, or computer
or magnetic tape to order, instruct or authorize a financial institution to debit or credit an account. It
is mostly used for Business to business (B2B) commerce where companies ... Show more content on
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Vanita Joshi, SOM, SIMS, Indore 3 Transaction Payment Sequence in E–check system Buyer
must register with third party account server using electronic check. On receiving the check, the
seller presents it to accounting server for verification and payment. The accounting system verifies
the digital signature on the check. Properly signed and endorsed checks can be electronically
exchanged between financial institutions through electronic clearing house. Advantages of E–Check
They work in the same way as traditional checks. E–checks are suited for micro payments.
Eliminate the need for expensive process reengineering and taking advantage of the banking
industry. Financial risk is assumed by accounting server. E–checks create a float through third–party
accounting server. They make money out of buyers and sellers transaction by providing deposit
account. Difference b/w EFT and E–check In E–Cheque, electronic versions of the cheque are
issued, received & processed. So, payee issues an E–Cheque for each payment. In EFT transfer
automatic withdrawals are made for monthly bills or other fixed payments; no cheques are issued.
Smart cards A

Business Sector : Problems And Prospects Of Modern Banking...
Innovations in Banking Sector: Problems and Prospects of Modern Banking in Bangladesh
Introduction: The innovation in banking is applied with a sensitivity to all concerned ~ the bankers
using the modern banking instruments, customers enjoying seamless modernized service and
stakeholders receiving improved earnings due to the tech savvy banking. In the lights of automation
in banking, it is felt that a whole new world of convenience has opened up for customers and the
banks themselves have become more efficient in service provision. It is very much true in the
modern day that, technology is inseparable from the processes of economic growth and
development of any developing country, and for the collection of capital. Given this fact and the
significant role of commercial banks adapting modern technology and contributing in the
development process, there is obvious scope for an investigation of the impact of modern
technology in the banking system. The rapid advancement in information and communication
technology (ICT) has extensively swayed the banking industry. Banks and other financial
institutions have improved their services as financial intermediary through adopting various
Information Technologies (IT). Technology has become a tool that facilitates banks ' organizational
structures, business strategies, customer services and related functions. The recent "Information
Technology (IT) revolution" has exerted far–reaching impact on economics, in general, and the
financial

A Study of How to Promote the Use of Mobile Payment
209KM Research Methods Project Proposal A study of how to promote the use of mobile payment
This example is for discussion, not used as a model of good report Table of Contents 1 Title 1 2 Aim
1 3 Objectives 1 4 Background 2 5 Critical review of relevant literature 3 5.1. Basic Mobile
Payment Types 3 5.1.1. Mobile Fees Account Payment 3 5.1.2. Bank Card Mobile Payment 3 5.1.3.
Token based Mobile Payment 4 5.2. Mobile payment choice 5 5.3. Factors that influence mobile
payment 5 5.3.1. Stability of mobile network facilities 6 5.3.2. Standardisation challenges 6 5.3.3.
User experience 7 5.3.4. Security 8 5.3.5. Regulation Issues 9 5.4. Other issues of mobile payment
10 6 Research method ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
6. Critical review of relevant literature 1. Basic Mobile Payment Types Monetary transactions have
been played in crucial roles since centuries. People has been adopted various payment methods for
transfer monetary values freely for their targeted party or parties. Now a days, people not only
transferring their assets by physically currency like notes and coins, but also they have adopt using
plastic cards or even virtual money within their daily activities such as buy things in the flea
markets, paying train tickets or parking tickets, buying antiques from eBay and so on. It is required
to identify the basic payment method that exists within the mobile environment before further
investigations. 1. Mobile Fees Account Payment A very ordinary forms of mobile payment is user
usually subscribe an additional mobile services from their fixed mobile account. Normally people
use this payment method to purchase software, music, or other correspondence authorities via
mobile phone. The fees will be sum up with the monthly basis of an individual customer. No doubt
this micropayment method is convenience and quick. Feig (2007) stated, "...allowing users to charge
their purchases at participating Web sites to their mobiles phone bills without having to sign up for
an account of even going through a credit card. The customer sends a text to the retailer and the
transaction is complete in

International Banking
PROJECT REPORT ON INTERNATIONAL BANKING UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI MASTERS
OF COMMERCE (BANKING AND FINANCE) SEMESTER I 2012–13 SUBMITTED BY
SARMISTHA SASMAL PROJECT GUIDE PROF. DR. TUKARAM B. GADWE SYDENHAM
COLLEGE OF COMMERCE & ECONOMICS 'B' ROAD, CHURCHGATE, MUMBAI– 400 020
|DECLARATION | I, Miss. Sarmistha Sasmal, the student of M.Com (Banking & Finance)
(Semester–I), from The Sydenham College Of Commerce & Economics, hereby declare that I have
completed this project on INTERNATIONAL BANKING, in the academic year 2012–2013 . The
information submitted is true and original ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
INDEX |Sr.No. |Topic |Page No. | |1. |Introduction |07 | |2. |Objectives |08 | |3. |Theory of
International Banking |09 | |4. |International Trade in banking Services |11 | |5. |International
Payments System |13 | |6. |Interbank Markets |17 | |7. |Costs and Benefits of International Banking
|19 | |8. |Multinational Banks |23 | |9. |Multinational Banking |27 | |11. |Global Integration in Banking

