In this webinar Dr Bailey explains the molecular mechanisms involved in colorectal cancer (CRC), initiation and progression and focus on dietary factors known to increase risk or offer protection against CRC development.
The colonic epithelium undergoes a constant and rapid renewal and intestinal homeostasis must therefore be tightly regulated to ensure continued homeostasis. Nowadays it is clear that lifestyle factors (mainly smoking, composition of the diet, and physical activity) play a role in the aetiology of colon inflammation and cancer initiation and progression. Among the dietary compounds known to significantly influence colonic health are various types of fatty acids originating from both dietary fat and fibre. In this webinar Dr Bailey explores the mechanisms by which fatty acids are thought to increase or decrease colorectal cancer risk. She also presents the science and evidence behind the growing interest of the omega-3 fatty acid EPA as an adjuvant in cancer prevention and treatment.
Evidence-based guidelines for the nutritional management of adult oncology pa...milfamln
Webinar Objectives
1. The participant will be able to discuss the validity of malnutrition screening and nutrition assessment tools and their utilization in clinical oncology settings
2. The participant will be able to better utilize the Nutrition Care Process to provide appropriate and high-quality nutrition care to oncology patients
3. The participant will be able to describe the evidencebased relationships between nutritional status and morbidity and mortality outcomes in oncology
Evidence-based guidelines for the nutritional management of adult oncology pa...milfamln
Webinar Objectives
1. The participant will be able to discuss the validity of malnutrition screening and nutrition assessment tools and their utilization in clinical oncology settings
2. The participant will be able to better utilize the Nutrition Care Process to provide appropriate and high-quality nutrition care to oncology patients
3. The participant will be able to describe the evidencebased relationships between nutritional status and morbidity and mortality outcomes in oncology
Nutrition is very important yet neglected in field of oncology.
Majority of healthcare providers know and practice very little on this burning issue!
It is proven that nutrition impacts on overall survival, treatment outcome & recovery in oncology.
This presentation will give you brief information regarding importance and need of nutrition in Oncology.
Nutrition in Cancer Prevention and TreatmentTim Crowe
This presentation will help you to understand the influence that dietary and lifestyle factors play in the prevention and causation of cancer. It outlines the important nutritional considerations for patients undergoing treatment for cancer and reviews procedures to improve patient safety by knowing the risks and benefits of antioxidant supplementation during cancer treatment
The slides describe the relation between bile acids, intetsinal microbiota and bile acid activated receptors. Nuclear receptors and G-protein coupled receptors
Nutrition is very important yet neglected in field of oncology.
Majority of healthcare providers know and practice very little on this burning issue!
It is proven that nutrition impacts on overall survival, treatment outcome & recovery in oncology.
This presentation will give you brief information regarding importance and need of nutrition in Oncology.
Nutrition in Cancer Prevention and TreatmentTim Crowe
This presentation will help you to understand the influence that dietary and lifestyle factors play in the prevention and causation of cancer. It outlines the important nutritional considerations for patients undergoing treatment for cancer and reviews procedures to improve patient safety by knowing the risks and benefits of antioxidant supplementation during cancer treatment
The slides describe the relation between bile acids, intetsinal microbiota and bile acid activated receptors. Nuclear receptors and G-protein coupled receptors
Breast cancer is the leading cause of death from cancer among women, accounting for 23% of the total cancer cases and 14% of cancer deaths in 2008. As dietary fat is thought to be one of the main risk factors, this webinar will focus on the opposing effects of the omega-6 fatty acid arachidonic acid (AA) and the omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on factors related to breast cancer risk, development and prognosis, including their influence on cyclooxygenase activity and prostaglandin production, the impact of inflammation within the tissue microenvironment, impact on aromatase and oestrogen production and impact on genetic aspects of breast cancer such as modulation of BRAC1 and BRAC2 genes.
Bowel cancer / colorectal cancer / colon cancer surgery India- an overview.nidhi21
Bowel cancer can occur in the small or large bowel (also known as the small or large intestine). Technically, colorectal cancer is cancer of the large bowel, but it's often referred to simply as bowel cancer. This article discusses cancer of the large bowel.
