How to avoid the collapse of the brazilian economy with the new coronavirus a...Fernando Alcoforado
This article aims to demonstrate that there is a solution to avoid the collapse of the Brazilian economy as a result of the new Coronavirus and how to resume economic growth in Brazil after the spread of the virus. This article also shows why the Bolsonaro government does not adopt the strategies proposed in this article, which is explained by the fact that its economy minister is not competent enough to face the biggest economic crisis in the history of Brazil and for being a fundamentalist of neoliberalism for not to admit government intervention in the economy.
Brazil's workers are faced with the impossibility of the economic system and the future Bolsonaro government to generate the necessary jobs for the economically active population and eliminate the precariousness of the work imposed by the neoliberal economic model in force since 1990. How to make the Brazilian economic system and the future government to generate the necessary jobs for the economically active population and how to eliminate the precariousness of the work imposed by the neoliberal economic model? The answer to these two questions is presented in this article.
In order to reactivate economic growth, to face the current commercial war in the world economy and prevent the country from suffering the consequences of the inevitable explosion of the world debt, it´s need to replace the neoliberal economic model that has devastated the Brazilian economy since 1990 and, above all, , after 2014, by the national development model of selective opening of the Brazilian economy that should be put into practice based on the planning of the national economy that would ensure economic growth and the development of the country on a sustainable basis. Without the adoption of these measures, Brazil will move towards inevitable economic and social ruin with serious repercussions of a political nature.
The lie of the ministry of the economy of bolsonaro about the benefits of the...Fernando Alcoforado
It should be noted that the results of the study of the Ministry of Economy cannot be considered as irrefutable truth because they have no scientific basis. It was another scenario building exercise that is a technique that assumes that there are uncertainties and unpredictability that do not ensure that its results will happen. The document of the Ministry of the Economy tries to convince the Brazilian population using, therefore, a technique that does not have a deterministic base.
Brazil faces four major threats that could jeopardize its future: 1) the escalation of fascism in Brazil; 2) the worsening social situation of the working class in Brazil; 3) the economic backwardness of the country; and 4) the end of national sovereignty. Each of these threats is demanding the positioning of the Brazilian people to act to overcome them.
The contraction of 0.2% of GDP in the first quarter of 2019, the first decline since 2016, shows, on the one hand, the Bolsonaro government's incompetence in not adopting the measures required to raise household consumption (C) and increase the public and private investment (I).
The ineffective economic proposal of minister paulo guedes to overcome the br...Fernando Alcoforado
This proposal is ineffective because the neoliberal minister Paulo Guedes avoids adopting the Keynesian solution that is the most correct to face the trend of deepening the recession followed by economic depression that will lead Brazil to generalized bankruptcy of companies, mass unemployment and insolvency federal, state and municipal governments. The Keynesian solution should imply an increase in spending by the federal government to compensate for the steep drop in household consumption and private investment aggravated by the coronavirus and not in maintaining the established spending ceiling.
Unfortunately, either with the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff or not, Brazil's future is threatened because neither Dilma Rousseff nor Michel Temer will be able to avoid the collapse of the economic system and the political and institutional system of Brazil. Avoid the collapse of the economic system and the political and institutional system in Brazil would be the preconditions for the retaking of Brazil's development in the future that only a new government elected in 2018 with support of the population would be able to accomplish.
How to avoid the collapse of the brazilian economy with the new coronavirus a...Fernando Alcoforado
This article aims to demonstrate that there is a solution to avoid the collapse of the Brazilian economy as a result of the new Coronavirus and how to resume economic growth in Brazil after the spread of the virus. This article also shows why the Bolsonaro government does not adopt the strategies proposed in this article, which is explained by the fact that its economy minister is not competent enough to face the biggest economic crisis in the history of Brazil and for being a fundamentalist of neoliberalism for not to admit government intervention in the economy.
Brazil's workers are faced with the impossibility of the economic system and the future Bolsonaro government to generate the necessary jobs for the economically active population and eliminate the precariousness of the work imposed by the neoliberal economic model in force since 1990. How to make the Brazilian economic system and the future government to generate the necessary jobs for the economically active population and how to eliminate the precariousness of the work imposed by the neoliberal economic model? The answer to these two questions is presented in this article.
In order to reactivate economic growth, to face the current commercial war in the world economy and prevent the country from suffering the consequences of the inevitable explosion of the world debt, it´s need to replace the neoliberal economic model that has devastated the Brazilian economy since 1990 and, above all, , after 2014, by the national development model of selective opening of the Brazilian economy that should be put into practice based on the planning of the national economy that would ensure economic growth and the development of the country on a sustainable basis. Without the adoption of these measures, Brazil will move towards inevitable economic and social ruin with serious repercussions of a political nature.
The lie of the ministry of the economy of bolsonaro about the benefits of the...Fernando Alcoforado
It should be noted that the results of the study of the Ministry of Economy cannot be considered as irrefutable truth because they have no scientific basis. It was another scenario building exercise that is a technique that assumes that there are uncertainties and unpredictability that do not ensure that its results will happen. The document of the Ministry of the Economy tries to convince the Brazilian population using, therefore, a technique that does not have a deterministic base.
Brazil faces four major threats that could jeopardize its future: 1) the escalation of fascism in Brazil; 2) the worsening social situation of the working class in Brazil; 3) the economic backwardness of the country; and 4) the end of national sovereignty. Each of these threats is demanding the positioning of the Brazilian people to act to overcome them.
The contraction of 0.2% of GDP in the first quarter of 2019, the first decline since 2016, shows, on the one hand, the Bolsonaro government's incompetence in not adopting the measures required to raise household consumption (C) and increase the public and private investment (I).
The ineffective economic proposal of minister paulo guedes to overcome the br...Fernando Alcoforado
This proposal is ineffective because the neoliberal minister Paulo Guedes avoids adopting the Keynesian solution that is the most correct to face the trend of deepening the recession followed by economic depression that will lead Brazil to generalized bankruptcy of companies, mass unemployment and insolvency federal, state and municipal governments. The Keynesian solution should imply an increase in spending by the federal government to compensate for the steep drop in household consumption and private investment aggravated by the coronavirus and not in maintaining the established spending ceiling.
Unfortunately, either with the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff or not, Brazil's future is threatened because neither Dilma Rousseff nor Michel Temer will be able to avoid the collapse of the economic system and the political and institutional system of Brazil. Avoid the collapse of the economic system and the political and institutional system in Brazil would be the preconditions for the retaking of Brazil's development in the future that only a new government elected in 2018 with support of the population would be able to accomplish.
After the economic, social and political-institutional devastation promoted by PT (Workers Party) governments of Lula and Dilma Rousseff, any new government effectively committed to the progress of Brazil, who will exercise power after the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff, will only be able to exercise governability if it take place public policies that address the interests of the vast majority of the Brazilian nation. It is important to note that governability expresses the possibility of the government of a nation hold public policies resulting from the convergence between the various bodies of the national State with each other and this with Civil Society. The first measure to be adopted by the new government would be to put together a crisis cabinet composed of people of the highest competence and the highest ethical and moral respectability for get the respect of the nation and ensure governability. To obtain the trust of the population and exercise governability, the future government will have to take urgent measures to prevent the collapse of the economic system and the political and institutional system of Brazil.
Very high fiscal deficit in public accounts takes bankruptcy to the brazilian...Fernando Alcoforado
The Michel Temer government adopts a policy of economic austerity that is leading the country to disaster. The very high fiscal deficit planned by the Temer government in the Union budget of R$ 159 billion in 2017 and also in 2018, R$ 139 billion in 2019 and R$ 65 billion in 2020 demonstrates not only the failure of neoliberal economic policy, but , above all, the purpose of the Michel Temer government to maintain that policy in the coming years that will lead Brazil to the status of "scorched earth". A fiscal target of successive deficits from 2017 to 2020 will further increase the government's gigantic debt.
The economic and financial performance of a government as well as a company is measured by the results obtained. A company is economically and financially successful when its production grows, is profitable and has a growing market share, among other factors. A government is economically and financially successful when it contributes to the increase in production and employment in general, the country has a growing GDP, has tax collection higher than public expenditure, and has a current account balance of payments surplus, among other factors. If we take into account the economic and financial results obtained, the Bolsonaro government has been a resounding failure.
Brazil has nowadays declining in economic growth with a tendency to stagflation, rising inflation rates, very high tax burden, increasing debt of public machine, precarious infrastructure of transport and energy, failure of public education and health services, threat of deindustrialization, logistical bottleneck, precipitous drop in the trade balance and the high rate of corruption. Brazil has also problems in innovation that is not fully developed in Brazil because it depends on the failed education system of the country that is unable to generate knowledge. Due to the deficiency of the education system in Brazil, Brazilian companies such as Natura, Vale, Embraer and others that effectively develop innovation seek knowledge, research and personnel to meet this demand in major American universities like MIT. The lack of strategic vision and managerial incompetence are major brands of Brazilian governments in Brazil's recent history, particularly the Dilma Rousseff government.