Security Threats of E-Commerce
INTRODUCTION
E– commerce, which is simply the system of transacting business through the use of electronic and
digital media as the computer and mobile devices, has become not just a necessary but also an
effective means of global economic development. The astronomical growth of interconnectivity
through the computer network (I.e., internet) has made e–commerce a veritable tool for quick
business relationships to be formed without any form of physical contact. At the click of the mouse,
business transactions ranging from banking, shopping and all manner of trading are carried out by
millions of internet users on a daily basis.
Due to the impersonal nature of communication over the internet, and obviously, these processes
take place in a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The goods can be physical goods, such as books, equipments or CDs, or electronic goods, such as
electronic documents, images, or music. Similarly, there are "traditional" services, such as hotel or
flight booking, as well as electronic services, such as financial market analyses in electronic form.
E– payment systems are not a novel idea. "Electronic money" has been used between banks in the
form of funds transfer since 1960. For nearly as long, customers have been able to withdraw money
from ATMs (automatic teller machines), and the use of credit cards has also become increasingly
common since then.
Credit Cards
Credit cards are currently the most popular payment instrument on the Internet. The first credit cards
were introduced decades ago (Diner's Club in 1949, American Express in 1958). For a long time,
credit cards have been produced with magnetic stripes containing unencrypted, read–only
information. Today, more and more cards are "smart cards" containing hardware devices (chips)
offering encryption and far greater storage capacity. Recently even virtual credit cards (software
digital or e–wallets) are gaining progressive patronage.
Typically, the customer gives his credit card information (i.e., issuer, expiry date, number) to the
merchant. The merchant asks the acquirer bank for authorization. The acquirer bank sends a
message over the interbank network to the issuer bank asking for

Chapter 13
Chapter 13
Student:
___________________________________________________________________________
1.
As an exporter, according to the opening case, which of these is a key problem for Megahertz
Communications?
A. Credibility of foreign governments
B. Financing
C. Substandard products for foreign markets
D. Language
E. Country specific technical standards
2.
In the United States, what percent of firms export, according to the U.S. Small Business
Administration?
A. Nearly 98 percent
B. About 23 percent
C. Less than 2 percent
D. A little under 50 percent
E. Over 50 percent
3.
Large firms generally tend to be ______________ about seeking opportunities for profitable
exporting, whereas medium–sized and small firms are ____________.
A. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A. market leader.
B. economy where exports played a major role
C. economy built on countertrade
D. self–contained economy
E. example of the world 's most successful exporting nations
15. Which of these countries is considered as one of the World 's most successful exporting nation?

A. Australia
B. The Philippines
C. Germany
D. The U.K.
E. Canada
16. Great trading houses in Japan are called:
A. kaizen.
B. sogo shosha.
C. MITI.
D. guanxi.
E. keiratsu.
17. Unlike their German and Japanese competitors, Canadian firms are still somewhat
____________ when they seek export opportunities.
A. information disadvantaged
B. money strapped
C. regulation–bound
D. much better prepared
E. overly cautious
18. For Canadian firms, one of the most comprehensive sources of export opportunities information
is/are the: A. Trade Commissioners.
B. the United Nations.
C. Team Canada.
D. foreign embassies.
E. Industry Canada.
19. International Trade Centres also promote international trade through what?
A. the United Nations
B. EMC
C. Trade Commissioners
D. Team Canada
E. FITT
20. Completion of FITT 's eight training modules leads to the _____ designation:
A. DFAIT
B. ITC
C. CFIT
D. FITT
E. CITP
21. The Department of Foreign Affairs provides the potential exporter with all of these services
except:
A. market reports
B. trade strategies
C. cultural reports
D. virtual trade commissioner
E. international trade logistics
22. ____________ are

A Letter Of Credit Analysis
In the situation that an exporter is untrustworthy about the ability of the importer's payment under
the international sale contract, the mechanism to reduce risk and fear is a letter of credit which the
exporter will require the importer to arrange for the cost. A bank has an obligation under a letter of
credit to pay an exporter the cost of commodities shipped by the exporter to the importer. The risk of
the importer unsucceed to pay the contract cost can be reduced by the letter of credit. It is an
assurance by a bank of instant or future payment against specified documents on terms that the bank
will be reimbursement by the buyer. A letter of credit is often issued from a bank in the exporter's
country. If the particularised documents are presented, the bank or the issuer have to pay without
question.
Main features of a letter of credit transaction The undertaking of the bank The bank will arrange a
letter of credit by the request of the applicant and has an obligation to pay to specified person
(beneficiary) and specified amount upon specified documents that are presented. The applicant will
get a commercial transaction with the beneficiary. The commercial transaction is usually an
international trade agreement that the importer is required to arrange from his bank to issue a letter
of credit to pay in the amount of the contract cost for the benefit of the exporter. The undertaking of
the bank is independent from the importer and exporter's rights and liabilities

E Commerce : A Popular Activity On The Internet
E–Commerce has been a popular activity on the Internet, for it facilitates commercial acts between
online service providers and individuals. The popularity of E–commerce could be reflected by the
turnover of the industry. The turnover of e–commerce in Europe grew by 14.3% to reach 423.8
billion euros (about GBP 360.5 billion) in 2014, and that of the United Kingdom (UK) increased by
14.7% and reached 127.1 billion euros (about GBP 108.1 billion) in the same year (Ham, 2015).
Important private information (e.g., bank information, gift card numbers) would be recorded while
consumers doing online shopping and doing other E–Commerce activities. This recorded
information would be stored on the servers of online dealers or be saved in consumers' ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In order to prevent personal data such as bank information from being intercepted, Data Protection
Act 1998 ('the Act') has been issued by the UK Parliament. According to the Act, doing Cyber–theft
for the commission of a relevant offence (e.g. bank theft) are considered as a criminal offence and
could be sentenced for five years ' imprisonment (Mobbs, 2003, pp.5–6). Cyber–thefts, however, are
not being extinguished under the force from the Act. According to the Crime Survey for England
and Wales (CSEW), there are 2.5 million incidents of computer misuse (including unauthorised
access to personal information and computer virus) reported in England and Wales during the 12
months before 14th August 2015 (TNS BMRB, 2015, p.21), and 3.1 billion pounds per year was
estimated to be cost by UK citizens on Cyber–crime (Cabinet Office and National security and
intelligence, 2011, p.18). In order to keep the pressure on the Cyber–crime, the British government
issued a policy paper of National Security Strategy in which they defined cyber–attacks as a 'Tier
One threat' to the national security, alongside international terrorism (Cabinet Office, et al., 2015, no
pagination). Security of E–Commerce is at the cutting edge of future commercial activity. Internet
service providers and personal users are both waiting for the implementation of anti–cybercrime
policies in order to protect their information from being trespassed.
Apart from the public force from