A Review on Protein and Cancer ; Etiology, Metabolism and ManagementAbdulrahman Ragab
Altered metabolism is one of the hallmarks of cancer cells. Cell cycling and protein synthesis are both key
physiological tasks for cancer cells. In recent years, interest has been renewed as clear that many of the signaling
pathways that are affected by genetic mutations and the tumor microenvironment have a profound effect on core
metabolism of cancer cells. Metabolic alterations in cancer cells are numerous and include aerobic glycolysis,
reduced oxidative phosphorylation and the increased generation of biosynthetic intermediates needed for cell
growth and proliferation. Furthermore, accelerated protein turnover seen in many cancer patients and whole body
protein turnover is increased with advancing stage of disease. Cancer cells alter their consumption and the way
they process sugars, fats, amino acids and other energy sources to satisfy the demands of continuous proliferation.
The possible effects of specific amino acid, methionine, asparagine, arginine, tyrosine and glutamine, etc. on
protein cancer metabolism are discussed. Evidences confirm a contribution of proteins in all cancer stages and
describe metabolism of protein in cancer and how amino acids can be targeted to management or initially prevent
different types of cancer. Several studies suggest that people who eat more red meat have higher risk for
developing colorectal cancer than those who eat less red meat, but avoiding processed meats is even more
important for cancer prevention. In this review we summarize the role of proteins in cancer etiology, metabolism,
its complication, prevention and treatments.
With a growing number of conditions being grouped under the ‘umbrella’ of autoimmune disease, supporting clients who are, increasingly, presenting with various, and often multiple, autoimmune conditions, can appear complex at first glance.
In this webinar, Dr Danielle Crida outlines a clinical protocol that can support most autoimmune conditions, and takes a deep dive into the role of the immune system and key inflammatory processes at play.
Many clients take bone health for granted until they’re presented with a diagnosis of osteoporosis, often following a fracture. Whether your client is nutrient deficient, concerned about bone health, or diagnosed with a metabolic bone disease, adding the right nutrients to a protocol is paramount.
In her latest webinar, Dr Danielle Crida discusses:
- The importance of bone health
- Consequences of low bone mineral density
- The most important nutrients for bone health and their synergistic roles
- Exercise and lifestyle choices for bone strength
- Supplement and dosing recommendations, introducing our new Ca/Mg/D3/K2/Boron product
Did you know that food storage and preparation can hugely affect its nutritional value? For example, the antioxidant capacity of blueberries actually increases with freezing, and letting crushed garlic rest for 10 minutes before cooking allows for the development of compounds with amazing health benefits.
Learn the tricks of the trade for getting the most out of your food in this short webinar with nutritionist Dr Danielle Crida.
Confused about what to eat for better health? Dr Danielle Crida, trained medical doctor and nutritionist, will guide you through the basic ingredients of a nutritious and delicious diet. This short webinar will discuss how to build the foundations of your meals with macronutrients, and provide tips on how to ensure you are meeting your requirements for vitamins and minerals. We know getting started is the hard part, so we’ll provide a free editable shopping list and tips for a kitchen clearout to set you up for success.
Magnesium plays a role in over 300 biochemical reactions, therefore affecting almost every system of the body when levels are insufficient. In her latest webinar, Dr Danielle Crida focuses on the important role magnesium plays in all stages of a woman’s life, supporting:
- Menstrual cramps
- A healthy pregnancy and postpartum
- Menopausal symptoms, such as hot flushes and mood changes
- Women-predominant conditions, e.g. osteoporosis and thyroid conditions
Veganism is on the rise due to growing concerns about the environment and perceived health benefits. However, certain nutrients such as EPA & DHA are difficult to obtain from plant-based diets. Until recently, the only supplemental source of long-chain omega-3s was fish oil. Igennus has recently launched a vegan omega-3 product which combines algae-sourced EPA & DHA with the additional benefit of astaxanthin, a powerful antioxidant.
