This document summarizes Toni Morrison's novel Song of Solomon and analyzes the protagonist Milkman Dead's quest for identity. It discusses how Morrison uses myths, songs, renaming, and family reunification to help Milkman restore his black identity and history, which had been distorted by slavery. Through exploring his family's past, connecting with his aunt Pilate, and learning his grandfather's true name, Milkman moves from having a false identity imposed by whites to achieving self-assertion and pride in his black identity and culture. The document analyzes how Morrison uses these elements to deconstruct racist myths and empower her black characters.
This document provides an analysis of gender role stereotypes in the plays A Streetcar Named Desire and Cat on a Hot Tin Roof by Tennessee Williams. It begins with defining gender role stereotyping and identifying traditional stereotypes such as the submissive wife, southern belle, and macho man. It then discusses Williams' biography and how his upbringing and sexuality influenced his works. Specifically, it examines how the plays portray stereotypical feminine roles through the characters of Blanche Dubois and Maggie and how they relate to ideals of beauty, marriage, and sexuality during post-war America in the 1950s.
Kindly find this paper useful in all fields, you can as well share the resource with friends in all learning institutions. This is entirely the my original work. The paper will also be useful in fields like medicine, law and social science.
Renee Cox is an Afrofemcentric artist who uses her own body and experiences as a black woman and mother as subject matter in her artwork. Her works such as "Yo Mama" and "Yo Mama's Last Supper" center black women and challenge societal norms by placing Cox's nude black body in positions of power and reverence. Cox's work addresses the dual challenges of racism and sexism faced by black women. Her photos also pay homage to historical figures like Saartjie Baartman who was exploited and objectified. Cox's confrontational style sparked controversy but succeeded in generating important discussions about representation and the marginalization of black women.
The document provides an analysis of gender roles and socialization of men and women in medieval Britain as depicted in the Disney film Brave. It summarizes that in medieval Britain, women had very few legal rights and their lives were strictly controlled by male family members. Girls were often married in arranged marriages without their consent at a young age. Widows had more freedom as they could own property. The film Brave depicts these gender dynamics through the character of Merida, a Scottish princess who rebels against the expectations for her to conform to traditional female roles through activities like archery that were typically reserved for men. The document analyzes how various scenes from the film reflect or challenge gender norms of the time period.
Where we once belonged : the postcolonial viewSadiya Abubakar
Where We Once Belonged is a novel by Samoan author Sia Figiel that explores life in a fictional Samoan village called Malefou before and after colonialism. It uses the perspective of the protagonist Alofa to describe Samoan customs, culture, and the impacts of colonialism. Post-colonial theorists like Edward Said, Homi Bhabha, and Ngugi wa Thiong'o are referenced to analyze how the novel depicts the colonized villagers being subjected to Western domination and the loss of their culture as they adopt foreign practices. The novel challenges colonial representations of Samoans as primitive by romanticizing their pre-colonial civilization and customs.
Dicing with Class, Race and Gender: Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eyeinventionjournals
ABSTRACT: The most disappointing aspect of human progress and our civilization is that some of us cannot accept others as our fellow human beings. Class, colour and culture always differentiate the human society. Instead of relishing the differences to our advantage, we struggle to suppress and destroy others. Caucasians despised Negroids and the Mongoloids are always in arms against Caucasians. We lost our sense of fraternity. The void between the rich and the poor, the gulf between blacks and whites and the drift between man and woman is keenly palpable. In the name of this class, race and gender some invisible hand is always playing the dice. Ever since human society emerged from its primitive state it has remained fundamentally divided between classes. Focusing on this aspect this paper attempts to critically analyze how classism marginalizes the poor, make them collect self-contempt by heaps and often degrade them to animal plane in Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye.
This summary analyzes Toni Morrison's novel Song of Solomon and how it relates to African folklore and mythology. The novel explores the "Myth of the Flying Africans" folk tale which tells of Igbo slaves who rebelled against their captors and transformed into buzzards flying back to Africa. Morrison uses this myth and other African cultural elements in the novel. One character, Robert Smith, tries to fly but falls to his death, showing how being disconnected from one's cultural roots prevents true liberation or flight. The novel examines the themes of connection to community and ancestry, and how those who embrace their cultural heritage can achieve freedom, while those who reject it succumb to destruction.
This document provides an overview of Baklas, or effeminate gay men, within Filipino culture. It discusses how Baklas occupy a "third gender" role outside the traditional gender binary. The document traces the history and development of the Bakla identity from the Philippines' colonial past to the present. It examines the social expectations placed on Baklas and how they navigate public and private life. Baklas often work in professions like beauty, sex work, or entertainment. The document also explores how Bakla identity is reinforced within families and schools from a young age. Overall, it analyzes how Baklas represent a uniquely Filipino cultural identity that challenges traditional gender norms.
This document provides an analysis of gender role stereotypes in the plays A Streetcar Named Desire and Cat on a Hot Tin Roof by Tennessee Williams. It begins with defining gender role stereotyping and identifying traditional stereotypes such as the submissive wife, southern belle, and macho man. It then discusses Williams' biography and how his upbringing and sexuality influenced his works. Specifically, it examines how the plays portray stereotypical feminine roles through the characters of Blanche Dubois and Maggie and how they relate to ideals of beauty, marriage, and sexuality during post-war America in the 1950s.
Kindly find this paper useful in all fields, you can as well share the resource with friends in all learning institutions. This is entirely the my original work. The paper will also be useful in fields like medicine, law and social science.
Renee Cox is an Afrofemcentric artist who uses her own body and experiences as a black woman and mother as subject matter in her artwork. Her works such as "Yo Mama" and "Yo Mama's Last Supper" center black women and challenge societal norms by placing Cox's nude black body in positions of power and reverence. Cox's work addresses the dual challenges of racism and sexism faced by black women. Her photos also pay homage to historical figures like Saartjie Baartman who was exploited and objectified. Cox's confrontational style sparked controversy but succeeded in generating important discussions about representation and the marginalization of black women.
The document provides an analysis of gender roles and socialization of men and women in medieval Britain as depicted in the Disney film Brave. It summarizes that in medieval Britain, women had very few legal rights and their lives were strictly controlled by male family members. Girls were often married in arranged marriages without their consent at a young age. Widows had more freedom as they could own property. The film Brave depicts these gender dynamics through the character of Merida, a Scottish princess who rebels against the expectations for her to conform to traditional female roles through activities like archery that were typically reserved for men. The document analyzes how various scenes from the film reflect or challenge gender norms of the time period.
Where we once belonged : the postcolonial viewSadiya Abubakar
Where We Once Belonged is a novel by Samoan author Sia Figiel that explores life in a fictional Samoan village called Malefou before and after colonialism. It uses the perspective of the protagonist Alofa to describe Samoan customs, culture, and the impacts of colonialism. Post-colonial theorists like Edward Said, Homi Bhabha, and Ngugi wa Thiong'o are referenced to analyze how the novel depicts the colonized villagers being subjected to Western domination and the loss of their culture as they adopt foreign practices. The novel challenges colonial representations of Samoans as primitive by romanticizing their pre-colonial civilization and customs.