Jamuna Bank Financial Report Analysis
Corporate Profile Jamuna Bank Limited (JBL) is a Banking Company registered under the
Companies Act, 1994 with its Head Office at Chini Shilpa Bhaban, 3, Dilkusha C/A, Dhaka–1000.
The Bank started its operation from 3rd June 2001. The Bank undertakes all types of banking
transactions to support the development of trade and commerce of the country. JBL's services are
also available for the entrepreneurs to set up new ventures and BMRE of industrial units. Jamuna
Bank Ltd., the only Bengali named new generation private commercial bank was established by a
group of winning local entrepreneurs conceiving an idea of creating a model banking institution
with different outlook to offer the valued customers, a comprehensive range of ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
| | To ensure optimum utilization of all available resitsces. | | To pursue an effective system of
management by ensuring compliance to ethical norms, transparency and accountability at all levels.
|
Products & Services
Corporate Banking The motto of JBL's Corporate Banking services is to provide a personalized
solution to its customers. The Bank distinguishes and identifies corporate customers' need and
designs tailored solutions accordingly. Jamuna Bank Ltd. offers a complete range of advisory,
financing and operational services to its corporate client groups combining trade, treasury,
investment and transactional banking activities in one package. Whether it is project finance, term
loan, import or export deal, a working capital requirement or a forward cover for a foreign currency
transaction, its Corporate Banking Managers will offer customers the accurate solution. Its corporate
Banking specialists will render high class service for speedy approvals and efficient processing to
satisfy customer needs. Corporate Banking business envelops a broad range of businesses and
industries. Customers can leverage on its know–how in the following sectors mainly: * Agro
processing industry * Industry (Import Substitute / Export oriented) – Textile Spinning, Dyeing /

Global E-Commerce: Market Entry & Market Management
Global e–Commerce: Market Entry & Market Management Introduction The growth,
integration, and sophistication of ICT are changing our society and economy. The emergence of the
Internet as a general communication channel has opened the opportunity for e–Commerce to expand
worldwide. E–Commerce is now viewed by researchers and practitioners as providing the future
direction in which organizations must move. Diffusion of the Internet has led to significant shifts in
the methodology of operating business globally. Therefore, it is both an interesting and challenging
issue to address, explore, and conceptualize proliferation of e–Commerce and also adoption and
cultural resistance and evolution for global consumers. This analysis will use ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The reading lists an amount of example to explain several mistake could happen in the international
business. For example, the case 6 is about a U.S. –Turkish Joint Venture for Producing the Yellow
pages. In the cases, the company did not aware of the typographical errors. As the result of the
errors, the company is no longer in the yellow pages business in Turkey, and the errors also results a
prominent business man of Bolu being the subject of jokes for some time thereafter. The cases
presented in the reading reveal numerous problems common to international marketing. The
framework for analyzing international marketing blunders and their possible causes in the reading
structures the reasons and factors in the international marketing blunders. The framework is formed
by macro–environmental factors and cause that relate to firms' international business strategies.
Some of the macro–environmental factors related to blunders can be traced to misinformation.
Sometimes, through failure to understand local culture, traditions, customs, and values of the host
markets, the marketing decisions of international firms turn out wrong. Many misinformation
blunders take place during translations. Some of the blunders related to international business
strategy may be caused by off–target marketing. These represent selection of

North America 's Competitive Agenda
Being my first year attending Virginia Commonwealth University, I would personally like to give a
HUGE Thank You to the Greater Richmond Chamber of Commerce, the Greater Richmond
Partnership Inc., the Virginia International Business Council, the U.S. commercial Service
Richmond Export Assistance Center, VCU's Global Education Office, the Virginia Asian Chamber
of Commerce, the Virginia Economic Development Partnership and the Virginia Hispanic Chamber
of Commerce. These organizations are a part of Universal Corporation, whom sponsored an event I
never thought I would see myself having the opportunity to attend. Tuesday October 13, 2015 from
3:30pm to 5:30pm located at the Virginia Commonwealth University Student Commons Ballroom
(907 Floyd Avenue Richmond, Virginia) was the 21st Annual International Business Forum. The
presentation "North America 's Competitive Agenda: Why and How the U.S., Canada and Mexico
Should Enhance Their Alliance to Meet the Asian and European Challenges of the 21st Century,"
had four fabulous participants including Van R. Wood, Ph. D., Arturo Sarukhan, Brandon J. Price,
Ph.D., and Giles Gauthier. These men presented the room with a conference about Globalization. .
Moderator Van R. Wood, Ph. D is a professor of international marketing and Phillip Morris Chair in
International Business, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Business. In the past Mr.
Wood has been accepting a numerous amount of grants to develop international programs some

Loan Disbursement and Recovery System of Ific Bank Limited
"Loan Disbursement and Recovery System of International Finance Investment and Commerce
Bank Limited"
Internship Report
"Loan Disbursement and Recovery System of International Finance Investment and Commerce
Bank Limited"
Submitted to: Md. Shajul Islam
Assistant Professor
Department of Business Administration
Stamford University Bangladesh
Submitted by:
Md. Razib Ahamed
ID No: BBA 03712192
An internship report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Bachelor
of Business Administration
15th March 2012 Stamford University Bangladesh Letter of Transmittal
March 12, 2012 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I also admire all the personnel of IFIC Bank Limited, Stock Exchange Branch for their co–operation
and cordial assistance to me. I am also grateful to the HRD of IFIC Bank Limited for granting me
the opportunity to make my internship program in this organization.
I am grateful to all the respondents of the other officials of this branch of IFIC. Though I was
unknown to them, they helped me to gather my expected information. Their valuable judgments
allow me to find out the real information regarding their expectations and perception regarding the
bank.
Last but not the least, a big "thanks" goes to my faculty advisor, Md. Shajul Islam for taking the
time to guide my efforts and to offer me with helpful hints and useful advice.