In this hour-long webinar, Dr Danielle Crida discusses:
- The importance of omega-3s and the omega 6:3 ratio
- Vegan options for omega-3 supplementation
- Our new Vegan Omega-3 & Astaxanthin product
- How to assess omega-3 requirements and measure response to supplementation
- Ensuring optimal nutrition on a plant-based diet: common nutrient deficiencies and how to address them
While Lyme disease is considered to be relatively uncommon in the UK, it is likely that many cases are simply undiagnosed, many of which turn up in our clinics frustrated by conventional approaches to managing their symptoms. Being able to identify clients with suspected Lyme disease is vital, as many cases that present with early or initial symptoms of fever, headache or other neurological symptoms as a consequence of a tick-borne bacterial infection, simply do not relate these symptoms to having been bitten. As such, this highlights the importance of the need to take comprehensive and detailed client history notes, certainly when a client is reporting symptoms that have not responded to conventional interventions.
With appropriate antibiotic treatment, most patients with early-stage Lyme disease recover rapidly and completely. Signs and symptoms of Lyme disease, however, vary by disease stage, and because many individuals who present with symptoms fail to recall a history of a tick bite or to report the classic bulls-eye rash, they often miss out on what is a relatively narrow window of opportunity to prevent the condition from progressing.
As Lyme disease is a multi-system illness, if left untreated, it can progress to affect the skin, joints, immune system, nervous system, or other vital organs, with many of the symptoms becoming indistinguishable from other multi-system conditions such as fibromyalgia or chronic fatigue syndrome.
In this hour-long webinar, Dr Nina Bailey discusses strategies for practitioners to help identify and manage symptoms of Lyme disease.
Around 250,000 people in the UK are currently thought to be affected by CFS/ME. The high level of disability that is often associated with this debilitating condition can be both physically and mentally challenging for patients and appears to stem from a combination of symptoms such as fatigue, pain, sleep disturbance, cognitive impairment, depression and, in many cases, symptoms mirroring those of irritable bowel syndrome.
With no current cure and no validated, universally accepted, ‘one-size-fits-all’ approach to the treatment, many clients are seeking natural alternatives to conventional approaches.
Taking a personalised and functional medicine approach, Dr Nina Bailey reviews the latest science on ME/CFS and the underlying mechanisms that can be targeted with nutritional interventions and explains how to ensure your therapeutic approach is right for your clients.
Covered in the webinar:
1. CFS/ME background /causes/symptoms
2. Update on the mechanisms associated with CFS/ME:
- Immune disturbances
- Oxidative stress and inflammation
- The kynurenine pathway and neurotransmitter dysregulation
- Mitochondrial dysfunction and related mechanisms
* Methylation
* Detoxification
* Glycolysis
* Citric acid cycle/Krebs
* Oxidative phosphorylation
3. An overview of current treatment options
4. Nutritional intervention – an evidence-based approach
5. Nutritional supplementation
As healthcare practitioners, we are well aware of the endless benefits of vitamin C in supporting immune health, antioxidant support, energy production, collagen formation, nervous system function and iron absorption. Faced with a huge array of vitamin C products, however, how can we be confident we’re recommending the best supplement to our clients?
During R&D for our latest addition to the Igennus Healthcare Nutrition synergistic range of supplements, we were impressed by both the high absorption of Ester-C and the unprecedented uptake and retention in immune cells. Ester-C boasts an impressive 10x higher bioavailability in leukocytes, whilst its pH neutral composition means it’s also gentle on the stomach.
In this webinar, Dr Danielle Crida discusses:
- A recap of vitamin C basics
- The research that led to the production of Ester-C
- The case for Ester-C: success in clinical use above standard vitamin C supplements
- Practical applications and dosing
As natural healthcare practitioners, we all understand the pivotal and complex role that magnesium plays. Required for over 300 biochemical reactions and metabolic functions including cellular signalling, function & energy production, it is no surprise magnesium is one of the most used supplements in a clinician’s toolbox.
Magnesium supplementation is, however, not as straightforward as we are led to believe. With considerations such as carrier, dose and bioavailability to consider, are we really doing clients (and magnesium) justice with a standard ‘go-to’ product?