The economic and social situation in Brazil now is quite serious because the failure in social progress is added to the failure in economic progress with the economic stagnation that generates mass unemployment. This situation resulted from the fact that no governments of Brazil since 1990 planned the development of the Brazilian economy because they obeyed what the Washington Consensus establishes by adopting the neoliberal economic model that does not allow effective State intervention in the economy. In our book, Os fatores condicionantes do desenvolvimento econômico e social (The conditioning factors for economic and social development), published by Editora CRV de Curitiba in 2012, we emphasize the need for government planning to avoid anarchy in the economic activity typical of the governments of capitalist countries that only intervene in the economy at times of crisis. In that book, we affirm that in the process of governmental planning, “in the design of a country's developmental policies, it is necessary to identify the internal and external factors that condition economic and social development, and then to characterize those that are booster and restrictive”.
The progressive forces of the nation that wish to end corruption, the resumption of economic growth, the development of Brazil on a new basis and the defense of national sovereignty should unite with efforts to choose a candidate for the presidency of the Republic committed to the proposals presented in this article and defeat the retrograde forces that wish to maintain the status quo. It is urgent, therefore, to launch a candidate for the presidency of the Republic who undertakes to break with neoliberalism and put into practice the strategies suggested in this article.
How to overcome crisis and to retake the development in brazilFernando Alcoforado
Government leaders in Brazil need to understand that in an exceptional situation like the current one there is an imperative need to plan national development to retake the development of the country. The Brazilian government should elaborate an economic plan that contributes to the retaking of the development of Brazil that indicates for the population and for the productive sectors a perspective of overcoming the current crisis and retaking of economic growth. It is the inexistence of a development plan one of the factors that lead to the immobility of the private sector in the realization of investments in Brazil leading to a real paralysis. The development plan should guide and coordinate the country's companies that, organized in networks, and aided by trade, technology and credit policies, can compete successfully in the national and global economy.
Brazil facing internal economic problems and the ruin of the world economyFernando Alcoforado
Brazil faces two major obstacles to its development: 1) the neoliberalism that has been devastating the country since 1990; and 2) the process of ruining the world economy. The economic model. It is urgent that the Brazilian State take the reins of the national economy by abandoning the failed neoliberal economic model to reactivate the Brazilian economy and full employment. Brazil should fight in international fora for the establishment of a stable international financial system not subordinated to financial capital and the establishment of a democratic world government that, in addition to promoting economic ordering on a world scale, should create the conditions to meet the great challenges of the world. humanity in the 21st century.
How brazil must face global recession and internal economic stagnationFernando Alcoforado
This article aims to present the impacts that the ongoing global recession will have on the Brazilian economy and the solutions to deal with this gigantic problem and the internal economic stagnation.
Urges the construction of a new alternative of political power in brazilFernando Alcoforado
The lack of political conditions to make economic changes that meet the interests of the nation and ensure the governance of the current power holders is committed because the government Dilma Rousseff has shown not have political force, does not have enough power and have no leadership to propose the nation a national development project that contributes to reverse the current situation. Time works against the government Dilma Rousseff whose tendency is to worsen the current situation and drop in acceptance of his government by the Brazilian population. All this set of factors can contribute to growth the movement for impeachment of Dilma Rousseff. Given this perspective, the Brazilian nation have to build a new alternative power with the creation of a new party that is the antithesis of the parties that held power after the military regime and demonstrate they are unable to promote economic and social development of country for the benefit of the vast majority of its population, and many of them are complicit with systemic corruption that advances in all instances of national power.
No to recessive economic adjustement of brazilian government of michel temerFernando Alcoforado
The Michel Temer government adopted a recessive economic policy seeking to limit government spending with its proposal for amendment to the Constitution (PEC 241-2016) sent to Brazilian Congress. The measures proposed in PEC 241-2016 define new “ceiling” for public spending which will limit the prior year spending adjusted for inflation and this fact will cause public health and education spending are frozen in real terms going to be just corrected by inflation. It should be noted that with low consumption (C), low investment (I) and low government spending (G), the economy tends to further deepen the recession and make it harder to return to economic growth. To combat the economic recession, the Michel Temer government should, in the short term, increase government spending to compensate the drastic reduction occurred in household consumption and private investment.
It has been abominable the trajectory of Brazil throughout history that we demonstrated in our article A deplorável trajetória do Brasil ao longo da história (The deplorable trajectory of Brazil throughout history), published on 03/25/2019 on various websites. The trajectory of Brazil throughout its history is deplorable because the country still faces problems that were created and persist since the colonial period and the attempts of its overcoming were aborted by the repression against the social movements, by the overthrow of governments committed to the progress of the country and with the adoption of anti-national and anti-social government policies. The Bolsonaro government continues this abhorrent trajectory because its election to the Presidency of the Republic is contributing to: 1) the rise of fascism to power in Brazil; 2) the deterioration of the social situation of the working class in Brazil; 3) the country's economic backwardness; and, 4) the definitive end of national sovereignty.
Action plan needed to avoid the economic and social debacle of brazil as a re...Fernando Alcoforado
To avoid the economic and social debacle in Brazil that will result from the measures adopted by the federal government, state governments and municipal governments aiming to combat the coronavirus, an action plan with economic and social measures should be developed to be adopted immediately during the economic depression that it will occur during the spread of the coronavirus, as well as economic measures to reactivate the Brazilian economy and social measures after the economic depression with the end of the spread of the coronavirus.
Brazil in danger democracy, economy, society and the environment threatened b...Fernando Alcoforado
Brazil is in danger because the Bolsonaro government is producing a gigantic backspace political, economic, social and environmental. On the political level, the Bolsonaro government threatens democracy with the escalation of fascism with all its nefarious consequences. On the economic front, it jeopardizes the country's growth and development through the adoption of neoliberal economic policies. At the social level, it attacks the Brazilian society with the adoption of neo-liberal anti-social policies that contribute to the worsening of the social situation of the great majority of the Brazilian population. On the environmental front, it adopts a policy that contributes to aggression against nature and threatens not to comply with the Paris Agreement to combat global warming.
Neoliberalism and aggravation of social problems in brazilFernando Alcoforado
The neoliberal economic model implemented in 1990 is largely responsible for worsening Brazil's social problems today. Social devastation has been the main result of the neoliberal economic model in Brazil inaugurated by President Fernando Collor in 1990 and maintained by Presidents Itamar Franco, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Lula da Silva, Dilma Roussef, Michel Temer and Jair Bolsonaro. The current economic recession, social inequality, mass unemployment and the extreme poverty of the country demonstrate the infeasibility of the neoliberal model implemented in Brazil. The social devastation suffered by Brazil with social inequality, mass unemployment and extreme poverty is demonstrated through indicators of concentration of income, unemployment, social inequality and extreme poverty.
Strategies needed to brazil facing current economic crisisFernando Alcoforado
The document outlines strategies needed for Brazil to address its current economic, social, and environmental crises. It identifies key problems such as regional inequality, slowing economic growth, high taxes, and corruption. Proposed strategies include decentralizing investment, reducing the tax burden, improving infrastructure, and adopting anti-corruption reforms. The strategies aim to strengthen Brazil's economy, overcome social issues like income inequality, and address environmental challenges through sustainable development.
The document discusses China's economic policies and strategies to reduce poverty. It notes that China plans to adapt new policies of opening up the economy, supply-side reform, and poverty alleviation strategies at its upcoming National People's Congress. China has set a goal of eliminating poverty for all rural residents living below the current poverty line by 2020. It also discusses China's reforms over the decades to transition to a more market-based economy, including privatizing state-owned enterprises and establishing a social safety net. Supply-side structural reform remains a key policy to promote upgrading industries and meeting targets like reducing overcapacity. China has already lifted 700 million people out of poverty and aims to lift 10 million people out of poverty annually from 2016-2020
The aspirations of the people and the economic elite in contemporary brazilFernando Alcoforado
The main aspiration of the Brazilian people is the existence of a government that promotes the economic growth of the country benefiting workers and entrepreneurs in general and makes it possible to increase income and employment, as well as combat social inequality and guarantee social investments and their labor rights and social security. The main aspiration of the Brazilian economic elite is the existence of a government that does not affect its fundamental interests. It wants the maintenance of the anti-popular and anti-national reforms approved by the government Michel Temer that contribute to the increase of its income and wealth. The future president of the Republic will have to adopt an economic and social policy that corresponds to the interests of the Brazilian people or those of the economic elite who are diametrically opposed.
Brazil has used various economic strategies to promote growth and development. These include fiscal stimulus strategies to increase infrastructure spending, social welfare programs to reduce poverty, and trade policies to protect domestic industries. Brazil has also liberalized its economy through trade agreements and reforms to attract foreign investment. As a result of these strategies, Brazil has experienced increasing GDP growth rates and structural changes to employment away from agriculture and toward services. However, globalization has also increased inequality and environmental pressures that Brazil works to address through continued economic development strategies.