I express my overall gratitude to all the persons who have been involved in assisting me to complete
my report.
Table of Contents
Chapters and Content Page No.
Executive Summary 1
1. Introduction 2–6
1.1 History of Incorporation of IFIC Bank Ltd. 3 1.2 Origin of the Report 3–4 1.3 Objective of the
Study 4 1.4 Methodology of the study 5 (I) Primary Data Collection 5 (II) Secondary Data
Collection 5 1.5 Limitations of the Study 5–6
2. Overview of the Bank 8–14
2.1 An overview of IFIC Bank Ltd 2.2 Mission and Vision of IFIC Bank Ltd. 8 2.2.1 Banks Mission
8

Case Study
COLUMBIA SOUTHERN UNIVERSITY MBA 5581 – E–COMMERCE DESIGN &
DEVELOPMENT [pic] Research paper: Rite Aid Case study Professor: Dr. Andy Saucedo Student:
Nguyen Thi Hong Van Student ID: 186151 Submission date: December 5, 2010 Abstract Rite Aid
Corporation is the third largest drugstore chain in the United States based on revenues and number
of stores. Besides more than 4,000 of retail drugstore in 31 states of the US, online store contributed
to 32.1% of revenue of Rite Aid in fiscal year 2010. E–commerce application in purchasing and
processing transaction also boost Rite Aid business. This research paper will discuss about the e–
commerce ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The guidelines in Import Manual can be summarized as followed: 1) Merchandise information and
technology require accurate item information, source tagging guidelines (UPC), purchasing orders,
and EDI. 2) Shipment and routing require distribution and transportation information. 3) Accounts
payable requires accurate vendor information and invoice processing within TradeCard system. 4)
Expense offsets identify noncompliance areas and penalties for vendors. 5) Import information
outlines requirements for import suppliers. Set of documents and procedures also stated in Rite Aid
Vendor Supply Chain Guide, Section VIII: Import Manual for the consistency and accuracy of
purchasing orders. Tasks in the order–settlement process are divided into different parts that
appointed directly to Rite Aid, TradeCard, and the vendors as followed: – Rite Aid is responsible for
the Import Quotes sheets with detail description of items, Harmonized Tariff System (HTS)
number/classification, C/O, delivery information of FOB port, and Rite Aid code/item number for
repeat order (Rite Aid Supplier Compliance Guide, 2010). Rite Aid also conducts import testing
program that managed by Bureau VERITAS Consumer Products Services, Inc. Besides, Ride Aid
implements factory audits to selects and maintain vendors due to criteria of

Payment Gateway : Introduction And Overview
Electronic Business Assignment–2
Payment Gateway
11/12/2014 Submitted To: Prof. Prabhat Yadav Visiting Faculty, SPM, PDPU, Gandhinagar
Submitted By: Aalap Pandya – 20135001 Abhishek Satija– 20135002 Abhishek Shukla– 20135003
Amartya Gupta– 20135004 Ambarish Nigam– 20135005 Amit Kumar– 20135006
Table of Contents
Payment Gateway: Introduction and Overview .....................................................................................
1
Literature Review ...................................................................................................................................
6
Application and Benefits
......................................................................................................................... 8 ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
13
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................
14
References ...........................................................................................................................................
15
Payment Gateway: Introduction and Overview
The year 1994 was an interesting year, because it witnessed the birth of a revolution; a revolution by
the name of Amazon.com. The tremors of its presence were felt late by the industry at large, but the
real galvanization happen after the dot.com burst which wiped the slate clean, and amazon.com and
ebay.com were the survivors still standing.
―Amazon is e–commerce‖ a term coined by a technocrat whose name is yet to reveal. But it's a fact
that Amazon was the one who made selling via internet a reality. Challenges were big which
Amazon had to solve, and a prominent one was the mode of payment. Electronic payment was at its
nascent stage and also there were security issues pertaining to credit card transactions. But Amazon
was able to solve the problem by implementing an effective payment gateway and advance security
measure to check fraudulent transaction.
According to Wikipedia the definition of payment gateway is the following:‖ A payment gateway is
an e–commerce application service provider service that

Electronic Payment Social Commerce Essay
Globetrotting Hotels is an example of a Virtual (pure–play) organization i.e. organizations that
conduct their business solely online (Turban E. , Lee, King, McKay, & Marshall, 2008), and for this
reason e–payment is assumed to be the sole means of payment. (Snellman, Vesala, & Humphrey,
2001) Defines e–payments as any payment service that makes use of information and
communications technologies including Integrated Circuit (IC) cards, cryptography and
telecommunications. However, in this study, e–payment refers to all electronic transactions as
payment for goods and services. An electronic payment transaction is an execution of a protocol by
which amount of money is taken from a payer and given to a payee (Akhilesh, Abhishek, Suresh, ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Direct Debit and Banking Services – This includes debit cards, Electronic Funds transfer, Electronic
checks and Automated Clearing House (ACH). Examples of ACH providers include BPay, GoPay
and NetPay. (Montague, 2010). PayPal – "In the U.S., PayPal has emerged as a dominant player for
online and mobile payments, PayPal has 117 million active registered users across 190 markets"
(Gupta, 2013). Accepting PayPal as a means of payment will mean convenience for a good
percentage of the target audience. Smartcards – are the next generation of mobile payment. GH
could have a smart card that records previous customer transactions and points earned. Customers
will also be able to redeem points in any of the partner hotels for services or overnight stay.
However the loyalty points can also be sent to the customer's phone as a virtual token that can be
redeemed appropriately. Mobile payment – The GH website can also be optimized for mobile
devices to enable customers search, book and pay from their mobile. In addition they can also
partner with the prevalent mobile money provider in the region where they have the most customers,
so that mobile money can be accepted as a means of payment for the unbanked in that region. 3.2.
PAYMENT SECURITY Ensuring the security and privacy of sensitive customer details is Key for
business success. GH will need to comply with Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI
DSS), since

