Booklet that I made for criminological theories revision, using resources from the internet. These theories include:
* Classical Theory
* Functionalist Crime Theories (includes Durkheim and Merton)
* Marxist Theory
* Right realism
* Left realism
* Labelling (Interactionism)
* Individualistic theories (learning theories, psychological theories and psychodynamic theories)
* Eysenck's theory
* Family crime theories
* Neurophysiological (brain damage)
* Neurochemical
* Kohlberg's moral development
* Behaviourist theory
Booklet that I made for criminological theories revision, using resources from the internet. These theories include:
* Classical Theory
* Functionalist Crime Theories (includes Durkheim and Merton)
* Marxist Theory
* Right realism
* Left realism
* Labelling (Interactionism)
* Individualistic theories (learning theories, psychological theories and psychodynamic theories)
* Eysenck's theory
* Family crime theories
* Neurophysiological (brain damage)
* Neurochemical
* Kohlberg's moral development
* Behaviourist theory
Journal of-Criminal Justice, Vol. 7, pp. 217-241 (1979). Per.docxpriestmanmable
Journal of-Criminal Justice, Vol. 7, pp. 217-241 (1979).
Pergamon Press. Printed in U.S.A.
0047-2352’79/030217-26s2.WO
Copyright @ 1979 Pergamon Press Ltd
INFORMATION, APPREHENSION, AND DETERRENCE:
EXPLORING THE LIMITS OF POLICE PRODUCTIVITY
WESLEY G. SKOGAN
Department of Political Science and Center for Urban Affairs
Northwestern University
Evanston. Illinois 60201
GEORGE E. ANTUNES
Department of Political Science
University of Houston
Houston, Texas 77004
and
Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis
Indiana University
Bloomington, Indiana 47401
ABSTRACT
The capacity of police departments to solve crimes and
apprehend offenders is low for many types of crime, particu-
larly crimes of profit. This article reviews a variety of studies
of police apprehension and hypothesizes that an important
determinant of the ability of the police to apprehend crimi-
nals is information. The complete absence of information for
many types of crime places fairly clear upper bounds on the
ability of the police to effect solutions.
To discover whether these boundaries are high or low we
analyzed data from the 1973 National Crime Panel about the
types and amount of information potentially available to po-
lice through victim reports and patrol activities. The evidence
suggests that if the police rely on information made readily
217
218 WESLEY G. SKOGAN and GEORGE E. ANTUNES
available to them, they will never do much better than they
are doing now. On the other hand, there appears to be more
information available to bystanders and passing patrols than
currently is being used, which suggests that surveillance
strategies and improved police methods for eliciting, record-
ing, and analyzing information supplied by victims and wit-
nesses might increase the probability of solving crimes and
making arrests. In light of this we review a few possibly help-
ful innovations suggested in the literature on police produc-
tivity and procedure.
Some characteristics of the crime itself, or of events surrounding the crime, that are
beyond the control of investigators, determine whether it will be cleared in most in-
stances. (Greenwood et al., 1975: 65)
There is no feasible way to solve most crimes except by securing the cooperation of
citizens to link a person to the crime. (Reiss, 1971: 105)
INTRODUCTION
A recent spate of studies of crime and the deterrent effectiveness of the criminal
justice system has raised anew a question as old as Bentham: Does raising the cost of
criminal activity signiticantly reduce the level of crime in a community? In these studies,
the cost of criminal activity has been conceptualized in two ways: as the loss of time and
opportunity attendant to apprehension (measured by the certainty of arrest or punish-
ment), and as the stigma, discomfort, and loss of opportunity that come with conviction
by the courts (measured by the severity of punishment). Indicators of the di ...
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2. CRIME DETECTION
Crime detection is a process that is comprised of three phases. The
three stages of detecting crime include the discovery of a committed
crime, identification of suspects, and the gathering of evidence
sufficient to charge the suspects in a court of law.
3. Committed Crime
• During this process, incidences of crime might either be reported
by members of the community, by a close relative of the victims,
by a friend or by the victim may report the occurrence of crime to
law enforcement agencies. Detectives and other law
enforcement officers are supposed to show up at the crime scene
to interview witnesses, collect evidence, and additional relevant
information that may lead to arresting and charging the criminal
court.
4. Identification of Suspect
• The police and other law enforcement detectives have first to
identify the criminal suspect. Certain instances require law
enforcement agencies to do in-depth investigations to identify the
suspect. In other cases, the suspects are either caught in the act of
crime or are reported by potential witnesses.
• Advanced forensic techniques such as DNA and fingerprint
scanning are used to identify suspects thoroughly. Upon the
identification of a suspect, it is the role of the law enforcement
agencies to issue warranty of arrest and track down the suspect
with the help of the community.
5. Gathering of Evidence
• Evidence in a crime scene is any physical or argument proof that
establishes legal interpretation facts that justify that a crime was
committed. Evidence can include; material objects, DNA,
fingerprints, oral statements, written documents, and other
relevant information. Gathering of proof in a crime scene is vital
as it allows law enforcement agencies to charge suspects in a
court of law.
6. conclusion
• the prevention and detection of
crime depend on the
communication between the
community and law enforcement
agencies.
• Community awareness of crime is necessary for reducing
criminal activity because they are supposed to help law
enforcement agencies by reporting incidences