Dicing with Class, Race and Gender: Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eyeinventionjournals
ABSTRACT: The most disappointing aspect of human progress and our civilization is that some of us cannot accept others as our fellow human beings. Class, colour and culture always differentiate the human society. Instead of relishing the differences to our advantage, we struggle to suppress and destroy others. Caucasians despised Negroids and the Mongoloids are always in arms against Caucasians. We lost our sense of fraternity. The void between the rich and the poor, the gulf between blacks and whites and the drift between man and woman is keenly palpable. In the name of this class, race and gender some invisible hand is always playing the dice. Ever since human society emerged from its primitive state it has remained fundamentally divided between classes. Focusing on this aspect this paper attempts to critically analyze how classism marginalizes the poor, make them collect self-contempt by heaps and often degrade them to animal plane in Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye.
This summary analyzes Toni Morrison's novel Song of Solomon and how it relates to African folklore and mythology. The novel explores the "Myth of the Flying Africans" folk tale which tells of Igbo slaves who rebelled against their captors and transformed into buzzards flying back to Africa. Morrison uses this myth and other African cultural elements in the novel. One character, Robert Smith, tries to fly but falls to his death, showing how being disconnected from one's cultural roots prevents true liberation or flight. The novel examines the themes of connection to community and ancestry, and how those who embrace their cultural heritage can achieve freedom, while those who reject it succumb to destruction.
This document provides an overview of Baklas, or effeminate gay men, within Filipino culture. It discusses how Baklas occupy a "third gender" role outside the traditional gender binary. The document traces the history and development of the Bakla identity from the Philippines' colonial past to the present. It examines the social expectations placed on Baklas and how they navigate public and private life. Baklas often work in professions like beauty, sex work, or entertainment. The document also explores how Bakla identity is reinforced within families and schools from a young age. Overall, it analyzes how Baklas represent a uniquely Filipino cultural identity that challenges traditional gender norms.
Manu Herbstein is a South African author who has lived in Ghana since 1970. His novel Ama, a Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade won the 2002 Commonwealth Writers Prize and tells the story of a woman captured and sold into slavery in Brazil. Zakes Mda is a critically acclaimed post-Apartheid South African author whose works explore the struggle to maintain traditional African values against Western influences. One such work is The Heart of Redness, which depicts a man returning to a rural village after time abroad. Zoë Wicomb's book You Can't Get Lost in Cape Town explores the experience of "Coloured" South Africans under apartheid through the story of a girl sent to integrate a prestigious school in
The document discusses the definition and characteristics of ethnic literature. It defines ethnic literature as works that have protagonists or speakers who are conscious of belonging to a group sharing a common racial, national, religious, linguistic or cultural background. It notes some common themes in ethnic literature, such as experiences of prejudice, generational conflicts between immigrants and their American-born children, and the feeling of being caught between two worlds. The document outlines the works of ethnic literature that will be covered in a class, including novels, poems, plays and films representing Native American, Latino, African American and Asian American heritage.
The power of connections with othersand one’s self through BecomingAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The main aim of this article is to emphasize the importance of the genre of the biography in
order to express an own voice. In this sense, women voices are specially taken into account through history until
the 21st century where female models like Michelle Robinson Obama uses her own voice to legitimise her story
and provide girls all over the world with powerful weapons to fight against injustice, racism and the difficulties
of being oneself. Besides, in her recent biography Becoming (2018), she analyses in-depth the power of
connections with others and one`s self through her life. In this line of argument, she pays attention to how others
contribute to her path and the significance of feeling unique and loved.
KEYWORDS: Biography, Becoming, connections, racism, women voice
The document discusses three South African authors: Manu Herbstein, Zakes Mda, and Zoë Wicomb. Manu Herbstein is a South African-Ghanaian author who has lived in Ghana since 1970. His novels address the Atlantic slave trade. Zakes Mda is a critically acclaimed post-Apartheid author whose works explore maintaining African traditions versus Western influences. Zoë Wicomb's book You Can't Get Lost in Cape Town addresses the experience of "Coloured" people in apartheid South Africa who did not fit into any racial category.
This document summarizes African American literature from 1970 to the present. It highlights the influential works in film, television, music, and visual art during this period produced by artists like James Earl Jones, Eddie Murphy, Denzel Washington, and Romare Beardon. It then focuses on prominent African American women writers like Maya Angelou, Toni Morrison, and Alice Walker who published influential novels in the 1970s that explored themes of racism, oppression, and family violence. The period also saw a resurgence of memoirs and performance poetry that drew from African American storytelling traditions. Oprah Winfrey's book club in the 1990s greatly expanded the audience for these writers.
This PowerPoint presentation traces African American discrimination from the end of the Civil War through the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s-1960s. It discusses the abolition of slavery, Jim Crow laws that enforced racial segregation, and organizations like the NAACP and KKK that respectively advocated for or opposed equality. Key events covered include the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court ruling, Rosa Parks' bus boycott, and the March on Washington. The goal is to help students understand the historical context and motivations of characters in To Kill a Mockingbird.
“Color Struck”: Racial Mimicry as the Root Jeremy Borgia
Zora Neale Hurston, born in 1891, has emerged as an iconic author in the fields of African-American and feminist literature; most famous for her novel Their Eyes Were Watching God, Hurston wrote a number of novels, plays, and short stories. Writing from the 1920s to the 1950s, Hurston’s work is predominantly positioned in the era of the Harlem Renaissance, which ended around the time of the Great Depression. She was an influential voice during this time period, working and arguing both with and alongside the likes of W.E.B. Du Bois and Alain Locke, each of whom had a disparate view of the role of art and literature in the movement for black American equality. Locke rejected “propaganda and ‘racial rhetoric’ for the most part as
obstacles to literary excellence and universal acceptance” (Classon 8), while Du Bois proclaimed, “I stand in utter shamelessness and say that whatever art I have for writing has been used always for propaganda for gaining the right of black folk to love and enjoy. I do not care a damn for any art that is not used for propaganda’’ (Du Bois 22). Hurston, however, was
suspicious of her contemporaries’ rhetoric, recognizing the superficial division between these two views. Both men endeavored to artificially bolster the black race by “proving” their merit to white America through literature—propagandistic or not; Hurston, however, was troubled by the notion that black society was being defined against “whiteness” in culture and literature. Indeed, her works demonstrate a criticism of these black leaders: that in their quest for equality, equality was confused with mimicking whiteness. In other words, the movement for equality became lost in the quest for sameness.
During the 1930s, teens experienced hardship as many of their fathers lost jobs during the Great Depression. Schools sometimes closed due to lack of funding, leaving teens idle. Some teens left home to avoid being a burden on their families. Teens began to form their own distinct culture, relying on each other rather than older generations for support. Two high-profile court cases in the 1930s, the Scottsboro Boys trial and the Lindbergh kidnapping trial, exposed continuing racial tensions in the U.S. and captivated widespread public interest. Teens looked up to both heroes like Jesse Owens and gangsters like John Dillinger, blurring the lines between right and wrong. Through shared hardship, teens developed stronger bonds
1) The narrator visits her grandmother Da-Duh in Barbados as a 9-year-old and forms a rivalry with her, with each trying to prove their homeland is superior.