Case Study Of BCCI Fraud
The Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) fraud was a major international banking
fraud which resulted in the collapse of the bank in 1991. The estimated amount involving the fraud
was around £800 million at that time. The bank was operating in 78 countries with around 400
branches and it attracted mainly Asian communities as their customers. As a result of the collapse of
the bank, hundreds of thousands of people around the world lost their savings. It also included local
councils such as Western Isles, Westminster City and Harlow. The case attracted the media spotlight
and caused great concern in political circles and in the banking sector.
The banking practices of the bank were shady and in many parts illegal but its corporate structure
and its active efforts shielded it from any lawsuits in the early days. Even in later days, it was very
hard for regulators to bring BCCI to the book. However, many public outcry and ethical concerns
raised by other parts of the banking industry made regulators in America and Britain take stock of
the situation. Only after this, BCCI soon came under the scrutiny of numerous national and
international ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For 15 years, it used two auditors – Price Waterhouse UK and Ernst & Young. Neither had the right
to audit all companies of BCCI. They were also not independent. BCCI provided Price Waterhouse
loans and other financial benefits in return of desired forged audit reports. Price Waterhouse were
the accountants for BCCI Overseas (Grand Cayman Island), while Ernst & Young audited BCCI and
BCCI Holdings (London and Luxembourg). Other companies such as KIFCO and ICIC were
audited by neither. In October 1985, alarmed at reported BCCI losses on the commodities and
financial markets, the Bank of England and the Institut Monétaire Luxembourgeois (Luxembourg's
bank regulator) ordered BCCI to change to a single accountant. After which Price Waterhouse
became the sole accountants in

Security and Consumer Protection in the Information Age...
Abstract:
At this point in time the ubiquity of personal and sensitive information of businesses and individuals
who participate in the world economy is greater than ever. As in the past, your information could be
found on an old credit card statement inside your garbage can at the end of your driveway; just
waiting to be plucked by the next crafty criminal who can get his hands on it. Now your sensitive
personal information is inside not only in your garbage can but as a result of the last couple of
decades, information technology now has the ability to send your personal information in packets of
data and over telephone wires. Extensive research has come up with empirical evidence that Internet
Identity theft is on the rise in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are several key points and underlying themes that I have hinted to already but I will take the
chance to further elucidate the main objectives for the rest of the paper:
<ul>
<li> The progressive compression of space and time as a result of the globalization phenomenon has
had significant implications on businesses and individuals and has brought together in ways they
never thought possible (Stromquist 2000).
<li> Globalization has led to innovation in information technology, more specifically, with the
invention of the Internet, information can be sent around the world at lightning fast speeds.
<li> Within the new international data transmission infrastructure money can be exchanged in the
form of data, giving birth to what is now the booming industry E–commerce.
<li> The data required by E–commerce not only attracts businesses and consumers globally, but
because of the profitable nature of the data used to exchange money, Internet criminals known as
"hackers" electronically probe and loiter networked pathways with the intention of intercepting this
valuable information.
<li> The nature of newer, wireless technology has many more security issues because rather than
data transmission through wire as before, the air is being used as the medium of transmission
allowing less discrete areas for possible network access.
<li> The most recent security measures are those in the practices of data encryption and electronic
payment systems.
</ul>
Consumer

Wikimart: Building a Russian Version of Amazon
MAN–30055 International Business Strategies Integrative Case 8 Wikimart: Building a Russian
Version of Amazon (pp. 436–439) Prepared by: Goh Peg Gie Lim Lee Pang Ng Lay Yen 14021369
14021371 14021381 Company Profile Let's do an online trade site that any stores can display
their products in without spending money on advertisement until they sell them. Maxim Faldin
Kamil Kurmakaev In 2008.... 1. From an industry–based view, given the fragmented, rapidly
growing nature of online retail space in the Russian–speaking world, how would you characterize
the competition in this industry? Porter 's five forces Bargaining power of supplier Many supplier
in the industry (Yandex,2014) Many substitute of products No switching cost No barrier ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Yes Technology– 260 IT employee work as team Source: Russian Search Marketing (2014)
<http://russiansearchmarketing.com/yandex–ecommerceonline–aggregator–case–study–wikimart/>.
However, When compare to Ozon, Wikimart is less competitive. Ozon is still the dominant player
for that market as it has more competitive advantages. Morgan Stanley 's reports (up to 2013) have
been proving that Ozon.ru & several other ecommerce providers are having larger market share than
Wikimart. For example, Ozon's net sales was double of Wikimart's net sale. Source: Yandex (2013)
<https://money.yandex.ru/i/forms/ecommercejan2013.pdf>. Net sales & Average monthly traffic
342mil Ozon Wikimart 8800mil 4100mil 150mil East–West Digital News: e–commerce in Russia
1. Customer viewed Ozon as favourite place to buy online; loyalty and trust. According Morgan
Stanley research, Ozon showed the highest penetration among online shoppers (41% of respondents
purchased on the site within the past 12 months), followed by Avito (21%), and Biglion (16%). 2.
Offer COD (cash on delivery) service The above chart showed the percentage of cash on delivery,
59% for 2009 and 58% for 2012. The percentage only decreased 1% within 3 years, which mean
Russian consumer preferred cash on delivery as the primary method of payment for online
shopping. Relatively the access to credit cards from 2009 to 2012, increased 12% from 20%–32%.
despite the percentage showed

