A complete review of Forensic Science and its various branches.Hamza Mohammad
This is a complete review of Forensic Science and its various branches and the various methodology and techniques used for forensic analysis of various evidences and examination of crime scene.
It is the beginning point for obtaining evidence which will be used by the crime scene investigator and the forensic expert
A thorough investigation of the crime scene must be completed
Crime scene is basically a scene of occurrence of crime. It is a place where a particular crime has been committed.
It is starting point for the investigator.
A complete review of Forensic Science and its various branches.Hamza Mohammad
This is a complete review of Forensic Science and its various branches and the various methodology and techniques used for forensic analysis of various evidences and examination of crime scene.
It is the beginning point for obtaining evidence which will be used by the crime scene investigator and the forensic expert
A thorough investigation of the crime scene must be completed
Crime scene is basically a scene of occurrence of crime. It is a place where a particular crime has been committed.
It is starting point for the investigator.
NATURE, ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW.pptxanvithaav
These slides helps the student of international law to understand what is the nature of international law? and how international law was originated and developed?.
The slides was well structured along with the highlighted points for better understanding .
WINDING UP of COMPANY, Modes of DissolutionKHURRAMWALI
Winding up, also known as liquidation, refers to the legal and financial process of dissolving a company. It involves ceasing operations, selling assets, settling debts, and ultimately removing the company from the official business registry.
Here's a breakdown of the key aspects of winding up:
Reasons for Winding Up:
Insolvency: This is the most common reason, where the company cannot pay its debts. Creditors may initiate a compulsory winding up to recover their dues.
Voluntary Closure: The owners may decide to close the company due to reasons like reaching business goals, facing losses, or merging with another company.
Deadlock: If shareholders or directors cannot agree on how to run the company, a court may order a winding up.
Types of Winding Up:
Voluntary Winding Up: This is initiated by the company's shareholders through a resolution passed by a majority vote. There are two main types:
Members' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is solvent (has enough assets to pay off its debts) and shareholders will receive any remaining assets after debts are settled.
Creditors' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is insolvent and creditors will be prioritized in receiving payment from the sale of assets.
Compulsory Winding Up: This is initiated by a court order, typically at the request of creditors, government agencies, or even by the company itself if it's insolvent.
Process of Winding Up:
Appointment of Liquidator: A qualified professional is appointed to oversee the winding-up process. They are responsible for selling assets, paying off debts, and distributing any remaining funds.
Cease Trading: The company stops its regular business operations.
Notification of Creditors: Creditors are informed about the winding up and invited to submit their claims.
Sale of Assets: The company's assets are sold to generate cash to pay off creditors.
Payment of Debts: Creditors are paid according to a set order of priority, with secured creditors receiving payment before unsecured creditors.
Distribution to Shareholders: If there are any remaining funds after all debts are settled, they are distributed to shareholders according to their ownership stake.
Dissolution: Once all claims are settled and distributions made, the company is officially dissolved and removed from the business register.
Impact of Winding Up:
Employees: Employees will likely lose their jobs during the winding-up process.
Creditors: Creditors may not recover their debts in full, especially if the company is insolvent.
Shareholders: Shareholders may not receive any payout if the company's debts exceed its assets.
Winding up is a complex legal and financial process that can have significant consequences for all parties involved. It's important to seek professional legal and financial advice when considering winding up a company.
ALL EYES ON RAFAH BUT WHY Explain more.pdf46adnanshahzad
All eyes on Rafah: But why?. The Rafah border crossing, a crucial point between Egypt and the Gaza Strip, often finds itself at the center of global attention. As we explore the significance of Rafah, we’ll uncover why all eyes are on Rafah and the complexities surrounding this pivotal region.
INTRODUCTION
What makes Rafah so significant that it captures global attention? The phrase ‘All eyes are on Rafah’ resonates not just with those in the region but with people worldwide who recognize its strategic, humanitarian, and political importance. In this guide, we will delve into the factors that make Rafah a focal point for international interest, examining its historical context, humanitarian challenges, and political dimensions.
Responsibilities of the office bearers while registering multi-state cooperat...Finlaw Consultancy Pvt Ltd
Introduction-
The process of register multi-state cooperative society in India is governed by the Multi-State Co-operative Societies Act, 2002. This process requires the office bearers to undertake several crucial responsibilities to ensure compliance with legal and regulatory frameworks. The key office bearers typically include the President, Secretary, and Treasurer, along with other elected members of the managing committee. Their responsibilities encompass administrative, legal, and financial duties essential for the successful registration and operation of the society.