2) Da-Duh proudly shows off the natural beauty of rural Barbados, but the narrator boasts about the modern world of New York, describing snow, dances, and the towering Empire State Building.
3) Their rivalry culminates with the narrator defeating Da-Duh by describing the Empire State Building, but she feels sad for troubling her grandmother. Tragically, Da-Duh dies shortly after from witnessing military planes, leaving the narrator remorseful for their competition.
This document provides an overview of African American literature from its origins in slave narratives to its development as a protest literature. It discusses how slave narratives were important as the first writings by former slaves that documented the brutal realities of slavery. It also examines Frederick Douglass' influential narrative as an example, noting how his first-hand account was instrumental in informing white readers and advancing the abolitionist cause. The document traces how African American literature emerged out of the struggle for identity and equality during the era of Jim Crow laws and segregation.
The document provides a Marxist analysis of Jack London's short story "The Golden Poppy" from July 15, 2016. It summarizes the biographical details of Jack London and his experiences that influenced his socialist views. It then analyzes how the story exemplifies Karl Marx's concepts of class struggle and the disconnect between the wealthy bourgeoisie and the poor proletariat. Several archetypes from the story like the colors yellow and red are discussed. It concludes that London used the story to subtly criticize capitalism and the emerging class system in the United States through the use of these archetypes and characters.
The document provides an overview of the play "The Crucible" by Arthur Miller. It discusses Miller's biography, the historical context surrounding the Salem witch trials of 1692 that inspired the play, the main characters, and a summary of the plot. The plot summary is divided into 4 acts, where Abigail accuses others of witchcraft, more people are arrested, John Proctor confesses to an affair with Abigail at the trials to try and free his wife, and in the end Proctor refuses to sign a confession and is hanged along with other prisoners. The document aims to give background information needed to understand Miller's play about the 17th century witch hunts in Salem, Massachusetts.
Lila Quintero Weaver's graphic memoir Darkroom recounts her childhood experience immigrating from Argentina to Marion, Alabama in 1961 and coming of age as a Latina girl in the segregated American South during the civil rights movement. Through vivid illustrations and dialogue, Weaver shares witnessing key moments in the civil rights struggle from her privileged perspective as an educated, middle-class Latino family. As a child who was neither black nor white, she observed the inequalities in American culture and struggled to understand race relations and find her place in society. Darkroom offers a unique window into the civil rights era through the eyes of a young immigrant girl.
Emily Dickinson was born in 1830 into a prominent family in Massachusetts. She received some education but her father discouraged her from further studying. She wrote nearly 1800 poems in her lifetime but only a small number were published while she was alive. Dickinson lived a reclusive life, rarely leaving her family home. In her poems, she explored themes of death, religion, and love. Two of her poems analyzed in this summary are "The Bustle in the House" about dealing with loss, and "Why do I love you, Sir?" about the mysteries of love. As a woman in the 19th century, Dickinson faced restrictions on her gender but found an outlet for her thoughts through her poetic writings.
The document provides context about Harper Lee's novel To Kill a Mockingbird and parallels between Lee's childhood and elements in the novel. It notes that Lee grew up in rural Alabama in the 1930s, as did the main character Scout Finch. Both Lee's and Scout's fathers were attorneys who served in the Alabama state legislature. Lee had a neighbor and friend named Truman Capote, just as Scout's friend Dill is based on Capote. The document examines similarities between key events in Lee's childhood and events in the novel, such as the Scottsboro trials that Lee would have read about as a child.
This document provides an overview and analysis of feminist literary criticism and the concept of black feminist consciousness as depicted in Alice Walker's novel The Color Purple. It discusses early feminist works in the 1960s-70s that critiqued the portrayal of women in literature by male authors. It also summarizes Elaine Showalter's models of feminist literary criticism and highlights contributions by American feminist scholars. The document then examines the idea of black feminist consciousness and how black women writers depict their authentic experiences with intersecting oppressions of race and gender.
This document provides an overview of African American literature and some prominent African American writers. It begins with an introduction that discusses common themes in African American writing such as double consciousness, attacks on white cultural superiority, naturalism focused on survival, and inventive uses of language. It then discusses views of African American literature from scholars Albert J. Raboteau and Ralph Ellison. The document goes on to provide brief biographies of influential African American writers such as Toni Morrison, Margaret Walker, Richard Wright, and Countee Cullen. It concludes by dividing African American literature into major historical periods.
Rizal's essay "The Philippines a Century Hence" predicted the future of the Philippines under Spanish rule. He analyzed the causes of the Filipino people's misery, including Spain's oppressive military policies, destruction of Filipino culture, and the passivity imposed by Spanish friars. Rizal argued Spain could not prevent Philippine progress through ignorance, poverty, or extermination. While Spain failed to change its colonial policies, the Americans took control in 1898 and granted independence decades later, fulfilling Rizal's vision.
The document discusses Australian and Canadian literature in the context of whether they can be considered national or international. It analyzes works by Leonard Cohen and Alice Munro from Canada, finding their themes to be universal rather than distinctly Canadian. Australian works by David Malouf and A.D. Hope are found to focus more on postcolonial and identity issues, making them more representative of national literature. Overall, Canadian literature can be seen as both national in developing culture and international in its audience, while Australian literature more directly addresses issues of national identity formation.
This document provides an overview of African American writers and their works. It discusses the themes often found in African American writing like double consciousness and attacks on white cultural superiority. It summarizes important time periods and movements like the Harlem Renaissance. It also profiles several influential African American authors such as James Baldwin, Toni Morrison, Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, and Richard Wright, highlighting some of their major works.
The Theory and Practice of Faith and Reason In The Light Of Nursi's Perspectiveinventionjournals
This document discusses the theory and practice of faith and reason from Nursi's perspective. It begins by conceptualizing key terms like theory, reason, and faith. It then examines Nursi's views on the sources and classification of faith as well as the significance of reason and proof in Islam. Nursi believed faith and reason are intertwined and both fulfill the same objective of understanding the world. He recognized science as part of faith and advocated applying scientific methodology while also acknowledging its limitations compared to metaphysical inquiry. The document concludes that Nursi's perspectives were inspired by the Quran and aimed to defend faith against attacks on religion from developments in science and materialism during his time.