Basel Norms
Evolution of Basel Norms and their contribution to the Subprime Crisis
The article highlights the emergence of the Basel Accord in 1998 and how it has evolved over the
course of the last 23 years. Contrary to the popular belief capital regulations have been considered
the biggest underlying factor of the subprime crisis owing to securitization, the shadow banking
system and the flexibility given to banks in risk assessment. The recent Basel III norms though aim
to mitigate the already caused damage, the results are still left to be witnessed.
Evolution of Basel Norms and their contribution to the Subprime Crisis
The article highlights the emergence of the Basel Accord in 1998 and how it has evolved over the
course of the last 23 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Basel Capital Accord (Basel I) was adopted in 1988, and had two main objectives; * Strengthen
the soundness and the stability of the international banking system – minimum capital adequacy
ratio by assessing the credit risk of the banks * Create a level playing field among international
banks – Banks from different countries competing for the same loans would have to set aside
roughly the same amount of capital on the loans
Fallout of Basel I and emergence of Basel II
Basel I set the platform for maintaining the adequate capital cushion required by the banks in the
event of a default or grim situations. However the adequate capital (Tier I & Tier II) to be
maintained was solely based on the credit risk (on–balance sheet, trading off–balance sheet, non
trading balance sheet) assessment which was divided into 4 categories of Government Exposures
with OECD countries – 0%, OECD banks and non – OECD governments – 20%, Mortgages – 50%,
Other Exposures, retail and wholesale(SMEs) – 100%
Though the main aim of formulating the Basel Norms was to ensure the optimal capital cushion to
be maintained required in the event of a crisis, the very introduction of Basel Accord, increased the
gap between economical and risk–based capital and gave rise to regulatory capital arbitrage (RCB).
The drawback that a loan to a safe industrial country and that to a volatile developing country

Technological Innovation in Indian Banking Sector – Use of...
International Journal of Management and Strategy (IJMS) 2011, Vol. No.II, Issue II, January–June
2011 http://www.myresearchpie.com/ ISSN: 2231–0703 TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION IN
INDIAN BANKING SECTOR – USE OF IT PRODUCTS Dr. Kanhaiya Singh, Professor, Fore
School of Management, New Delhi,India Dr. U. S. Pandey, Associate Professor University of Delhi,
New Delhi, India Priya Gupta, Asst. Professor, SSCBS, University of Delhi, Research Scholar,
BIT(Mesra) Ranchi ABSTRACT Transformation is taking in Indian banks from all verticals, and
subtle and not – so – subtle makeovers in banking products are dynamically altering the face of
banking. The research paper focuses on the way transformation is affecting the banking sector and
the way use of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hence these changes were not the outcome of internal changes but of external changes.
Deregulation has opened up new opportunities for banks to increase revenues by diversifying into
investment banking, insurance, credit cards, mortgage financing, depository services, securitization,
etc. Now all the banks have started with the concept of multi– channels, like ATMs, credit cards,
debit cards, telephone/mobile banking, internet banking, call centers, etc. The role of banking is
redefined from a mere financial intermediary to service provider of various financial services under
one roof acting like a financial supermarket. International Journal of Management and Strategy
ISSN: 2231–0703 International Journal of Management and Strategy (IJMS) 2011, Vol. No.II,
Issue II, January–June 2011 http://www.myresearchpie.com/ ISSN: 2231–0703 Forces for change in
Indian Banking: Underlying forces for change Developments in communication systems, coupled
with blurring of differences between banks and non – banks and globalization have aggravated the
competitive environment. Technology became a key differentiator for the new private sector banks.
The technological superiority helped these private sector banks to have upper edge over public
sector banks. The traditional source of income (Net Interest margin = Interest Earned – Interest
Expended) was compressed due to the pressure of competition. As a

Small Scale Industry
SMALL SCALE INDUSTRY INTRODUCTION The definition for small–scale industrial
undertakings has changed over time. Initially they were classified into two categories– those using
power with less than 50 employees and those not using power with the employee strength being
more than 50 but less than 100. However the capital resources invested on plant and machinery
buildings have been the primary criteria to differentiate the small–scale industries from the large and
medium scale industries. An industrial unit can be categorized as a small– scale unit if it fulfils the
capital investment limit fixed by the Government of India for the small– scale sector. As per the
latest definition which is effective since December 21, 1999, for ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
7.66 During the one year period i.e., 2000–01 Over 1999–2000, the number of SSI units is estimated
to have increased by 1,58,000, production at current prices by Rs. 72,609 crore and at constant
prices by Rs. 33,714 crore. Employment increased by 7,14,000 persons, while exports were higher
by Rs. 5,778 crores. 7.67 According to projections made by the Ministry of Small Scale Industries
during 2000–01, the SSI sector recorded growth in production of 8.09 per cent over the previous
year. The small scale industries sector has recorded higher growth rate than the industrial sector as a
whole (4.9 per cent during 2000–01). It contributed about 40 per cent towards the industrial
production as a whole and 35 per cent of direct exports from the country. 7.68 The Government has
been taking various measures from time to time in order to enhance The productivity, efficiency and
competitiveness of the SSI sector. In pursuance of the comprehensive policy package announced last
year, the major developments that have taken place in the SSI sector during 2001–02 THE SMALL
SCALE INDUSTRIAL UDERTAKING An industrial undertaking in which the investment in plant
and machinery, whether held on ownership terms or on lease/hire–purchase basis, does not exceed
Rs.10 million (Rs.1 crore) is regarded as a small scale undertaking. These