2. Specific learning Objectives
By the end of the session, the student will be able to
Understand the meaning of a crime scene/ Scene of
occurrence
Analyze the general crime scene procedure
Explain the procedure of securing and isolation of the scene
of crime
Describe the role of first responding officer
3. Introduction
A crime scene is a tangible location where an illegal action took
place. A crime scene is comprised of the area, where the majority
of physical evidence is retrieved by a law enforcement agency,
crime scene investigators or in some circumstances, a forensic
scientist.
“Crime scene examination”
therefore refers to an examination
where forensic or scientific
techniques are used to preserve
and gather physical evidence of a
crime
4. A crime scene is any physical scene, anywhere, that may
provide potential evidence to an investigator. It may include a
person’s body, any type of building, vehicles, places in the
open air or objects found at those locations
A crime scene is the immediate and surrounding area where a
crime has been committed.
5. o The scene of occurrence / crime scene is the place where
a criminal offence is reported, a place where the crime has
been committed or a place where physical evidence of
such crime is found.
o It is the place where the evidences might be gathered or
located to explain the events of the crime.
o Crime scene acts as the starting point for the investigator,
which provides him the information on the victim and the
suspect and to reconstruct the crime.
6. o The Scene of occurrence is not limited to one place. The
area of crime scene is dependent on the nature of the
crime committed.
o Majorly the crime scene will have five parts :-
• Line of approach
• Point of Entry
• Actual Scene
• Point of Exit
• Line of retreat
7. Crime Scene Classification
crime scenes can be classified according to the -
o Based on the location of the original criminal activity.
primary crime scene
secondary crime scenes
The only thing consistent about crime scenes is their variety. Because of the diversity of possible
scenes there are many ways to define or classify crime scenes.
8. o Based on the size of the crime scene
macroscopic crime scene
microscopic crime scenes
o Based on the type of crime scene
Indoor crime scene
Outdoor crime scene
conveyance
9. o The primary crime scene is where a crime actually occurred. A
secondary crime scene is in some way related to the crime but
is not where the actual crime took place.
o Primary scenes typically yield more usable evidence than do
secondary scenes, but not always.
o Sometimes the only crime-scene investigators have to work
with is a secondary scene — the place where a serial killer
dumps a victim’s body, for example.
10. o Under these circumstances, investigators may not know
where the actual murder took place and therefore use
evidence they find at the secondary scenes to help them
identify the killer or locate the primary scene.
o Doing so can greatly narrow the focus of the investigation
and lead police to the primary crime scene and the
perpetrator.
11. o A macroscopic crime scene is composed of many crime scenes,
the microscopic crime scenes classification is more focused on
the specific types of evidence found at macroscopic crime
scenes.
o The macroscopic point of view of the crime scene would not
just include the location, but the victim’s body, the suspect’s
body, the houses and the vehicle involved.
o Essentially looking at the variously sized crimes scenes within
a crime scenes.
12. o The microscopic definition of crime scene is any specific
object or piece of physical evidence related to the crime
being investigated
o Example- Bite marks found on the body, ligatures,
fibers/hairs, fingernails,
13. o Compared to an outdoor scene, evidence at an indoor scene is
generally less susceptible to environmental loss and deleterious
change.
o The possibility of loss and contamination from multiple people
accessing the scene is greatly increased.
o Limiting access to the scene and collecting known reference
samples from individuals with access to the scene are a priority.
14. o An outdoor crime scene is the most vulnerable to loss,
contamination and damaging effects on biological evidence in
a short period of time.
o Individuals with access to the scene can potentially alter,
destroy or contaminate evidence. The risk is greatest when the
crime scene is not properly secured.
15. When encountering a
combination of an indoor and
outdoor scene, process the
outdoor component first.
Nighttime outdoor crime scenes
are especially problematic.
Regardless of the quality of the
light source used to illuminate
the scene, the lack of sunlight
can increase the possibility of
missing or destroying evidence.
16. Conveyance is defined as “something that serves as a means of
transportation”. Types of crimes committed in conveyances
include the following:
Vehicle burglary.
Grand theft .
Car theft.