Students’ knowledge and understanding of personal financial securityinventionjournals
The aim of thisresearchis to study and analyzestudents’ attitude and theirlevel of understandingtowardsknowledge of personalfinancialsecurity. In order to succeed in life itis essential to have financialsecurityknowledge, whichiswhy 120 Business Management students of MA degreemajoring in Financial Management and Marketing fields of study in IslamicAzadUniversity of Abhar, admittedin 2010, wereselected and studiedbased on aggregate data analysis. The adaptedmodels of research are the twocriteria; life satisfaction and the competency of pastresearches. The data collection tool of the presentresearch has been questionnaires, whichafterquality and quantityanalysis of the gathered data through variance analysis (ANOVA), have shown the attitude and knowledge of business management students of AzadUniversity of Abhar towardpersonalfinancialsecurity, do not differconsideringtheir major (marketing and financial management) and gender
Manu Herbstein is a South African author who has lived in Ghana since 1970. His novel Ama, a Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade won the 2002 Commonwealth Writers Prize and tells the story of a woman captured and sold into slavery in Brazil. Zakes Mda is a critically acclaimed post-Apartheid South African author whose works explore the struggle to maintain traditional African values against Western influences. One such work is The Heart of Redness, which depicts a man returning to a rural village after time abroad. Zoë Wicomb's book You Can't Get Lost in Cape Town explores the experience of "Coloured" South Africans under apartheid through the story of a girl sent to integrate a prestigious school in
The document discusses the definition and characteristics of ethnic literature. It defines ethnic literature as works that have protagonists or speakers who are conscious of belonging to a group sharing a common racial, national, religious, linguistic or cultural background. It notes some common themes in ethnic literature, such as experiences of prejudice, generational conflicts between immigrants and their American-born children, and the feeling of being caught between two worlds. The document outlines the works of ethnic literature that will be covered in a class, including novels, poems, plays and films representing Native American, Latino, African American and Asian American heritage.
The power of connections with othersand one’s self through BecomingAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The main aim of this article is to emphasize the importance of the genre of the biography in
order to express an own voice. In this sense, women voices are specially taken into account through history until
the 21st century where female models like Michelle Robinson Obama uses her own voice to legitimise her story
and provide girls all over the world with powerful weapons to fight against injustice, racism and the difficulties
of being oneself. Besides, in her recent biography Becoming (2018), she analyses in-depth the power of
connections with others and one`s self through her life. In this line of argument, she pays attention to how others
contribute to her path and the significance of feeling unique and loved.
KEYWORDS: Biography, Becoming, connections, racism, women voice
The document discusses three South African authors: Manu Herbstein, Zakes Mda, and Zoë Wicomb. Manu Herbstein is a South African-Ghanaian author who has lived in Ghana since 1970. His novels address the Atlantic slave trade. Zakes Mda is a critically acclaimed post-Apartheid author whose works explore maintaining African traditions versus Western influences. Zoë Wicomb's book You Can't Get Lost in Cape Town addresses the experience of "Coloured" people in apartheid South Africa who did not fit into any racial category.
This document summarizes African American literature from 1970 to the present. It highlights the influential works in film, television, music, and visual art during this period produced by artists like James Earl Jones, Eddie Murphy, Denzel Washington, and Romare Beardon. It then focuses on prominent African American women writers like Maya Angelou, Toni Morrison, and Alice Walker who published influential novels in the 1970s that explored themes of racism, oppression, and family violence. The period also saw a resurgence of memoirs and performance poetry that drew from African American storytelling traditions. Oprah Winfrey's book club in the 1990s greatly expanded the audience for these writers.
This PowerPoint presentation traces African American discrimination from the end of the Civil War through the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s-1960s. It discusses the abolition of slavery, Jim Crow laws that enforced racial segregation, and organizations like the NAACP and KKK that respectively advocated for or opposed equality. Key events covered include the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court ruling, Rosa Parks' bus boycott, and the March on Washington. The goal is to help students understand the historical context and motivations of characters in To Kill a Mockingbird.
“Color Struck”: Racial Mimicry as the Root Jeremy Borgia
Zora Neale Hurston, born in 1891, has emerged as an iconic author in the fields of African-American and feminist literature; most famous for her novel Their Eyes Were Watching God, Hurston wrote a number of novels, plays, and short stories. Writing from the 1920s to the 1950s, Hurston’s work is predominantly positioned in the era of the Harlem Renaissance, which ended around the time of the Great Depression. She was an influential voice during this time period, working and arguing both with and alongside the likes of W.E.B. Du Bois and Alain Locke, each of whom had a disparate view of the role of art and literature in the movement for black American equality. Locke rejected “propaganda and ‘racial rhetoric’ for the most part as
obstacles to literary excellence and universal acceptance” (Classon 8), while Du Bois proclaimed, “I stand in utter shamelessness and say that whatever art I have for writing has been used always for propaganda for gaining the right of black folk to love and enjoy. I do not care a damn for any art that is not used for propaganda’’ (Du Bois 22). Hurston, however, was
suspicious of her contemporaries’ rhetoric, recognizing the superficial division between these two views. Both men endeavored to artificially bolster the black race by “proving” their merit to white America through literature—propagandistic or not; Hurston, however, was troubled by the notion that black society was being defined against “whiteness” in culture and literature. Indeed, her works demonstrate a criticism of these black leaders: that in their quest for equality, equality was confused with mimicking whiteness. In other words, the movement for equality became lost in the quest for sameness.
During the 1930s, teens experienced hardship as many of their fathers lost jobs during the Great Depression. Schools sometimes closed due to lack of funding, leaving teens idle. Some teens left home to avoid being a burden on their families. Teens began to form their own distinct culture, relying on each other rather than older generations for support. Two high-profile court cases in the 1930s, the Scottsboro Boys trial and the Lindbergh kidnapping trial, exposed continuing racial tensions in the U.S. and captivated widespread public interest. Teens looked up to both heroes like Jesse Owens and gangsters like John Dillinger, blurring the lines between right and wrong. Through shared hardship, teens developed stronger bonds
1) The narrator visits her grandmother Da-Duh in Barbados as a 9-year-old and forms a rivalry with her, with each trying to prove their homeland is superior.
2) Da-Duh proudly shows off the natural beauty of rural Barbados, but the narrator boasts about the modern world of New York, describing snow, dances, and the towering Empire State Building.
3) Their rivalry culminates with the narrator defeating Da-Duh by describing the Empire State Building, but she feels sad for troubling her grandmother. Tragically, Da-Duh dies shortly after from witnessing military planes, leaving the narrator remorseful for their competition.
This document provides an overview of African American literature from its origins in slave narratives to its development as a protest literature. It discusses how slave narratives were important as the first writings by former slaves that documented the brutal realities of slavery. It also examines Frederick Douglass' influential narrative as an example, noting how his first-hand account was instrumental in informing white readers and advancing the abolitionist cause. The document traces how African American literature emerged out of the struggle for identity and equality during the era of Jim Crow laws and segregation.
The document provides a Marxist analysis of Jack London's short story "The Golden Poppy" from July 15, 2016. It summarizes the biographical details of Jack London and his experiences that influenced his socialist views. It then analyzes how the story exemplifies Karl Marx's concepts of class struggle and the disconnect between the wealthy bourgeoisie and the poor proletariat. Several archetypes from the story like the colors yellow and red are discussed. It concludes that London used the story to subtly criticize capitalism and the emerging class system in the United States through the use of these archetypes and characters.