Brazil is facing economic decline, rising inflation, high debt, and failing infrastructure and public services due to a lack of strategic vision from incompetent governments. The education system is failing to generate innovation or knowledge, forcing Brazilian companies to rely on foreign universities. To overcome problems, Brazil urgently needs a strategic development plan focused on import substitution industrialization and strengthening the domestic market, as the country can no longer rely on exports or foreign markets during the global recession. Administrative reforms are also needed to streamline government, reduce costs and the tax burden, and free up funds for investment.
The document outlines a government plan needed for Brazil to address its most pressing issues. It proposes eliminating unemployment, poverty, violence, and inflation through resuming economic growth, adopting a national developmental economic model to replace the failed neoliberal model, implementing a basic income program for the poor, and closely monitoring supply and demand to avoid inflation. Financing would come from suspending debt payments and using international reserves. The plan aims to meet Brazilians' basic needs and restore social peace.
The Brazilian economy contracted for the second consecutive year under President Temer's government, recording the largest recession in its history. GDP fell 3.6% in 2016, as household consumption declined and investment remained low. Temer's austerity measures, including a constitutional amendment freezing public spending for 20 years, failed to promote growth or reduce unemployment, bankruptcies and public debt. The document argues for alternative measures like public investment programs, taxing large fortunes and banks, and renegotiating debt payments to restart Brazil's economic development.
After the economic, social and political-institutional devastation promoted by PT (Workers Party) governments of Lula and Dilma Rousseff, any new government effectively committed to the progress of Brazil, who will exercise power after the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff, will only be able to exercise governability if it take place public policies that address the interests of the vast majority of the Brazilian nation. It is important to note that governability expresses the possibility of the government of a nation hold public policies resulting from the convergence between the various bodies of the national State with each other and this with Civil Society. The first measure to be adopted by the new government would be to put together a crisis cabinet composed of people of the highest competence and the highest ethical and moral respectability for get the respect of the nation and ensure governability. To obtain the trust of the population and exercise governability, the future government will have to take urgent measures to prevent the collapse of the economic system and the political and institutional system of Brazil.
Very high fiscal deficit in public accounts takes bankruptcy to the brazilian...Fernando Alcoforado
The Michel Temer government adopts a policy of economic austerity that is leading the country to disaster. The very high fiscal deficit planned by the Temer government in the Union budget of R$ 159 billion in 2017 and also in 2018, R$ 139 billion in 2019 and R$ 65 billion in 2020 demonstrates not only the failure of neoliberal economic policy, but , above all, the purpose of the Michel Temer government to maintain that policy in the coming years that will lead Brazil to the status of "scorched earth". A fiscal target of successive deficits from 2017 to 2020 will further increase the government's gigantic debt.
The economic and financial performance of a government as well as a company is measured by the results obtained. A company is economically and financially successful when its production grows, is profitable and has a growing market share, among other factors. A government is economically and financially successful when it contributes to the increase in production and employment in general, the country has a growing GDP, has tax collection higher than public expenditure, and has a current account balance of payments surplus, among other factors. If we take into account the economic and financial results obtained, the Bolsonaro government has been a resounding failure.
Brazil has nowadays declining in economic growth with a tendency to stagflation, rising inflation rates, very high tax burden, increasing debt of public machine, precarious infrastructure of transport and energy, failure of public education and health services, threat of deindustrialization, logistical bottleneck, precipitous drop in the trade balance and the high rate of corruption. Brazil has also problems in innovation that is not fully developed in Brazil because it depends on the failed education system of the country that is unable to generate knowledge. Due to the deficiency of the education system in Brazil, Brazilian companies such as Natura, Vale, Embraer and others that effectively develop innovation seek knowledge, research and personnel to meet this demand in major American universities like MIT. The lack of strategic vision and managerial incompetence are major brands of Brazilian governments in Brazil's recent history, particularly the Dilma Rousseff government.
The economic and social situation in Brazil now is quite serious because the failure in social progress is added to the failure in economic progress with the economic stagnation that generates mass unemployment. This situation resulted from the fact that no governments of Brazil since 1990 planned the development of the Brazilian economy because they obeyed what the Washington Consensus establishes by adopting the neoliberal economic model that does not allow effective State intervention in the economy. In our book, Os fatores condicionantes do desenvolvimento econômico e social (The conditioning factors for economic and social development), published by Editora CRV de Curitiba in 2012, we emphasize the need for government planning to avoid anarchy in the economic activity typical of the governments of capitalist countries that only intervene in the economy at times of crisis. In that book, we affirm that in the process of governmental planning, “in the design of a country's developmental policies, it is necessary to identify the internal and external factors that condition economic and social development, and then to characterize those that are booster and restrictive”.
The progressive forces of the nation that wish to end corruption, the resumption of economic growth, the development of Brazil on a new basis and the defense of national sovereignty should unite with efforts to choose a candidate for the presidency of the Republic committed to the proposals presented in this article and defeat the retrograde forces that wish to maintain the status quo. It is urgent, therefore, to launch a candidate for the presidency of the Republic who undertakes to break with neoliberalism and put into practice the strategies suggested in this article.
How to overcome crisis and to retake the development in brazilFernando Alcoforado
Government leaders in Brazil need to understand that in an exceptional situation like the current one there is an imperative need to plan national development to retake the development of the country. The Brazilian government should elaborate an economic plan that contributes to the retaking of the development of Brazil that indicates for the population and for the productive sectors a perspective of overcoming the current crisis and retaking of economic growth. It is the inexistence of a development plan one of the factors that lead to the immobility of the private sector in the realization of investments in Brazil leading to a real paralysis. The development plan should guide and coordinate the country's companies that, organized in networks, and aided by trade, technology and credit policies, can compete successfully in the national and global economy.
Brazil facing internal economic problems and the ruin of the world economyFernando Alcoforado
Brazil faces two major obstacles to its development: 1) the neoliberalism that has been devastating the country since 1990; and 2) the process of ruining the world economy. The economic model. It is urgent that the Brazilian State take the reins of the national economy by abandoning the failed neoliberal economic model to reactivate the Brazilian economy and full employment. Brazil should fight in international fora for the establishment of a stable international financial system not subordinated to financial capital and the establishment of a democratic world government that, in addition to promoting economic ordering on a world scale, should create the conditions to meet the great challenges of the world. humanity in the 21st century.
How brazil must face global recession and internal economic stagnationFernando Alcoforado
This article aims to present the impacts that the ongoing global recession will have on the Brazilian economy and the solutions to deal with this gigantic problem and the internal economic stagnation.
Urges the construction of a new alternative of political power in brazilFernando Alcoforado
The lack of political conditions to make economic changes that meet the interests of the nation and ensure the governance of the current power holders is committed because the government Dilma Rousseff has shown not have political force, does not have enough power and have no leadership to propose the nation a national development project that contributes to reverse the current situation. Time works against the government Dilma Rousseff whose tendency is to worsen the current situation and drop in acceptance of his government by the Brazilian population. All this set of factors can contribute to growth the movement for impeachment of Dilma Rousseff. Given this perspective, the Brazilian nation have to build a new alternative power with the creation of a new party that is the antithesis of the parties that held power after the military regime and demonstrate they are unable to promote economic and social development of country for the benefit of the vast majority of its population, and many of them are complicit with systemic corruption that advances in all instances of national power.
No to recessive economic adjustement of brazilian government of michel temerFernando Alcoforado
The Michel Temer government adopted a recessive economic policy seeking to limit government spending with its proposal for amendment to the Constitution (PEC 241-2016) sent to Brazilian Congress. The measures proposed in PEC 241-2016 define new “ceiling” for public spending which will limit the prior year spending adjusted for inflation and this fact will cause public health and education spending are frozen in real terms going to be just corrected by inflation. It should be noted that with low consumption (C), low investment (I) and low government spending (G), the economy tends to further deepen the recession and make it harder to return to economic growth. To combat the economic recession, the Michel Temer government should, in the short term, increase government spending to compensate the drastic reduction occurred in household consumption and private investment.
It has been abominable the trajectory of Brazil throughout history that we demonstrated in our article A deplorável trajetória do Brasil ao longo da história (The deplorable trajectory of Brazil throughout history), published on 03/25/2019 on various websites. The trajectory of Brazil throughout its history is deplorable because the country still faces problems that were created and persist since the colonial period and the attempts of its overcoming were aborted by the repression against the social movements, by the overthrow of governments committed to the progress of the country and with the adoption of anti-national and anti-social government policies. The Bolsonaro government continues this abhorrent trajectory because its election to the Presidency of the Republic is contributing to: 1) the rise of fascism to power in Brazil; 2) the deterioration of the social situation of the working class in Brazil; 3) the country's economic backwardness; and, 4) the definitive end of national sovereignty.