Narcotics Violation
Sexual Battery
17. o It is important that the crime scene investigator recognize that
physical evidence recovered from these scenes may extend
well beyond the conveyance itself.
o Suspects leaving in a hurry may carelessly leave additional
evidence. A conveyance, such as a vehicle, may be
transported to the laboratory after proper documentation has
been completed.
18. o The flight path of the perpetrator may reveal evidence
important to the investigation. For example, impression
evidence, such as shoe or footprints in soil, may be found
leading away from the scene, and property removed from
the conveyance may be deposited or dropped as the
perpetrator flees the scene.
19. • Based on the manner of crime
o Suicide
o Homicide
o Accidental
o Genocide
20. Suicide is made up of two words, ‘sui’, which means self, and
‘cide’, which signifies killing. In other words, a person
committing suicide must do it themselves, regardless of the tools
they use to accomplish their goal of killing themselves.
Section 309 & 306
Section 306- Abetment for suicide
Section 309- Punishment for suicide
MHCA 2017
21. Section 299 & 300
Homicide
The word homicide is derived from latin word
“Homa” which means human beings and “cide” which
means killing
Homicide means killing of a human being by a human
being
https://prolawctor.com/culpable-homicide-and-murder-ipc-notes/
22. Accidental and Genocide
o 304A. Causing death by negligence
o Genocide is defined as, includes violent attacks
with the specific intent to destroy, in whole or in
part, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group
23. Securing and isolating
the crime scene
The objectives of any crime
scene investigation are to
recognize, preserve, collect,
and interpret all of the relevant
physical evidence at a crime
scene with the goal of
reconstructing the events that
generated this evidence. This is
always a team effort in which
the forensic scientist and crime
scene investigators play a role.
24. How is it possible to identify the
person who committed a crime?
26. Who is involved in a crime-scene
investigation?
The team is made up of legal
and scientific professionals who
work together to solve a crime.
Professionals at the scene of a
crime may include police
officers, detectives, crime-scene
investigators, district attorneys,
medical examiners, and
scientific specialists.
27. o Police officers are usually the first to arrive at a crime
scene. A district attorney may be present to determine
whether a search warrant is necessary for the crime-scene
investigators.
o Crime-scene investigators document the crime scene in
detail and collect physical evidence. Crime-scene
investigators include recorders to record the data, sketch
artists to sketch the scene, photographers to take photos of
the crime scene, and evidence collectors.
28. o Medical examiners (also called coroners) may be necessary
to determine the cause of a death when a homicide has
occurred.
o Detectives look for leads by interviewing witnesses and
talking to the crime-scene investigators about the evidence.
o Specialists such as entomologists (insect biologists), forensic
scientists, and forensic psychologists may be consulted if the
evidence requires their expertise.
29. The Preliminary Exam
o A lead investigator will start the process of evaluating
the area.
o First, the boundaries of the scene must be determined.
o Second, establish the perpetrator’s path of entry and
exit.
30. o The investigator then proceeds with an initial walk-
through of the scene to gain an overview of the
situation and develop a strategy for the systematic
examination and documentation of the entire crime
scene.
o This is done before processing the crime scene for
physical evidence
31. Summary
o A crime is defined as an act or the commission of an act that
is forbidden or the omission of a duty that is commanded by a
public law and that makes the offender liable to punishment
by that law.
o Outdoor crime scenes are the most difficult to investigate due
to the exposure of scene to rain, wind, heat, animal activity as
they contaminates the crime scene and leads to the destruction
of evidence.
32. o A Successful Crime Scene Investigation utilizes a step by
step process in the discovery, preservation and collection
of Physical Evidence.
o The Locard’s Exchange Principle states that when a
person comes into contact with an object or another
person, a cross transfer of physical evidence can occur.
The exchanged materials indicate the two objects were in
contact.
o A crime scene team includes Team members, First police
officer on the scene to protect the scene, Medics,
Investigators, Medical examiner, Photographer,
Technician and Lab experts.
33. References
o https://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/Home/ViewSubject?catid=16
o The basics of criminal investigations- Jones & Bartlett
learning
o Crime Scene Investigation A Guide for Law
Enforcement- http://www.nfstc.org/
o National Forensic Science Technology Center
o Fourth Edition, An Introduction to Scientific and
Investigative Techniques , Edited by Stuart H. James Jon
J. Nordby Suzanne Bell