The document provides an overview of the play "The Crucible" by Arthur Miller. It discusses Miller's biography, the historical context surrounding the Salem witch trials of 1692 that inspired the play, the main characters, and a summary of the plot. The plot summary is divided into 4 acts, where Abigail accuses others of witchcraft, more people are arrested, John Proctor confesses to an affair with Abigail at the trials to try and free his wife, and in the end Proctor refuses to sign a confession and is hanged along with other prisoners. The document aims to give background information needed to understand Miller's play about the 17th century witch hunts in Salem, Massachusetts.
Lila Quintero Weaver's graphic memoir Darkroom recounts her childhood experience immigrating from Argentina to Marion, Alabama in 1961 and coming of age as a Latina girl in the segregated American South during the civil rights movement. Through vivid illustrations and dialogue, Weaver shares witnessing key moments in the civil rights struggle from her privileged perspective as an educated, middle-class Latino family. As a child who was neither black nor white, she observed the inequalities in American culture and struggled to understand race relations and find her place in society. Darkroom offers a unique window into the civil rights era through the eyes of a young immigrant girl.
Emily Dickinson was born in 1830 into a prominent family in Massachusetts. She received some education but her father discouraged her from further studying. She wrote nearly 1800 poems in her lifetime but only a small number were published while she was alive. Dickinson lived a reclusive life, rarely leaving her family home. In her poems, she explored themes of death, religion, and love. Two of her poems analyzed in this summary are "The Bustle in the House" about dealing with loss, and "Why do I love you, Sir?" about the mysteries of love. As a woman in the 19th century, Dickinson faced restrictions on her gender but found an outlet for her thoughts through her poetic writings.
The document provides context about Harper Lee's novel To Kill a Mockingbird and parallels between Lee's childhood and elements in the novel. It notes that Lee grew up in rural Alabama in the 1930s, as did the main character Scout Finch. Both Lee's and Scout's fathers were attorneys who served in the Alabama state legislature. Lee had a neighbor and friend named Truman Capote, just as Scout's friend Dill is based on Capote. The document examines similarities between key events in Lee's childhood and events in the novel, such as the Scottsboro trials that Lee would have read about as a child.
This document provides an overview and analysis of feminist literary criticism and the concept of black feminist consciousness as depicted in Alice Walker's novel The Color Purple. It discusses early feminist works in the 1960s-70s that critiqued the portrayal of women in literature by male authors. It also summarizes Elaine Showalter's models of feminist literary criticism and highlights contributions by American feminist scholars. The document then examines the idea of black feminist consciousness and how black women writers depict their authentic experiences with intersecting oppressions of race and gender.
This document provides an overview of African American literature and some prominent African American writers. It begins with an introduction that discusses common themes in African American writing such as double consciousness, attacks on white cultural superiority, naturalism focused on survival, and inventive uses of language. It then discusses views of African American literature from scholars Albert J. Raboteau and Ralph Ellison. The document goes on to provide brief biographies of influential African American writers such as Toni Morrison, Margaret Walker, Richard Wright, and Countee Cullen. It concludes by dividing African American literature into major historical periods.
Rizal's essay "The Philippines a Century Hence" predicted the future of the Philippines under Spanish rule. He analyzed the causes of the Filipino people's misery, including Spain's oppressive military policies, destruction of Filipino culture, and the passivity imposed by Spanish friars. Rizal argued Spain could not prevent Philippine progress through ignorance, poverty, or extermination. While Spain failed to change its colonial policies, the Americans took control in 1898 and granted independence decades later, fulfilling Rizal's vision.
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Un antibiótico es un medicamento que mata bacterias. Es importante que un médico diagnostique la infección y recete el antibiótico correcto con la dosis y duración adecuadas para evitar resistencias bacterianas. Las bacterias tienen una gran capacidad de adaptación y el uso imprudente de antibióticos puede hacer que se vuelvan resistentes.
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The Influence of Service Quality, and Customer Relationship Management (CRM) ...inventionjournals
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Analysis Factors of Hospital Services Quality and User Satisfactioninventionjournals
This study aims to identify the factors of service quality and user satisfaction Hospital type B in East Java and constraints the government's efforts in improving the quality of hospital services. Technique of the analysis of data in this study using descriptive analysis and factor analysis and also obtained by interview to director of hospitals. The results showed that hospital users are women with the quality of hospital services is good, but there is still an effort to improve and based on that service quality established by 5 factors; clarity of procedures, employee competence, professionalism, effectiveness and competence. While user satisfaction built by 3 factors are tangible, reliability and empathy. Constraints faced by the government in improving service quality is the limited medical and paramedical personnel, facilities and infrastructure, including the availability of medical equipment, low public awareness of service and the poor public image of hospital services.
A Study on Emerging Challenges & Opportunities for Indian Banking Sectorinventionjournals
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English Language Teacher Knowledge and the Classroom Practicesinventionjournals
This paper previews the research about teacher knowledge and cognition among English Language Teachers and presents a pilot study resting upon the assumption that a gap between teacher professional knowledge and classroom practices exists.10 teachers from a language center volunteered to become the subjects of this study. A sample Teaching Knowledge Test (TKT) part 2, classroom observations, teacher interviews and student feedbackformed the data for this study.
“Liberatory prescription of local taxes in the civil and commercial code of t...inventionjournals
The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of the rules set forth by the Civil and Commercial Code of the Nation regarding statute of limitations on local tribunes, in the taxes which are the responsibility of the provinces and municipalities under our tax regime. We leave the study of the Constitution as powers of different levels with tax competition that coexist in our country and the very simplified our court jurisprudence in this matter study. The concept of taxing power , provincial autonomy and its limits will also be addressed.
The Implication of Financial Compensation and Performance Appraisal System to...inventionjournals
This summary provides the key points from the document in 3 sentences:
The document discusses a study analyzing the influence of financial compensation and performance appraisal systems on job satisfaction, motivation, and employee performance at PT Pupuk Kalimantan Timur in Indonesia. It presents literature on these topics and develops hypotheses about their relationships. The results of the study using a sample of 140 employees find that financial compensation influences job satisfaction but not motivation, and performance appraisal systems influence both job satisfaction and motivation as well as having a stronger influence on employee performance than financial compensation.
Dynamics of Rural Development Programmes in Uttar Pradeshinventionjournals
The Uttar Pradesh is India’s most populous state, majority of population live in rural areas. This situation comprises of widespread unemployment, low standard of living, inadequate productive skill and malnutrition. Rural development always has been an important issue in all discussions pertaining to economic development, especially of developing countries. The rural development programme is a key device for progress of rural area in Uttar Pradesh. This paper makes an attempt to measure actual performance and Government’s initiatives to accelerate the process of rural development through rural development programme in Uttar Pradesh.
Influencia de los mensajes subliminales en los comerciales de la coca cola e...chapitoCDR
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Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
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4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
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### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
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Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
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11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
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KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
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Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...
Discourse and Dis-course: Revisiting Black Identity through Milkman’s Quest in Toni Morrison’s Song of Solomon.
1. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714
www.ijhssi.org ||Volume 5 Issue 10||October. 2016 || PP.49-54
www.ijhssi.org 49 | Page
Discourse and Dis-course: Revisiting Black Identity through
Milkman’s Quest in Toni Morrison’s Song of Solomon.
Koffi Yssa Désiré
University Alassane Ouattara of Bouaké
ABSTRACT: The quest for identity has been of concern to Black people in America since slavery. Oppressed
and gagged, their history has always been distorted. That distortion denied Blacks’ identity and dignity. The
fight they undertook had as goal to reject misconceptions and destroy stereotyped images ascribed to them. The
restoring of their history in its veracity shows that Blacks have a valuable culture enabling them to analyze and
understand social events that happen in their new living environment. Blacks’ culture gives a real meaning to
their existence and endows them with an identity that brings them dignity and pride allowing them to express
American citizenship and assert themselves.
Keywords: Quest, identity, history, culture, self-assertion, dignity, pride.
I. INTRODUCTION
The United States of America was built on the belief that all men are created equal. Unfortunately, for
long, Blacks who were taken from their continent and enslaved in this country experienced discrimination and
had to fight to acquire some dignity. Later, black writers used literature as a “weapon” in their fight. Through
their works, these writers tried to restore Blacks’ true identity. Toni Morrison was among these writers with her
novel Song of Solomon which dramatizes Milkman Dead, a young Blackman’s quest for identity. This quest, in
fact, aims to restore the whole history of Blacks in the United States through their cultural heritage such as
(re)naming and family unity. Thus, endowed with courage and heroism, Milkman undertakes to discard false
identities to reach self-assertion and redefine himself.
In this paper, we intend to analyze the protagonist’s quest from a deconstructionist perspective. We will
therefore show that through slavery, myths were created by Whites to taint Blacks’ image while promoting
misconceptions about them. Morrison’s characters live under false pretenses, creating for themselves identities
which belittle them. Milkman’s quest, then, reveals as an undertaking to destabilize these images in order to
correct them and make them accepted in American mainstream culture.
II. THE RESTORATION OF BLACKS’ HISTORY
The process of enslavement was particularly painful for Blacks. Cut from their native land, they were
frightened by the artifacts of the White man’s civilization and terrified by his cruelty until they learned that they
were only expected to work for him. From then on, their history has been distorted, falsified to show that they
have no real history and past. Like most Black writers who castigated the dehumanization of Blacks, Toni
Morrison shows that they have a real and valuable history which could be seen through their culture. Blacks’
history was based on their culture which determined the norms of conducts, defined roles and behavioral
patterns. This culture also provided a network of individual showing values that modeled their personality by
giving them dignity and restoring their identity.
A- The Importance of Culture for Blacks’ Identity
Black writers find it is their responsibility to recover the annihilated history of their race. Toni
Morrison does not remain aloof from this trend through her use of mythic characters. Her novels deal with the
exploration of the history of slavery in America. They show the reality of Blacks’ oppression by Whites and the
myth which describes the early history of Blacks. The myth in Song of Solomon highlights a special power of
African people who returned to Africa to escape the difficult living and working conditions of slavery. The
flight is used in the narrative as a means of reconnection with one’s roots. Solomon, milkman’s grandfather tried
to take away his son, Jake, but failed to protect him. Milkman’s quest traces the origin of the flying Africans to
his great grandfather, Solomon. Through this myth, Milkman discovers the identity of Solomon and understands
that the flight is a proof of an intrinsic value to achieve selfhood. The fragments of the past become the coherent
family story through which Milkman discovers his identity.
In addition to the myth of the flight, Morrison also uses songs as another cultural trait which
contributes to the recovery of Milkman’s identity. The importance of songs in Song of Solomon is a key link to
ancestors, to history. The solution to Milkman’s quest is found in the words and the rhythms of a song his aunt
Pilate sings at his birth: « Oh sugarman done fly away, sugarman done gone, sugarman cut accross the sky,
sugarman gone home».(5)
2. Discourse and Dis-course: Revisiting Black Identity through Milkman’s Quest in Toni Morrison’s…
www.ijhssi.org 50 | Page
This song becomes the key to Milkman’s quest and illustrates the function of Blacks in passing on
stories to future generations. Songs have a significant role in Blacks’ culture, hence their relevance in Song of
Solomon. Milkman’s history is not a recorded one; it is rather remembered and recollected by different people.
When he grows up, Milkman hears children singing a song in Shallimar, Virginia: « Jake the only son of
Solomon Come booby yale, come booby tambee, Whirled about and touched the sun, Come booba yale, come
booba tambee».(306)
As he deciphers the song, Milkman finds in it the narrative of his family. Like the myth of the flight,
songs can also maintain the links between ideas and stories passed from generations to generations. Throughout
Song of Solomon, singing is used to recall and resurrect the past and to bring people closer. Milkamn’s
relationship to his aunt Pilate, favored by the song of Solomon, reveals as a major step towards finding his past
and his identity.
The song enabling Morrison’s Black characters to find their identity is also illustrated in The Bluest
Eye, (1970). Cholly celebrates his new identity through a song. He appears as an orphan as his mother gives him
up on a household refuse. His aunt Jimmy who takes care of him dies and he is rejected by his father. He loses
his self-control and retires in the forest. He is consoled by the song of a carter: “fresh from the vine, sweet as
sugar, red as wine”. (123).
The carter’s song has a link with Cholly’s life. The wine is compared to Cholly who has just been
rejected by his father. The sweetness of the sugar refers to his feeling of relief. While he might believe that he is
free, the red wine warns him of the danger attached to his freedom. The red color symbolizes the problems he
must face. The carter’s song indicates Cholly’s new life in which he must confront hard realities. On the whole,
this song alludes to Cholly’s past, present and future life. Without this song, his freedom and identity become
meaningless.
Morrison addresses history as the central theme and she mostly reconnects her Black characters with
their African roots. The pivotal issue of her writing lies in the point
where Blacks are the victims of Whites as a result of slavery. Black people feel closer to
Africa that they consider as the cradle of their culture. Their strength lies in a culture that is different
from that of Whites and their self-identity can be achieved only after they connect themselves with their
forefathers, their past. The connection of Blacks with their history is also perceived through renaming.
B- Renaming as a New Sense of Identity
When Blacks were taken from Africa to the New Land, their African names were removed along with
their original culture. They got rid of their slave names to have new names and get a more prideful cultural
identity. Even if those new names were rarely Africans, their purpose was to show their status as free people.
In Song of Solomon, names show the effects of both oppression and liberation. Before Milkman
uncovers his grandfather’s true name, (Jake), he was known as Macon Dead, a name the White oppressors gave
him. When he finds out his grandfather’s true name, he feels proud of himself and of his family. The process of
naming Black people is also rooted in their history. Through Milkman’s quest, we learn that the name of the first
Macon Dead was Jake. Milkman is a nickname which indicates his long breastfeeding period and therefore
associated with shame. Generally speaking, nicknames provide an opportunity for a community to acknowledge
distinctions in a personality and to recognize the individual experience as meaningful. Whether good or bad, it
permits a community to identify the experiences or characteristics that define the individual. In Song of
Solomon, among the most important renaming is that of Macon Dead III, better known as Milkman. Instead of
bringing him dignity and pride, this name identifies both his inability to achieve manhood and the impossibility
of his community to see him as a fully-grown man.