Action plan needed to avoid the economic and social debacle of brazil as a re...Fernando Alcoforado
To avoid the economic and social debacle in Brazil that will result from the measures adopted by the federal government, state governments and municipal governments aiming to combat the coronavirus, an action plan with economic and social measures should be developed to be adopted immediately during the economic depression that it will occur during the spread of the coronavirus, as well as economic measures to reactivate the Brazilian economy and social measures after the economic depression with the end of the spread of the coronavirus.
Brazil in danger democracy, economy, society and the environment threatened b...Fernando Alcoforado
Brazil is in danger because the Bolsonaro government is producing a gigantic backspace political, economic, social and environmental. On the political level, the Bolsonaro government threatens democracy with the escalation of fascism with all its nefarious consequences. On the economic front, it jeopardizes the country's growth and development through the adoption of neoliberal economic policies. At the social level, it attacks the Brazilian society with the adoption of neo-liberal anti-social policies that contribute to the worsening of the social situation of the great majority of the Brazilian population. On the environmental front, it adopts a policy that contributes to aggression against nature and threatens not to comply with the Paris Agreement to combat global warming.
Neoliberalism and aggravation of social problems in brazilFernando Alcoforado
The neoliberal economic model implemented in 1990 is largely responsible for worsening Brazil's social problems today. Social devastation has been the main result of the neoliberal economic model in Brazil inaugurated by President Fernando Collor in 1990 and maintained by Presidents Itamar Franco, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Lula da Silva, Dilma Roussef, Michel Temer and Jair Bolsonaro. The current economic recession, social inequality, mass unemployment and the extreme poverty of the country demonstrate the infeasibility of the neoliberal model implemented in Brazil. The social devastation suffered by Brazil with social inequality, mass unemployment and extreme poverty is demonstrated through indicators of concentration of income, unemployment, social inequality and extreme poverty.
Strategies needed to brazil facing current economic crisisFernando Alcoforado
The document outlines strategies needed for Brazil to address its current economic, social, and environmental crises. It identifies key problems such as regional inequality, slowing economic growth, high taxes, and corruption. Proposed strategies include decentralizing investment, reducing the tax burden, improving infrastructure, and adopting anti-corruption reforms. The strategies aim to strengthen Brazil's economy, overcome social issues like income inequality, and address environmental challenges through sustainable development.
The document discusses China's economic policies and strategies to reduce poverty. It notes that China plans to adapt new policies of opening up the economy, supply-side reform, and poverty alleviation strategies at its upcoming National People's Congress. China has set a goal of eliminating poverty for all rural residents living below the current poverty line by 2020. It also discusses China's reforms over the decades to transition to a more market-based economy, including privatizing state-owned enterprises and establishing a social safety net. Supply-side structural reform remains a key policy to promote upgrading industries and meeting targets like reducing overcapacity. China has already lifted 700 million people out of poverty and aims to lift 10 million people out of poverty annually from 2016-2020
The aspirations of the people and the economic elite in contemporary brazilFernando Alcoforado
The main aspiration of the Brazilian people is the existence of a government that promotes the economic growth of the country benefiting workers and entrepreneurs in general and makes it possible to increase income and employment, as well as combat social inequality and guarantee social investments and their labor rights and social security. The main aspiration of the Brazilian economic elite is the existence of a government that does not affect its fundamental interests. It wants the maintenance of the anti-popular and anti-national reforms approved by the government Michel Temer that contribute to the increase of its income and wealth. The future president of the Republic will have to adopt an economic and social policy that corresponds to the interests of the Brazilian people or those of the economic elite who are diametrically opposed.
Brazil has used various economic strategies to promote growth and development. These include fiscal stimulus strategies to increase infrastructure spending, social welfare programs to reduce poverty, and trade policies to protect domestic industries. Brazil has also liberalized its economy through trade agreements and reforms to attract foreign investment. As a result of these strategies, Brazil has experienced increasing GDP growth rates and structural changes to employment away from agriculture and toward services. However, globalization has also increased inequality and environmental pressures that Brazil works to address through continued economic development strategies.
Brazil is facing economic decline, rising inflation, high debt, and failing infrastructure and public services due to a lack of strategic vision from incompetent governments. The education system is failing to generate innovation or knowledge, forcing Brazilian companies to rely on foreign universities. To overcome problems, Brazil urgently needs a strategic development plan focused on import substitution industrialization and strengthening the domestic market, as the country can no longer rely on exports or foreign markets during the global recession. Administrative reforms are also needed to streamline government, reduce costs and the tax burden, and free up funds for investment.
The document outlines a government plan needed for Brazil to address its most pressing issues. It proposes eliminating unemployment, poverty, violence, and inflation through resuming economic growth, adopting a national developmental economic model to replace the failed neoliberal model, implementing a basic income program for the poor, and closely monitoring supply and demand to avoid inflation. Financing would come from suspending debt payments and using international reserves. The plan aims to meet Brazilians' basic needs and restore social peace.
The Brazilian economy contracted for the second consecutive year under President Temer's government, recording the largest recession in its history. GDP fell 3.6% in 2016, as household consumption declined and investment remained low. Temer's austerity measures, including a constitutional amendment freezing public spending for 20 years, failed to promote growth or reduce unemployment, bankruptcies and public debt. The document argues for alternative measures like public investment programs, taxing large fortunes and banks, and renegotiating debt payments to restart Brazil's economic development.
The document outlines measures that a new Brazilian government should take after Dilma Rousseff's impeachment to prevent economic and political collapse. It recommends urgent economic measures like reducing spending, auditing debts, and controlling capital flows. It also calls for medium-term growth strategies like cutting taxes to boost investment and consumption. Politically, it proposes convening a constituent assembly to reform governance and ban corrupt parties and officials.
HOW TO ELIMINATE UNEMPLOYMENT IN BRAZIL.pdfFaga1939
This article aims to present the strategies that would allow solving one of the greatest scourges experienced by the Brazilian population in the history of Brazil, which is mass unemployment. In Brazil, while the economy has deteriorated since 2014, unemployment reached 12 million unemployed workers and 4.8 million discouraged in 2021. The unemployment situation worsened from 2014 when there was a vertiginous growth in the unemployment rate. The main reason for the mass unemployment registered in Brazil is the fact that the country is economically stagnant from 2011 to 2020. The economic stagnation in Brazil is explained by the fall in investment in the Brazilian economy since 1990. The fall in investment in the Brazilian economy has as its main responsibility the rulers of Brazil who have adopted since 1990 the neoliberal economic model that has produced disastrous results for the Brazilian economy by presenting low rates of growth and of investment and high unemployment rate.
To eliminate unemployment, it is necessary to reactivate the Brazilian economy with the abandonment of the disastrous neoliberal economic model and its replacement by the national developmentalist model, with the government becoming an active agent in the development process, promoting the reactivation of the Brazilian economy, encouraging the development of the social and solidarity economy and the creative economy to generate jobs and increasing investments in education to prepare and continually update people for the current and future job market. The reactivation of the economy would require the execution of public infrastructure works to generate immediate employment, the development of the social and solidarity economy to promote economic activities aimed at maximizing the generation of employment and not the maximization of profit and the development of the creative economy to promote economic activities based on creativity, knowledge and information to generate employment in 13 different areas: 1) architecture; 2) advertising; 3) design; 4) arts and antiques; 5) crafts; 6) fashion; 7) cinema and video; 8) television; 9) publishing and publications; 10) performing arts; 11) radio; 12) leisure software; and, 13) music. In turn, the restructuring of Brazil's education system plays a key role in preparing and updating workers at all levels for the job market. The more prepared and updated the worker is, the greater the chances of him getting the job and staying in it.
PRESIDENT LULA AND HIS CHALLENGES TO GOVERN.pdfFaga1939
President-elect Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva faces six major challenges: 1) Uniting the deeply divided Brazilian people; 2) Rebuild the country after the devastation produced by the Bolsonaro government; 3) Reactivate the stagnant economy since 2014; 4) Eliminate poverty in Brazil; 5) Preserve the environment devastated during the Bolsonaro government; and, 6) Strengthen democracy threatened by neo-fascism in Brazil. The challenge of uniting the Brazilian people is fundamental because President Lula will only be able to govern the country and strengthen democracy if he puts into practice a government plan that meets the interests of the entire Brazilian population, rebuilds the country, reactivates the economy, assist the socially disinherited and preserve the environment.
How to generate employment and to fight against the precarisation of work rel...Fernando Alcoforado
Brazil faces significant unemployment and economic challenges, including a large informal workforce without labor rights, high unemployment, and a recession since 2014. Workers face problems generating necessary jobs and precarious working conditions imposed by neoliberal policies. To address this, the government must implement a large public works program to boost employment and consumption, attract private investment, and create an economic development plan to resume growth. However, the current government's neoliberal policies are likely to exacerbate precarious working conditions and labor reforms have already weakened unions and labor rights. Strengthening unions and pursuing alternative economic models may help address unemployment related to technological change.