E-Banking in Developing Economy: Empirical Evidence from...
Applications of Quantitative Methods to e–Commerce E–BANKING IN DEVELOPING
ECONOMY: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM NIGERIA Elisha Menson AUTA PhD Candidate,
Centre for Policy and Economic Research, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria E–mail:
donelly2007@yahoo.com Abstract: This paper empirically examines the impact of e–banking in
Nigeria's economy using Kaiser–Meyar–Olkin (KMO) approach and Barlett's Test of Sphericity
which support the use of factor analysis in order to extract independent variables associated with e–
banking. The paper explores the major factors responsible for internet banking based on
respondents' perception on various e–banking applications. It also provides a framework of the
factors which are taken to assess the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
E–banking is the term used for new age banking system. E–banking is also called online banking
and it is an outgrowth of PC banking. E–banking uses the internet as the delivery channel by which
to conduct banking activity, for example, transferring funds, paying bills, viewing checking and
savings account balances, paying mortgages and purchasing financial instruments and certificates of
deposits (Mohammed, et. a.l, 2009). It is difficult to infer whether the internet tool has been applied
for convenience of bankers or for the customers' convenience. But ultimately it contributes in
increasing the efficiency of the banking operation as well providing more convenience to customers.
Without even interacting with the bankers, customers transact from one corner of the country to
another corner. Electronic banking has experienced explosive growth and has transformed
traditional practices in banking (Gonzalez, 2008). As per prediction of Maholtra and Singh, (2007)
the e– banking is leading to a paradigm shift in marketing practices resulting in high performance in
the banking industry. Delivery of service in banking can be provided efficiently only when the
background operations are efficient. An efficient background operation can be conducted only when
it is integrated by an electronic system. The components like

The International Trade, It Is Necessary
To do the international trade, it is necessary to know the fundamentals of contact law. There are also
ancillary contract for the international sale of goods transaction, which are individual contracts
between one of the main contracting parties and a third party. These are mostly in the areas of
financing, transportation, and insurance. To trade internationally first we should have information of
the transportation methods; Unimodal that uses one specific mode of transportation, Multimodal
which promises different ways of carrying goods. In both methods, if the exporter chooses shipment
by sea, there will be the Bill of Lading as the contract of carriage. The document includes the
information of receiving specific goods for shipment, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
There are number of insurances, Marine insurance is one, which is a crucial part of letter–of–credit
for exporting purposes. It has a wider range of responsibilities than the liability of ocean shipping.
We should consider that the insurance is not responsible for any loss. General average and particular
average both indicate partial and sectional losses that the insurance does not cover. If the partial
damage has been occurred in a stranded, sunk, burnt or on fire vessel, the insurance is responsible to
cover it. Therefore Marin insurance indicates to three types; free of particular average, with average,
and all risks that each one demonstrates its conditions for partial losses. Under the condition of
subrogation, the insurer has the right of pursuing for any loss instead the insured. Furthermore, the
vital part of an export or an import activity is its payment. Canadians apply the letter of credit or
documentary credit for their international transactions with other countries except the United States.
In this method, an issuing bank is responsible to issue the letter of credit on behalf of the applicant
(seller) that enforces and arranges the payment with the corresponding bank or nominated bank in
the exporter's country. The corresponding bank also can act as a confirming bank that initiates a
direct obligation on the exporter to provide proper documents under the letter of credit. It can also
act as an advising bank, which checks and delivers

Business Models Of Internet Finance
Abstract
The internet finance industry is newly developed in China, with only a very brief history. However,
the industry is growing at a rapid pace and is becoming a significant part of the overall financial
industry in China. In terms of financial functions, internet finance is mainly comprised of payment
and settlement services, sales of asset management products，and financing. Without discussing
any one particular area in depth, this paper is intended to provide a broad overview of each of the
business models of internet finance in China, their development and how they interact with the
traditional financial sector.
I. Introduction
Internet finance has started in China years ago with online settlement and payment products.
However, it is only in recent years, with the widespread of many internet financial innovations, that
internet finance has gained so much popularity and became so relevant to people's everyday lives.
With only a few years of growth, the internet finance models are far from mature. But with the
development of the internet ecosystem and internet technologies such as mobile payment, social
networking, and cloud computing, internet finance is going to be constanly evolving.
The rise of e–commerce is probably the most important factor driving the internet finance industry's
success in China. E–commerce has experienced rapid growth in China in recent years. E–commerce
transactions has grown from 0.3 trillion RMB in 2009 to 1.3 trillion RMB in 2013. That is

International Trade and Role of Bank
International Trade
International trade is exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or
territories. In most countries, it represents a significant share of gross domestic product (GDP).
While international trade has been present throughout much of history, its economic, social, and
political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries.
Industrialization, advanced transportation, globalization, multinational corporations, and
outsourcing are all having a major impact on the international trade system. Increasing international
trade is crucial to the continuance of globalization. Without international trade, nations would be
limited to the goods and services produced within their own borders.
Difference ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For centuries under the belief in mercantilism most nations had high tariffs and many restrictions on
international trade.
In the 19th century, especially in the United Kingdom, a belief in free trade became paramount. This
belief became the dominant thinking among western nations since then. In the years since the
Second World War, controversial multilateral treaties have attempted to promote free trade while
creating a globally regulated trade structure. These trade agreements have often resulted in
discontent and protest with claims of unfair trade that is not beneficial to developing countries
A. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and
B. World Trade Organization
The regulation of international trade is done through the World Trade Organization at the global
level, and through several other regional arrangements such as MERCOSUR in South America, the
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) between the United States, Canada and Mexico,
and the European Union between 27 independent states.
Risk in International Trade
Companies doing business across international borders face many of the same risks as would
normally be evident in strictly domestic transactions.