Through the knowledge of names that have got before, Milkman can understand and accept his own
name, and at last feels true love for himself and his people. A central issue of this quest is the search for the
meaning of names, because the power to name is the only and real power one can achieve in the Black
community. As a member of this community, Milkman is faced with the deliberate refusal of his people to
accept names arbitrarily bestowed upon them. Reacting against this oppression from White people, Blacks
rename reality and give themselves meaningful names: Railroad Tommy and Hospital Tommy are named after
their respective career. Guitar Bains is named after his love for this musical instrument. Each member of the
Dead family is given a name chosen from the Bible at random: Pilate, Hagar, First Corinthians and Magdalene
are chosen following this practice.
Various aspects of renaming are shown in The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman (1971). That novel
deals also with renaming to bear out Black freedom. Soon after the freedom bell rang, a little band decided to
leave for North for more freedom. After a long walk, they stopped to have a rest. Then, they began changing
their names. Some renamed themselves after great figures in American history. One of the characters called
Ned, became Ned Douglas, after Frederick Douglass who was the first spokesman of Black people. Ticey, the
main character changed her name to Jane. This process of renaming is completed as a ritual like baptism,
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circumcision or puberty by which young persons enter into the world of their group because their social status
has changed.
Through name-changing, Black people wanted to mitigate or conceal an inferior status, abandoning
names acquired from slavery. In so doing, they wanted to assert their independence and reassert their cultural
identity, one made up of what a person is born with. This identity is different from all other multiple and
secondary ones people acquire because unlike all others.
In the process of finding their lost identity, Black people also lay stress on the notion of family. Having
no family means for them having no past and no history, since each family has its own past and history. An
individual acquires his identity from his family. Family life is then of great importance for Blacks. This is why
in his quest for identity, Milkman decides to reunify his dislocated family.
C- Family Reconciliation
In Song of Solomon, the Dead family is most known through its division. Macon Dead II leads one part
and the other one is led by Pilate Dead. Macon does no longer get on with his sister Pilate because he thinks she
has stolen the gold belonging to an old White man they killed in a cave. After the death of their father, they run
across the forest and found in a cave, a White man they killed. At the same time, they heard dogs barking from a
distance. Frightened, they fled away. Later, Macon came back to the cave hoping to see the gold. But he found
neither Pilate nor the gold. He concluded that Pilate has taken the gold. For this reason, he separated from his
sister. Through his quest for gold and identity, Milkman constitutes a hyphen between his father and Pilate.
First, Macon sends him to go and fetch a bag in Pilate’s house. For Macon, this bag contains the gold he thinks
Pilate has stolen from the White man in the cave. Milkman goes to Pilate’s house with his friend Guitar who
introduces him to his aunt since they do not know each other. Pilate was very happy to see her nephew. From
this meeting, both Pilate and Milkman built strong human relations by which Pilate transmits him teachings
necessary for his socialization. Milkman discovers that Pilate puts a particular stress on human values. She loves
people passionately, a virtue Macon Dead is incapable of. Seeing Pilate’s kindness, Milkman does not
understand why his father considers her as a bad woman and compares her to a snake, and prevents him from
going to her house. Milkman becomes an intersection point between his father and Pilate. Both communicate
indirectly through him. Macon explains Milkman the causes of their separation while Pilate provides him with a
strong sense of identity. Macon is astonished by Pilate’s humanism when he notices the peaceful atmosphere
that prevails in her house, while the atmosphere in his own house is unbearable. Pilate’s house accommodates
three generations: Pilate, her daughter Reba and her granddaughter Hagar. The harmony in Pilate’s house has
favored Milkman’s integration in the Dead family. Pilate is Milkman’s spiritual guide. With her help, Milkman
undertakes his quest for identity that leads him from North to South. He comes back to the North and tells his
aunt and his father the results of his discovery: the history of his family. At last, Macon and Pilate agree to
return to the cave in Pennsylvania so that they could properly bury their father who was left on the bank of a
river.
Through the decision of Macon and Pilate to bury the remains of their father, Milkman recovers both
his dislocated family and his identity by recognizing himself and his connection to his family and the whole
Black race. He gets relieved from the pain of being nameless and ignored by the White hegemonic society.
Family unity described in Song of Solomon is also portrayed in The Bluest Eye. In that novel, to favor
family unity and a specific identity, Macteer gives his daughters (Frieda and Claudia) an education based on
several values. First, he educates them on unconditional love which is essential to reinforce family ties. Second,
he teaches them to live on reciprocity. This form of education helps them to know that they depend on each
other. Consequently, they need to stand together and rescue each other. Third, Macteer gives them an education
based on restriction which brings his daughters to have self-control by recognizing that their rights are
subordinated to those of their family. This is why the elder sister, Frieda advises her junior sister, Claudia, not to
break family and social norms. Macteer’s family appears as a unified, protective and friendly family where the
members express pride and dignity.
Restoring the history of Black people in its veracity appears as a necessity for Black writers in so far as
it gives them dignity, identity and social importance. Generally, history enables people to be conversant with
events that have happened in their life. It also tells about their evolution, their fight and their behavior. Knowing
past events is decisive for Black people because it permits them to understand passed facts so as to avoid
mistakes and face the future with success. Blacks question the very nature of the American society: its long-
standing values, beliefs and institutions. They want to be treated fairly. But to achieve these goals, Blacks had
first to redefine themselves. Their basic need was to claim their history and their identity from what must be
called cultural terrorism, the degradation of self-justifying white guilt. They had to struggle for the right to
create conditions through which they could define themselves and their relationship with their society.
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III. MILKMAN’S SELF-ASSERTION
After restoring the history and the identity of his family, Milkman provides a way whereby he can be
identified. He thinks he has now an opportunity to act and do things in order to participate in the realization of
American history. To do so, he has to respond in a way that fits his temperaments. He can achieve these goals
only through his maturity.
A- Milkman’s Maturity
Maturity is the state of being mature, which means that a person is fully responsible of his actions. In
Song of Solomon, Milkman Dead appears as a mature person since he does not escape the various challenges on
his way to discover his family history and identity and accepts it as the reality.
The first circumstance that testifies to Milkman’s maturity is “baptism”. While in Danville, he heads
for the cave where the gold he was initially looking for was supposed to be. The difficult walk in the forest
forces him to remove his clothes, physical representation of his city life. This riddance of his city identity
represents his rejection of his alienated and detached past. As he crosses the river, now deprived of the fine thin
socks and shoes, he slips and is immersed by the waters of the river. This conjures baptismal imagery, and
suggests that Milkman is being baptized by the land. Just as the Christian rite of baptism symbolizes an
embracement in the folds of religion, Milkman’s “baptism” by the land is an embracement by the arms of his
ancestral past.