The measures taken by the Michel Temer government are timid because the Constitutional Amendment Bill (PEC 241) does not solve the problem of public accounts. No measures were proposed by the government Michel Temer to combat the economic stagnation that tends to deepen in the next years. PEC 241 and the program of concessions for private sector participation in investments in the country's logistics infrastructure are insufficient to create the environment conducive to private investment at the moment in Brazil. Government leaders in Brazil need to understand that in an exceptional situation like this at the moment there is an imperative need to plan national development. The Brazilian government should elaborate an economic plan that contributes to the resumption of the development of Brazil that indicates for the population and for the productive sectors a perspective of retaking of economic growth.
THE OBSTACLES THAT IMPEDE THE DEVELOPMENT OF BRAZIL IN THE CONTEMPORARY ERA A...Faga1939
This article aims to demonstrate that the Lula government is faced with two major challenges in its effort to promote Brazil's economic and social development. The first challenge, of an economic nature, is represented by the obstacles that exist with the spending cap policy, despite the flexibility provided by the fiscal framework and the existence of an independent Central Bank, which make the Brazilian government unable to coordinate its fiscal and monetary policies, make public investments in the expansion of the economy and obtain macroeconomic stability and, the second challenge, of a political nature, is represented by the obstacles existing in the National Congress due to the fact that it does not have a majority in parliament, which prevents the federal government from putting its national developmental project into practice and fully meet social demands. For Brazil's progressive forces to re-elect President Lula in the 2026 presidential elections and obtain a parliamentary majority in the National Congress committed to political, economic and social advances, the Lula government will have to be successful on the economic front, promoting the expansion of the economy, increasing significantly generating jobs and income, keeping inflation under control and meeting the maximum social demands that benefit, above all, the country's underserved populations. Brazil's progressive forces need to commit, starting from the 2024 municipal elections, towards to elect the maximum number of mayors and councilors committed to Brazil's political, economic and social advances. These are the conditions to prevent, in 2026, right-wing extremists from regaining the Presidency of the Republic, expanding their participation in state governments and the National Congress and putting their nefarious anti-social and anti-national project into practice.
The allocation of most of the budgetary resources of the Brazilian government (45%) for the payment of interest and amortization of public debt is unsustainable in the medium and long term because Brazil would not have public resources to invest in economic and social infrastructure and transfer resources to social security and to the states and municipalities. In addition to the domestic public debt that compromises the future of the country, the foreign debt in the amount of US$ 523.7 billion in June 2016 that exceeds US$ 379 billion of the country's reserves increases further the economic vulnerability of Brazil. Taking into account the risk that Brazil may face in the future with the "explosion" of domestic and external debt, it is urgent to carry out an audit of the debt and its renegotiation in order to stretch it in time to reduce the country's burden of payment service of these debts. Without the adoption of this policy, the Brazilian government will have to make foresight social reform to the detriment of the population and privatize public assets as is being advocated by the government Michel Temer.
The coronavirus crisis reveals the importance of national self sufficiencyFernando Alcoforado
The coronavirus crisis has revealed the importance of national self-sufficiency as many countries lack critical medical supplies due to offshoring production. Countries transferred manufacturing abroad in search of higher profits but are now dependent on foreign suppliers. Brazil's industry has declined significantly since the 1980s due to neoliberal policies that promoted free markets and globalization at the expense of domestic production. To develop economically, countries must pursue self-sufficiency through policies that prioritize domestic production of essential goods and services rather than economic dependence on other nations.
THE INCAPACITATION OF THE STATE IN BRAZIL AS A DEVELOPMENT INDUCTOR WITH THE ...Faga1939
This article aims to demonstrate the incapacitation of the State in Brazil as an inducer of economic and social development with the adoption of the public spending ceiling and the autonomy of the Central Bank as part of the strategy of globalized neoliberal capitalism to transform it into a minimal State. Minimal state is the name given to the idea of neoliberal capitalism that the role of the state within society should be as small as possible, exercising only those activities considered “essential” and of the first order. The strategy of neoliberalism to transform the Brazilian State into a minimal State began in 1990 as part of the strategy of globalized neoliberal capitalism for Brazil when the neoliberal economic model was adopted which, among other economic evils it produced, culminated in the adoption of the policy of public spending limitation during the Michel Temer government and the autonomy of the Central Bank during the Jair Bolsonaro government. The public spending limitation inserted in the Brazilian Constitution based on PEC 55/2016 during the Michel Temer government implies that public spending will be frozen for 20 years, compromising public investments in energy infrastructure, transport, communications, education, health , basic sanitation and popular housing necessary for the economic and social development of Brazil. Another absurdity was the Complementary Law 179/2021, which established the autonomy of the Central Bank, which makes it impossible for the federal government to adopt economic, fiscal and monetary policies articulated with each other, as is currently the case, insofar as the recessive monetary policy imposed by the Bank Central with extremely high interest rates makes the Lula government's effort to promote the resumption of national development unfeasible. In addition, there is an evident fact which is that the adoption of interest rates as a method of controlling inflation has not worked in Brazil because inflation rates exceeded the inflation targets from 2008 to 2015 and also in 2021 despite the adoption of extremely high Selic interest rates from 2010 to 2022. Brazil cannot do without a State capable of acting as an inducer of its development. For this to happen, it is necessary to remove the public spending limitation and the autonomy of the Central Bank.
The truth about the deficit of the public accounts of brazil and the reform o...Fernando Alcoforado
The Social Security reform proposed by the Bolsonaro government will not solve Brazil's public deficit issues and will harm citizens. The real causes of the deficit are the country's economic recession from 2014-2018, which reduced tax revenue, and the huge costs of paying interest on the public debt. The reform prioritizes private banks over citizens by transitioning to a private capitalization system that most Brazilians cannot afford and will leave many without retirement support. It is a false solution that does not address the underlying economic problems and will increase inequality if approved.
The neoliberal economic model implemented in Brazil since 1990 has led to economic bankruptcy and social devastation in the country. This model has been shown to be unfeasible and has failed under multiple presidents. The current economic recession, deindustrialization, insolvency of government entities, high public debt, business bankruptcies and mass unemployment demonstrate the failure of this model. The neoliberal model should be replaced with a national economic development model focused on reducing interest rates, increasing infrastructure investment, controlling the exchange rate and capital flows, increasing exports, and prioritizing policies that encourage sustainable growth and reduce inequality.
After almost three months as President of the Republic, Michel Temer has not been able to overcome the serious economic crisis that has affected Brazil since the Dilma Rousseff administration and has led to the unemployment of 12 million unemployed, the bankruptcy of thousands of companies and the insolvency of the Union and States of the Brazilian federation. The ineffectiveness of the Temer government is blatant because its proposal of public accounts solution is not rational, it does not promote economic growth to combat the economic stagnation that threatens the country's future and does not create the environment conducive to private investment in productive activity. Government leaders in Brazil need to understand that in an exceptional situation like this there is an imperative need to plan the national development. The Michel Temer government has to come out of its passivity and take a proactive stance. The Brazilian government should elaborate an economic plan that contributes to the retaking of the development of Brazil that report for the population and for the productive sectors a perspective of retaking of economic growth.
The practice has been demonstrating the impossibility of the neoliberal economic model throughout the world, including in Brazil. The maintenance of the neoliberal model will translate into the deepening of the economic recession and the denationalization of what still remains of the public patrimony in Brazil and, consequently, in greater subordination of the country in relation to the exterior. A government seriously committed to defending national sovereignty, Brazil's progress, the social well-being of its population and sustainable development must necessarily repel this scenario by replacing the neoliberal economic model with another that corresponds to the interests of the population with the government exerting an effective control of the economy, besides propitiating the retaking of national development.
Post covid ecnomic condition ways to recover from covid-19 pandemic recessionShimanta Easin
Current condition of world economy and Bangladesh in Covid-19 pandemic, Ways to recover from this pandemic destruction, Challenges faced by world and Bangladesh in Covid-19 pandemic
Prepared By:
Roksana Rahim Rumki
Roll: 1610
49th Batch JU
BGE 10th Batch
Jahangirnagar University
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Este artigo tem por objetivo demonstrar que o povo brasileiro vive o inferno representado pelas catástrofes políticas, econômicas, sociais e ambientais que estão conduzindo o País a um desastre humanitário sem precedentes em sua história de gigantescas proporções. A catástrofe política no Brasil poderá ocorrer com o fim do processo democrático resultante da escalada do fascismo na sociedade pela ação do presidente Jair Bolsonaro que busca colocar em prática sua proposta de governo tipicamente fascista baseada no culto explícito da ordem, na violência de Estado, em práticas autoritárias de governo, no desprezo social por grupos vulneráveis e fragilizados e no anticomunismo. Soma-se à catástrofe política, a catástrofe econômica caracterizada pela estagnação da economia brasileira que amarga uma recessão em 2020 agravada pela pandemia do novo coronavirus porque o PIB caiu 4,1% em relação ao de 2019, a menor taxa da série histórica, iniciada em 1996, bem como com a taxa de desemprego em patamar recorde de 14,8 milhões de pessoas em busca de emprego no País. A catástrofe social se manifesta no fato de o governo Bolsonaro nada fazer para reduzir as taxas de desemprego reativando a economia, atuar em prejuízo dos interesses dos trabalhadores promovendo medidas contra os direitos sociais da população e contribuir para o número elevado de infectados e mortos pelo coronavirus no Brasil ao sabotar o combate ao vírus. Finalmente, a catástrofe ambiental se manifesta no fato de o governo Bolsonaro contribuir para a inação de órgãos governamentais responsáveis pela fiscalização contra as agressões ao meio ambiente, abrir caminho para atividades de mineração, agricultura, pecuária e madeireira na Floresta Amazônica e afastar o Brasil do Acordo do Clima de Paris.