Mobil Commerce Essay
Mobil Commerce
"The greatest wealth in the 21st century will not be made from products or services, but rather by
the company that creates the conduit for international m–commerce through the mobile device"
(Unknown author)
As defined by market analysts, mobile commerce is the natural extension of e–commerce that
allows consumers to make business via a wireless mode anytime, anywhere and always –on. It uses
digital cellular phones, PDAs, pagers, notebooks and even cars can already be online wirelessly, all
this developing another channel of the value–added chain. It is the innovation to meet the evolving
customer needs of wanting to escape the personal interaction eyeball–to–eyeball pressure of ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this scenario, consumers are recognized by the signals they emit, most likely from their wireless
phones or PDAs, and they can purchase goods and services from vending machines and businesses
without having to use a checkbook, credit card or cash. But making the wireless wallet a reality will
require an evolution of both technology and consumer attitudes that is still far in the distance.
Moreover, at the commerce phase, in which consumers should realize that using wireless devices to
purchase real goods in the physical world does not necessarily deliver those goods to their wireless
device. It will be a challenge to convince consumers to leave their credit cards at home and let their
phones do the purchasing. In addition to this, consumers will need easy–to–carry wireless devices
that they will always have with them, and terminals will have to be available at stores or in vending
machines. Both of these devices must have the necessary infrastructure to enable transactions. Last,
and most difficult, there must be a worldwide standards initiatives. However, the most important
aspect is to explain to the consumers, what is their bennefit to use the services of m–commerce,
instead of the brick–and–mortal

Mobile Payments Essay
Mobile payments in Asia Pacific i n f o r m at i o n , c o m m u n i c at i o n s & e nt e rta i n m e nt
Mobile payments in Asia Pacific Contents 2 Introduction from Sean Choi and David Collins
3 Introduction from John Ure and Peter Lovelock 4 Introduction 6 Business models and the m–
payments value chain – Business models behind different transaction types – Emerging business
models by country – Industry perspectives on m–payments 22 Case studies – Smart in the
Philippines – Yeepay's B2B approach – The growing reach of Octopus – Gaming and virtual money
– A view from the bottom of the pyramid – mHITs in Australia 29 Regulations and standards 40
Risks and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The rapid changes taking place in emerging markets, combined with the fact that existing fixed line
networks are often underdeveloped, offer persuasive reasons to believe that systems will be
developed that can facilitate wealth creation and genuinely transform people's lives in the poorest
parts of the region. Ultimately, the evolution of mobile payments systems has the potential to allow
global organisations to access a far wider market, including people in previously hard–to–access
locations. The caveat is, of course, that issues of trust, security and affordability also need to be
overcome. This report explores the recent developments in the context of these significant
challenges. Mobile payments are necessitating new forms of interaction between telecoms
companies, financial institutions, software and content providers. As in any supply chain, it is
important to understand the processes and security capabilities of other parties in the relationship. It
is even more important when potentially sensitive or personal information is flowing between these
parties. Ultimately, the adoption of mobile payments will therefore depend on, and be driven by,
consumer confidence. In this respect, all of the participants within each respective business model
needs to share some responsibility for its successful adoption. seung Hwan (sean) choi Regional
Head Information, Communications Entertainment KPMG in Korea

What Is A Standby Credit?
What is a standby credit? Standby credits are a type of letter of credit. They are also called standby
letters of credit. The common feature of all letters of credit is an undertaking by a bank to pay the
beneficiary of the letter of credit a specific sum within a specified time limit against the presentation
of specific documents in accordance with the terms of the letter of credit. Standby credits are a type
of quasi–security, in that although it can be used to secure obligations, it does not create rights
against assets. It creates rights against a party, being (for example) the issuing bank. Another
example of a quasi–security is a demand guarantee. See Boral Formwork v Action Makers [2003]
NSWSC 713 which explains standby credits, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In practice, this means standby credits create an obligation on the bank to make a payment of a
specific sum to a named beneficiary on demand. The use and purpose of standby credits explained
Standby credits were designed to provide a means for securing payment or other obligations if a
party to the underlying transaction defaults in its obligations. A typical standby credit consists of an
undertaking by a bank to pay a named beneficiary a specific sum if the beneficiary presents the bank
with the documents listed in the standby credit. Standby credits are often issued to support a party 's
obligations under a contract and the key document to be presented under such a standby credit is
usually a certificate or declaration from the beneficiary confirming that the other party has not
performed its obligations under that contract. Standby credits are a useful tool because the bank
does not get involved in whether the underlying contract has been breached or not. The bank will
pay out if the beneficiary of the standby credit presents the relevant documents to the bank in
accordance with the terms of the standby credit. Standby credits can be used in a variety of
situations, for example, in relation to: A

The managers job in context
Manager's Job in Context
Contents
Introduction..........................................................................................3
Organizational Background – Dutch–Bangla Bank Ltd .............................................3
Requirements and Job Description of Branch Manager.......................................3
Mr.Salam's key people – internal and external interactions................................4
Internal Interactions:
Human Resource Manager...............................................................................................................4
Loan Officer......................................................................................................................................4
Credit ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Salam to meet or exceed the bank 's desired sales results and grow the customer base.
As a branch manager Mr. Salam is responsible for Monitoring financial transactions, Overseeing the
efficient day to day processes, Supervising bank staff or workers, Preserving a professional
environment, Preparing reports, forecasts, Managing or sanctioning loans, mortgages, investments,
and account operations, Dealing with customer service or satisfaction issues, Hiring new team
members and continuously assessing employee performance, Ensuring compliance and security
procedures are adhered to, Pursuing lifelong professional and educational development etc.
Including all of these activities Mr. Salam needs to communicate with top management to
implement the company policy, code of conducts and procedure.
To accomplish all of these activities successfully and properly I think Mr. Salam should have the all
of these skills such as Outstanding Interpersonal skills, Excellent management skills, Effective
communication skills, Be dependable and truthful , Have initiative and ingenuity, Brilliant business
acumen, Good Leadership skills, Diverse departmental skills in marketing, sales, accounting,
finance, Extensive Knowledge of the local, national and internal economy, Multilingual – be able to
speak more than one language, Proficient time, project and team management skills, networking,
negotiating, and problem solving skills etc.
Mr.Salm's Key People – Internal and External

Critical Evaluation Of Relevant Issues In E

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