Milkman’s total immersion and connection with the past now allows him to discover his identity. After
Danville, Milkman now visits Shallimar where he uses the skills acquired in the forest of Danville to read the
landscape and feel connected to it. This connection to the lands and the past provides a vital link he needs to
recognize his identity. In Shallimar, before he can fully embrace the past and be accepted by the people, he
must complete a process of cleansing. Through a fight with one of the men, he demonstrates his grit and worth.
As a result, the local men invite him to a ritualized hunt at night.
The imaginary baptism, the fight and the hunt contribute to reinforce the hero’s maturity. There is a
clear shift in his values. He no longer looks for gold but sees the importance of family ties. With pride, he
searches for family history. His new knowledge of people around him precipitates his initiation to the tradition
and mores of African people. He shows a real transformation in his personality when he accepts the
responsibility of adulthood which gives a meaning to his freedom. Milkman in fact, achieves personal freedom
through attainment of knowledge by confronting his family and by overcoming the prejudices of society.
After undergoing ordeals which forged his maturity in his quest for identity, Milkman also wants to
assert himself. The desire to know himself dominates his actions in the novel, and it is through his actions that
we can have a link between space and his identity. Morrison explores this connection by describing the journey
of her protagonist to his ancestral home in the South. It is only by undertaking this travel that he can find his
past and identity, and genuinely redefine himself.
B- The Importance of Space in Milkman’s Quest
The importance of space in constructing identity and self-assertion is well perceived in the opening line
of Song of Solomon. Milkman is born at “No Mercy Hospital”, which is reserved only to Whites. His mother is
the daughter of the Negro doctor, Foster. Milkman’s birth in that hospital is a symbol. First, it puts an end to
White racism in that place, in so far as during his entire professional life, doctor Foster had never been granted
hospital privileges and only two of his patients, both Whites were admitted to there. Second, it indicates that
Milkman’s self-assertion begins at his birth. “No Mercy Hospital” is no longer for Whites only, but also for
Blacks. By choosing that hospital as Milkman’s birthplace, Morrison gives her protagonist the opportunity to
build his own identity. This suggests a fight against a hostile world, a urban anonymity and by making space
more intimate. The connection between past, identity and space at the beginning of the novel and the
introduction of the main character can be seen as follows: the past is integral in defining one’s identity and to
access this past, one must have knowledge of the space. With these two concepts, the importance of space as a
means to discover the past and, in turn, one’s identity can be fully understood.
The impact of space on identity is more demonstrated by the characters’ place of living. The Dead’s
house, located on “Not Doctor Street”, was bought by Doctor Forster, the first Black doctor in the town. The
Southside of the town known as “Blood Bank” is inhabited only by Blacks. This area gets its name to the
violence Whites commit over them. “Blood Bank” suggests an area being the heart of the Black community
which is far from White suburbs. There, the Black citizens feel at home. Milkman manages to enjoy himself at
“Blood Bank” foreshadowing his future personality change.
Space having effects on the characters’ identity is also exemplified in The Fire Next Time (1963). In
that novel, the space in which the Black community lives is called “Down Town”, which is synonym of
violence, squalor and disorder. Children in “Down Town” know that they must grow and die there, since they
are not allowed to reach “Up Town”, the White living area, which is peaceful. This situation acts on Black
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children and forges their mentality, since it gets them ready for fighting in order to improve their living
conditions.
In order to free himself from his father’s domination and the suffocating imposed environment,
Milkman decides to leave, encouraged by his family’s stories about gold in a cave. He plans to acquire this
wealth for himself. He journeys South, reversing the historical pattern of Black migration. This reversal
indicates the spatial symbolism of the South as the past, and announces his discovery of the true gold, his real
identity and self. Milkman’s journey becomes a reconnection with his past, a re-forging of old family ties, and
more importantly by the connection between space and past and a true understanding of self.
After covering the space, the South, his ancestral home, Milkman wants to assert himself economically.
Having a financial autonomy is for Blacks one of the best ways to be equal to Whites and to refuse domination.
This is why wealth appears as an ultimate objective for Milkman.
C- The Importance of Wealth in Milkman’s Quest
In the novel, the relationships between Whites and Blacks constitute a major theme. Poverty is another
big issue and many of the characters to overcome it. Instead, money is a means by which some characters like
Milkman and his father, Macon Dead II want to challenge the White power. Macon Dead II seeks wealth,
prosperity and likeness while remaining undisturbed by the problems inherent to his own community. He stands
as the middle-class Blackman, whose concern is to acquire more properties and become respected in the white
dominated society. Believing in material possession, he tells his son: “Own things. And let the things you own
own other things. Then you will own yourself and other people too”. (55) Macon Dead believes that ownership
is the only means to protect him in the white world.
Milkman tries to emulate this characteristic of his father. His father informs him of a green bag full of
gold in Pilate’s house. He and his best friend Guitar go to Pilate’s house to steal it, so that he and his father can
become rich.
Milkman’s initial quest was for gold. He is encouraged by Guitar who is a victim of white racism and
nastiness. His father was sliced in a sawmill. To console his mother and his brothers, the White owner gave
them candy. Frustrated, he decides to join the Seven Days, a secret organization which uses violence as a way to
take revenge against Whites. Like Milkman, Guitar has also the ambition to become wealthy. For both of them,
like most Blacks, having a financial power will enable them to be independent and more responsible. Doing
things without being told to is so essential to Blacks that they fight to have an affluent society. For them, it is
because they are poor that they are dominated and neglected by Whites. In acquiring wealth, they will have a
social importance, be respected and take part in decision-making. Like his grandfather, Macon Dead I, (Jake),
who owned an estate (Lincoln Haven), and was respected by both Whites and Blacks, Milkman wants to have a
social influence. This ambition leads him from North to South, to look for gold supposed to be in a cave in
Danville (Virginia). For him, this precious metal will hoist him in the upper middle- class. As such, he will no
longer be infantilized by White power. Through the wealth he seeks, he wants to establish equality between
Blacks and Whites so that Blacks will no longer be controlled by Whites and will not be pushed into the
background of American society.
In getting Blacks’ existence better, Milkman wants to establish an egalitarian society in which Blacks
will not be under domination, but would have equal rights and advantages as Whites. He thinks that through
economic wealth of the Black community, they can reach self-determination whereby they can contest white
authority, analyze and do things according to their own vision.
IV. CONCLUSION
In her writing, Toni Morrison endeavors to gain recognition for Black identity. In Song of Solomon,
she indicates that characters who are cut off from their history and their past appear as inauthentic, uneasy and
lost. On the contrary, those who are linked to their past, their cultural and ancestral roots acquire pride and
dignity. Song of Solomon lays a particular stress on Milkman’s travel from North to the South where his initial
quest for gold results in the discovery of his ancestry and cultural identity. Through his travel, Morrison shows
that there is a tie between space, the past and Milkman’s realization of self and his identity. In the South, he
finds something more important than gold. He discovers his identity rooted in his past. In short, Song of
Solomon is both a quest for individual and collective identity.
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