Cet article vise à démontrer que le peuple brésilien vit l'enfer représenté par les catastrophes politiques, économiques, sociales et environnementales qui conduisent le pays à une catastrophe humanitaire sans précédent dans son histoire aux proportions gigantesques. La catastrophe politique au Brésil pourrait survenir avec la fin du processus démocratique résultant de l'escalade du fascisme dans la société par l'action du président Jair Bolsonaro, qui cherche à mettre en pratique sa proposition de gouvernement typiquement fasciste. fondée sur le culte explicite de l'ordre, la violence d'État, les pratiques gouvernementales autoritaires, le mépris social pour les groupes vulnérables et fragiles et l'anticommunisme. Outre la catastrophe politique, la catastrophe économique caractérisée par la stagnation de l'économie brésilienne après une récession en 2020, aggravée par la nouvelle pandémie de coronavirus, car le PIB a baissé de 4,1% par rapport à 2019, le taux le plus bas du série historique, commencée en 1996, ainsi qu'avec le taux de chômage à un niveau record de 14,8 millions de personnes à la recherche d'un emploi dans le pays.La catastrophe sociale se manifeste par le fait que le gouvernement Bolsonaro ne fait rien pour réduire les taux de chômage en réactivant la économique, agissant au détriment des intérêts des travailleurs, promouvant des mesures contre les droits sociaux de la population et contribuant au nombre élevé de personnes infectées et tuées par le coronavirus au Brésil en sabotant la lutte contre le virus. Enfin, la catastrophe environnementale se manifeste par le fait que le gouvernement Bolsonaro contribue à l'inaction des agences gouvernementales chargées de surveiller les agressions contre l'environnement, ouvrant la voie aux activités minières, agricoles, d'élevage et d'exploitation forestière dans la forêt amazonienne et retirant le Brésil de l'Accord de Paris sur le climat.
Cet article a pour objectif de présenter et d'analyser le rapport du Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat (GIEC), agence liée à l'ONU, rendu public le 9 août 2021 à travers lequel il montre l'ensemble des connaissances acquises depuis la publication de son précédent rapport en 2014 sur le climat de la planète Terre. 234 auteurs de 66 pays ont examiné plus de 14 000 études scientifiques et leur travail a été reçu avec plus de 78 000 commentaires et observations de chercheurs et d'experts qui travaillant pour les 195 gouvernements auxquels ce travail est destiné. Ce rapport révèle une connaissance approfondie du climat passé, présent et futur de la Terre. Le résumé de ce rapport est à lire dans l'article Selon le GIEC, le changement climatique est irréversible, mais peut encore être corrigé disponible sur le site <https://www.sciencesetavenir.fr/nature-environnement/climat/selon-le-giec-le-changement-climatique-s-accelere-est-irreversible-mais-peut-etre-corrige_156431>. Alors que peut-on faire pour éviter cette catastrophe climatique ? La solution est de réduire de moitié les émissions mondiales de gaz à effet de serre d'ici 2030 et de zéro émission nette d'ici le milieu de ce siècle pour arrêter et éventuellement inverser la hausse des températures. La réduction à zéro des émissions nettes consiste à réduire autant que possible les émissions de gaz à effet de serre en utilisant les technologies propres et les énergies renouvelables, ainsi que comme capter et stocker le carbone, ou l'absorber en plantant des arbres. Très probablement, le monde ne réussira pas à empêcher d'autres changements climatiques en raison de l'absence d'un système de gouvernance mondiale capable d'empêcher l'augmentation du réchauffement climatique et le changement climatique catastrophique résultant de l'impuissance de l'ONU.
AQUECIMENTO GLOBAL, MUDANÇA CLIMÁTICA GLOBAL E SEUS IMPACTOS SOBRE A SAÚDE HU...Fernando Alcoforado
Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar os impactos do aquecimento global e da consequente mudança climática sobre a saúde humana e as soluções que permitam evitar suas maléficas consequências contra a humanidade. Para alcançar este objetivo, é necessário promover uma transformação profunda da sociedade atual que tem sido extremamente destruidora das condições de vida do planeta. Diante disso, é imprescindível que seja edificada uma sociedade sustentável substituindo o atual modelo econômico dominante em todo o mundo por outro que leve em conta o homem integrado com o meio ambiente, com a natureza, ou seja, o modelo de desenvolvimento sustentável. Foi analisado o Acordo de Paris com base na COP 21 organizada pela ONU através do qual 195 países e a União Europeia definiram como a humanidade lutará contra o aquecimento global nas próximas décadas, bem como foi analisada literatura relacionada com o aquecimento global e a mudança climática para extrair as conclusões que apontam como substituir o modelo de desenvolvimento atual pelo modelo de desenvolvimento sustentável.
GLOBAL WARMING, GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTHFernando Alcoforado
This article aims to present the impacts of global warming and the consequent global climate change on human health and the solutions to avoid its harmful consequences against humanity. In order to achieve this goal, it is necessary to promote a profound transformation of current society, which has been extremely destructive of the planet's living conditions. Therefore, it is essential to build a sustainable society, replacing the current dominant economic model throughout the world with one that takes into account man integrated with the environment, with nature, that is, the model of sustainable development. The Paris Agreement was analyzed based on the COP 21 organized by the UN through which 195 countries and the European Union defined how humanity will fight global warming in the coming decades, as well as was analyzed literature related to global warming and climate change to extract the conclusions that point out how to replace the current development model with the sustainable development model.
LE RÉCHAUFFEMENT CLIMATIQUE, LE CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE MONDIAL ET SES IMPACTS ...Fernando Alcoforado
Cet article a pour objectif de présenter les impacts du réchauffement climatique et du changement climatique qui en découle sur la santé humaine et les solutions pour éviter ses conséquences néfastes contre l'humanité. Pour atteindre cet objectif, il est nécessaire de promouvoir une transformation profonde de la société d'aujourd'hui qui a été extrêmement destructrice des conditions de vie sur la planète. Il est donc essentiel de construire une société durable, en remplaçant le modèle économique actuel dominant à travers le monde par un autre qui prenne en compte l'homme intégré à l'environnement, à la nature, c'est-à-dire le modèle de développement durable. L'Accord de Paris a été analysé sur la base de la COP 21 organisée par l'ONU à travers laquelle 195 pays et l'Union européenne ont défini comment l'humanité luttera contre le réchauffement climatique dans les prochaines décennies, ainsi que a été analysée la littérature liée au réchauffement climatique et au changement climatique pour extraire les conclusions qui indiquent comment remplacer le modèle de développement actuel par le modèle de développement durable.
Cet article a trois objectifs : 1) démontrer qu'il y a un changement drastique du climat de la Terre grâce au réchauffement climatique, qui contribue à la survenue d'inondations dans les villes aux effets de plus en plus catastrophiques ; 2) proposer des mesures pour lutter contre le changement climatique mondial ; et 3) proposer des mesures pour préparer les villes à faire face à des événements météorologiques extrêmes. Récemment, des inondations se sont produites qui exposent la vulnérabilité des villes d'Europe et de Chine aux conditions météorologiques les plus extrêmes. Après les inondations qui ont fait des morts en Allemagne, en Belgique et en Chine, le message a été renforcé que des changements importants sont nécessaires pour préparer les villes à faire face à des événements similaires à l'avenir. Les gouvernements doivent admettre que les infrastructures qu'ils ont construites dans le passé pour les villes, même à une époque plus récente, sont vulnérables à ces phénomènes météorologiques extrêmes. Pour faire face aux inondations qui deviendront de plus en plus fréquentes, les gouvernements doivent agir simultanément dans trois directions : la première est de lutter contre le changement climatique mondial ; le second est de préparer les villes à faire face à des événements météorologiques extrêmes et le troisième est de mettre en œuvre une société durable aux niveaux national et mondial.
This article has three objectives: 1) to demonstrate that there is a drastic change in the Earth's climate thanks to global warming, which is contributing to the occurrence of floods in cities that are increasingly catastrophic in their effects; 2) propose measures to combat global climate change; and 3) propose measures to prepare cities to face extreme weather events. Recently, floods have occurred that expose the vulnerability of cities in Europe and China to the most extreme weather. After the floods that killed people in Germany, Belgium and China, the message was reinforced that significant changes are needed to prepare cities to face similar events in the future. Governments need to admit that the infrastructure they built in the past for cities, even in more recent times, is vulnerable to these extreme weather events. To deal with the floods that will become more and more frequent, governments need to act simultaneously in three directions: the first is to combat global climate change; the second is to prepare cities to face extreme weather events and the third is to implement a sustainable society at the national and global levels.
Este artigo tem três objetivos: 1) demonstrar que está havendo uma mudança drástica no clima da Terra graças ao aquecimento global que está contribuindo para a ocorrência de inundações nas cidades que se repetem de forma cada vez mais catastrófica em seus efeitos; 2) propor medidas para combater a mudança climática global; e, 3) propor medidas visando preparar as cidades para enfrentar eventos climáticos extremos. Recentemente, ocorreram enchentes que expõem a vulnerabilidade das cidades da Europa e da China ao clima mais extremo. Depois das enchentes que mataram pessoas na Alemanha, Bélgica e China foi reforçada a mensagem de que são necessárias mudanças significativas para preparar as cidades para enfrentar eventos similares no futuro. Os governos precisam admitir que a infraestrutura que construíram no passado para as cidades, mesmo em tempos mais recentes, é vulnerável a esses eventos de clima extremo. Para lidar com as inundações que serão cada vez mais frequentes, os governos precisam agir simultaneamente em três direções: a primeira consiste em combater a mudança climática global; a segunda consiste em preparar as cidades para enfrentar eventos extremos no clima e a terceira consiste em implantar uma sociedade sustentável nas esferas nacional e global.
CIVILIZAÇÃO OU BARBÁRIE SÃO AS ESCOLHAS DO POVO BRASILEIRO NAS ELEIÇÕES DE 2022 Fernando Alcoforado
Este artigo tem por objetivo demonstrar que as eleições de 2022 são decisivas para o futuro do Brasil porque que o povo brasileiro terá que decidir entre os valores da civilização e da democracia ou os da barbárie e do fascismo defendidos pelos candidatos à Presidência da República. É preciso observar que a Civilização é considerada o estágio mais avançado que uma sociedade humana pode alcançar do ponto de vista político, econômico, social, cultural, científico e tecnológico. O contrário de civilização é a Barbárie que é a condição daquilo que é selvagem, cruel, desumano e grosseiro, ou seja, quem ou o que é tido como bárbaro que atenta contra o progresso político, econômico, social, cultural, científico e tecnológico. A barbárie sempre se caracterizou ao longo da história da humanidade por grupos que usam a força e a crueldade para alcançar seus objetivos.
CIVILISATION OU BARBARIE SONT LES CHOIX DU PEUPLE BRÉSILIEN AUX ÉLECTIONS DE ...Fernando Alcoforado
Cet article vise à démontrer que les élections de 2022 sont décisives pour l'avenir du Brésil car le peuple brésilien devra trancher entre les valeurs de civilisation et de démocratie ou celles de barbarie et de fascisme défendues par les candidats à la Présidence de la République. Il convient de noter que la civilisation est considérée comme le stade le plus avancé qu'une société humaine puisse atteindre d'un point de vue politique, économique, social, culturel, scientifique et technologique. Le contraire de la civilisation est la barbarie, qui est la condition de ce qui est sauvage, cruel, inhumain et grossier, c'est-à-dire qui ou ce qui est considéré comme barbare qui attaque le progrès politique, économique, social, culturel, scientifique et technologique. La barbarie a toujours été caractérisée tout au long de l'histoire de l'humanité par des groupes qui utilisent la force et la cruauté pour atteindre leurs objectifs.
CIVILIZATION OR BARBARISM ARE THE CHOICES OF THE BRAZILIAN PEOPLE IN THE 2022...Fernando Alcoforado
This article aims to demonstrate that the 2022 elections are decisive for the future of Brazil because the Brazilian people will have to decide between the values of civilization and democracy or those of barbarism and fascism defended by candidates for the Presidency of the Republic. It should be noted that Civilization is considered the most advanced stage that a human society can reach from a political, economic, social, cultural, scientific and technological point of view. The opposite of civilization is Barbarism, which is the condition of what is savage, cruel, inhuman and coarse, that is, who or what is considered barbaric that attacks political, economic, social, cultural, scientific and technological progress. Barbarism has always been characterized throughout human history by groups that use force and cruelty to achieve their goals.
COMO EVITAR A PREVISÃO DE STEPHEN HAWKING DE QUE A HUMANIDADE SÓ TEM MAIS 100...Fernando Alcoforado
Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar o que foi dito pelo falecido cientista Stephen Hawking que afirmou em 2018 que a espécie humana poderia ser levada à extinção em 100 anos e que, devido a isto, forçaria os seres humanos a saírem da Terra, bem como demonstrar que as ameaças de extinção da espécie humana citadas por Hawking podem ser enfrentadas sem que haja a necessidade de fuga de seres humanos da Terra.
COMMENT ÉVITER LA PRÉVISION DE STEPHEN HAWKING QUE L'HUMANITÉ N'A QUE 100 ANS...Fernando Alcoforado
Cet article vise à présenter ce qu'a dit le regretté scientifique Stephen Hawking qui a déclaré en 2018 que l'espèce humaine pourrait être amenée à l'extinction dans 100 ans et que, de ce fait, il forcerait les êtres humains à quitter la Terre, ainsi que démontrer que les menaces d'extinction de l'espèce humaine citées par Hawking peuvent être affrontées sans que les êtres humains aient besoin de s'échapper de la Terre.
Today the French Revolution is commemorated, which was a dividing mark in the history of humanity, starting the contemporary age. It was such an important event that its ideals influenced many movements around the world.
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This article aims to analyze the triggering factors of social revolutions that have occurred throughout human history and assess the possibility of their occurrence in contemporary Brazil.
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办理美国UNCC毕业证书制作北卡大学夏洛特分校假文凭定制Q微168899991做UNCC留信网教留服认证海牙认证改UNCC成绩单GPA做UNCC假学位证假文凭高仿毕业证GRE代考如何申请北卡罗莱纳大学夏洛特分校University of North Carolina at Charlotte degree offer diploma Transcript
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How to reactivate the economy of brazil after the new coronavirus pandemic
1. 1
HOW TO REACTIVATE THE ECONOMY OF BRAZIL AFTER THE NEW
CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC
Fernando Alcoforado*
Brazil is a country that has its economic system in a terminal stage due to the vertiginous
wave of mass unemployment and the general bankruptcy of companies aggravated by the
government's restrictive measures of economic activity to face the spread of the new
Coronavirus that is taking Brazil to the economic depression unprecedented in the history
of the country. The main internal problem in Brazil today is the stagnation of the economy
with its consequences related to the closure of industries and commercial activities and
services and, above all, to the mass unemployment of millions of workers that got even
worse with the spread of the new Coronavirus.
The crisis of the new Coronavirus shows that Brazil is threatened with having collapsed
its health system and unable to produce inputs for the manufacture of drugs, respirators
and even masks to protect health professionals and the population. Today, as in much of
the world, many governments lament the lack of a national development project that
makes the country self-sufficient because they have left the free market to make decisions
such as closing factories in the country and taking them to places where the margins of
profits would be higher, as is the case of China, India and Southeast Asian countries. This
stance was dictated by the vision that started to prevail in Brazil and in the world after
1990, which was that of globalization and the opening of markets according to the
neoliberal ideology.
It is evident the misunderstanding of the governments of Brazil from 1990 to the present
moment of adopting the economic policy of not producing locally, transferring it to places
where the profit margins would be higher, a fact that was a determining factor in the
decision not to invest in the production of materials and medical equipment in the country,
transferring it to countries with lower production costs, such as China. The result is being
catastrophic because there is a lack of supplies for the manufacture of drugs, respirators
and even masks to protect health professionals and the population. In Brazil, the situation
is deplorable because industry, science and national technology have been scrapped since
1990 with the adoption by the various governments of neoliberal policies that have
contributed to increasing technological and industrial dependence in relation to the
outside.
Due to the misunderstandings practiced by the different governments of Brazil since
1990, the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) will suffer a steep drop due to the
huge reduction in household consumption (C) and private investments (I) resulting from
the new Coronavirus and, also, export earnings (X) resulting from the drop in
international trade due to the new Coronavirus. It is worth noting that the Gross Domestic
Product (GDP) is calculated based on the sum of all its components: GDP = C + I + G +
X - M. In this formula, C corresponds to household expenditure on consumer goods
(consumption private sector), I corresponds to the expenditure of companies in
investment, either in capital goods, or in stocks of raw materials and products, G
corresponds to the expenditure of the State (federal, state and municipal governments) in
consumer goods (public consumption), X corresponds to export revenue and M to import
expenditure.
Based on this formula, it can be said that the resumption of GDP growth after the new
Coronavirus pandemic can only be achieved with the expansion of private consumption
(C), the increase in investment in productive activity (I), the increase in spending
2. 2
government (G), the increase in export revenue (X) and the reduction in spending on
imports (M). Therefore, in order to increase household consumption (C), it is necessary
to increase the wage mass of the population, whether by generating jobs and also by
distributing basic income to vulnerable and unemployed populations and to adopt a credit
policy that encourages consumer to buy. To raise the level of private sector investments
(I), it is necessary for the government to reduce the tax burden and implement a policy of
tax incentives and attractive interest for businessmen. Economic growth can also be
achieved by raising the level of exports and reducing imports with the policy of
substituting imported goods aimed at expanding economic activities. However, in order
to reactivate the economy after the new Coronavirus pandemic, the State must act as if it
were a locomotive capable of leveraging consumption in general and private investment.
In this sense, the State must increase the State's expenditure (G) with the realization of
massive investments in economic infrastructure (energy, transport and communications)
and social infrastructure (education, health, housing and basic sanitation). The State must
act as an inducer of the resumption of economic growth in Brazil.
To promote the reactivation of the Brazilian economy, the Brazilian government should
draw up an economic plan that contributes to the resumption of Brazil's development that
presents to the population and the productive sectors a perspective of overcoming the
current crisis and resumption of economic growth. The development plan should guide
and coordinate companies in the country that, organized in networks, and helped with
trade, technology and credit policies can successfully compete in the national and world
economy. The Brazilian government should consider as a number one priority to
reactivate the economy with the immediate execution of a broad program of public
infrastructure works (energy, transportation, housing, basic sanitation, etc.) with the
participation of the private sector to combat the current situation of mass unemployment
raising the levels of employment and income of families and companies to, consequently,
promote the expansion of the consumption of families and companies resulting,
respectively, from the increase in the salary mass of families and the income of companies
with investments in public works to make Brazil grow economically again. In addition to
the public works program, the Brazilian government should develop a broad export
program, especially in agribusiness and the mineral sector, the drastic reduction in bank
interest rates to encourage household consumption and investment by companies, the
reduction of the burden taxation, the freezing of high salaries in the public sector and the
cut of perks and public administration organs.
Therefore, there is an urgent need to make the Brazilian State take the reins of the national
economy, abandoning the failed neoliberal economic model to reactivate the Brazilian
economy and full employment, putting an end to the economic depression that will occur
during the spread of the new Coronavirus. The entire set of measures to reactivate the
Brazilian economy after the economic depression resulting from the fight against the new
Coronavirus must be complemented with measures to combat unemployment and
extreme poverty to avoid the social debacle. Given this perspective, what would be the
solution to alleviate unemployment and poverty in the current situation? The solution
would consist of the adoption by the federal government, state governments and
municipal governments of public policies aimed at the development of the social and
solidarity economy to alleviate unemployment and the implementation of basic income
or universal minimum income to alleviate the population's poverty. Without the adoption
of these measures, Brazil will inevitably be driven to political and social upheaval.
Regarding the Social and Solidarity Economy, it is important to note that it is a different
way of generating work and income, in several sectors, be it in the productive activity, in
3. 3
community banks, in credit cooperatives, in family farming cooperatives, in the question
of trade fair, in exchange clubs, etc. The Social and Solidarity Economy is an important
alternative for the inclusion of workers in the labor market, giving them a new
opportunity, through self-management. Based on the Social and Solidarity Economy,
there is the possibility of recovering bankrupt companies, and to continue them, with a
new mode of production, in which profit maximization is no longer the main objective,
giving rise to maximizing the quantity and the quality of work. The Social and Solidarity
Economy is a possible alternative to generate employment for workers who are mostly
excluded from the formal labor market and consumption. In France, for example, it
accounts for 10% of GDP and is responsible for 12.7% of that country's employment. The
Social and Solidarity Economy emerged in various parts of the world with practices of
economic and social relations that are promoting the survival and improving the quality
of life of millions of people.
In turn, the basic income policy or universal minimum income for the population is one
of the solutions to alleviate poverty. The cash transfer program, Bolsa Família, is an
example of the application of the basic income policy. Among the reasons for this idea to
become reality, lies in the fact that distributing money reduces crime, improves the health
of the population and allows everyone to invest in themselves. The adoption of the basic
income policy or universal minimum income for the poor population is one of the
solutions to alleviate poverty, since it would allow the poor to start having money to meet
their basic needs in terms of food, health, housing, etc. By having a basic income, the
poor population will be able to supply their basic needs by increasing consumption that
contributes to the reactivation of the economy.
From the above, actions aimed at reactivating the economy must be complemented with
actions aimed at combating unemployment and extreme poverty that have worsened in
Brazil with the fight against the new Coronavirus. These actions should be taken forward
when there is the eradication of the new Coronavirus from Brazil. As long as the virus is
present in the country, the Brazilian government must act to minimize the drop in
consumption by the population and companies by maintaining essential economic
activities by adopting measures to benefit the unemployed and the poor so as not to starve
to death and also for the benefit of micro, small and medium-sized companies in order
not to succumb to the crisis that is already happening at an insufficient level. Measures
for the benefit of the unemployed and the poor include transferring government income
to families and suspending payment of taxes for a specified period and granting low-
interest loans to companies with the counterpart of not firing employees during isolation
Social. This set of measures, which has been adopted in several countries of the world,
must be maintained as long as the social distancing of the population persists so as not to
aggravate their social conditions, especially of the most vulnerable populations, and the
economic conditions of micro, small and medium-sized companies. To cope with the drop
in tax collection by the government at all levels resulting from the reduction of economic
activities, the Brazilian government must allocate resources in the volume necessary for
state and city governments to face the problems with the health system and, also, the
social problems concerning the most vulnerable populations while the social isolation of
the population endures.
To finance all the actions necessary to reactivate the Brazilian economy and to fight
unemployment and extreme poverty, the Brazilian government could adopt two
strategies; 1) suspend for 5 years the payment of the internal public debt that corresponds
to 48% of the federal government budget or renegotiate with its creditors in order to
4. 4
extend its payment so that the government will have the necessary resources for
investments aimed at reviving the economy and combating unemployment and extreme
poverty; and, 2) use the international reserves of US$ 362.5 billion existing in February
2020. Without the adoption of this set of actions, Brazil will not resume its growth and
will inevitably be driven to economic ruin.
With Bolsonaro and his ministerial team in power and, above all, Paulo Guedes in charge
of the Brazilian economy, Paulo Guedes, who did not present before and after the
pandemic any economic development plan for Brazil, the country will be taken to
bankruptcy economic and political and social breakdown. The ministerial meeting on
March 22 shown on television demonstrated that Brazil is governed by a band of
irresponsible, ill-educated and incompetent people who act uncoordinated thanks to the
incompetence of the President of the Republic. Government uncoordination does not only
happen in the health area with its disastrous performance in the fight against the new
Coronavirus, but also in the whole government. In addition, at the ministerial meeting,
the attempt by some ministers to elaborate the program they called pro Brazil, which
would represent an inductive action by the federal government to reactivate the Brazilian
economy, was torpedoed by Paulo Guedes at the meeting which, driven by neoliberal
thinking , does not admit that the government takes a proactive attitude in promoting
national development.
* Fernando Alcoforado, 80, awarded the medal of Engineering Merit of the CONFEA / CREA System,
member of the Bahia Academy of Education, engineer and doctor in Territorial Planning and Regional
Development by the University of Barcelona, university professor and consultant in the areas of
strategic planning, business planning, regional planning and planning of energy systems, is author of the
books Globalização (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1997), De Collor a FHC- O Brasil e a Nova (Des)ordem
Mundial (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1998), Um Projeto para o Brasil (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2000), Os
condicionantes do desenvolvimento do Estado da Bahia (Tese de doutorado. Universidade de
Barcelona,http://www.tesisenred.net/handle/10803/1944, 2003), Globalização e Desenvolvimento (Editora
Nobel, São Paulo, 2006), Bahia- Desenvolvimento do Século XVI ao Século XX e Objetivos Estratégicos
na Era Contemporânea (EGBA, Salvador, 2008), The Necessary Conditions of the Economic and Social
Development- The Case of the State of Bahia (VDM Verlag Dr. Müller Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG,
Saarbrücken, Germany, 2010), Aquecimento Global e Catástrofe Planetária (Viena- Editora e Gráfica,
Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2010), Amazônia Sustentável- Para o progresso do Brasil e combate
ao aquecimento global (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2011), Os Fatores
Condicionantes do Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2012), Energia no
Mundo e no Brasil- Energia e Mudança Climática Catastrófica no Século XXI (Editora CRV, Curitiba,
2015), As Grandes Revoluções Científicas, Econômicas e Sociais que Mudaram o Mundo (Editora CRV,
Curitiba, 2016), A Invenção de um novo Brasil (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2017), Esquerda x Direita e a sua
convergência (Associação Baiana de Imprensa, Salvador, 2018, em co-autoria) and Como inventar o futuro
para mudar o mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2019).