In this educational webinar, Dr Nina Bailey not only discusses magnesium in clinical practice but, importantly, also uncovers the perils and pitfalls of the magnesium supplement ‘scene’, in the quest to provide clinical excellence, and the important supplemental factors that must be considered to optimise magnesium status and provide clinical efficacy.
Dr Bailey discusses:
1. A brief overview of the clinical implications of magnesium deficiency
2. Magnesium in practice:
-Supporting digestive complaints and overcoming
malabsorption
-The importance of magnesium for structural support
-Supporting energy levels and insulin sensitivity
3. How to ensure clinically effective dosing and supplementation
The imbalance between free radical production and endogenous antioxidant defence may result in cellular oxidative stress, causing oxidative damage to various cellular components, such as DNA, proteins and membrane lipids. The human system employs the use of endogenous enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defence systems against the onslaught of free radicals and oxidative stress.
Unsurprisingly, oxidative damage has been implicated in and is believed to be a key factor causing various pathological conditions, such as cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disease, diabetes and cancer. Free radicals can be quenched through a number of mechanisms. Antioxidants directly scavenge free radicals (e.g., via hydrogen atom transfer or electron transfer), prevent free radical formation by chelating metal ions and by interrupting the radical chain reactions of lipid peroxidation, thus retarding its progression. Enzymatic antioxidants include superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase. Non-enzymatic antioxidants include vitamins A, C, and E, glutathione, alpha-lipoic acid, carotenoids, and coenzyme Q10. Other antioxidants include polyphenols, minerals (copper, zinc, manganese, and selenium), and cofactors (B-vitamins). Together, antioxidants work synergistically with each other using different mechanisms against different free radicals and stages of oxidative stress.
The benefits associated with antioxidants are numerous and diverse but it can be a minefield when choosing the appropriate antioxidant support for clients. In this hour-long webinar, Dr Nina Bailey discusses the direct and indirect benefits and actions of key antioxidants including (but not limited to) astaxanthin, alpha lipoic acid, polyphenols and co-enzyme Q10, with a focus on:
-Antioxidant sources and benefits
-Mechanisms and actions
-When to combine antioxidants for synergistic effects
-Overcoming bioavailability issues
-Targeted intervention, which antioxidant(s) and why
Astaxanthin, the naturally occurring carotenoid responsible for the pink-red pigmentation of wild salmon and crustaceans such as shrimp and lobsters, is a potent and effective antioxidant that boasts an ability to combat oxidative stress 6000x greater than that of vitamin C, 800x coenzyme Q10, 550x vitamin E and 75x alpha lipoic acid. Naturally, we are very excited to introduce AstaPure astaxanthin to our Pure Essentials range, launching in March!
Most commonly associated with preventing age-related diseases, astaxanthin’s unique chemical structure that spans the cell membrane gives rise to an exciting and diverse array of health benefits. New research is coming out daily suggesting astaxanthin is a highly effective tool in combating age-related diseases and cardiovascular disease, as well as boosting the immune system, liver and brain function.
Join Dr Nina Bailey for this ‘Introductory’ ingredient training webinar and discover:
Astaxanthin’s most exciting mechanisms of action
How its unique structure makes it so potent
An overview of some of the most compelling research into astaxanthin’s health benefits
When to use astaxanthin in clinical practice & dosing guidelines
Fibromyalgia syndrome is a common chronic pain condition that affects at least 2% of the adult population. Chronic widespread pain is the defining feature of FM, but patients may also exhibit a range of other symptoms, including sleep disturbance, fatigue, irritable bowel syndrome, headaches and mood disorders. While the aetiology of the condition is not completely understood, it is believed that a number of factors (rather than one in isolation) are most likely to lead to its development. Thus, the onset of fibromyalgia syndrome can be influenced by hormonal and/or chemical imbalances, chronic stress and/or a traumatic event, genetic predisposition and even pre-existing illness.
In this hour-long webinar, Dr Nina Bailey covers:
• An overview of the aetiology of fibromyalgia
• The signs and symptoms of fibromyalgia
• Factors that can contribute to or exacerbate fibromyalgia syndrome
• Managing symptoms via dietary manipulation and lifestyle change
• Supporting nutrients/supplements for those with fibromyalgia syndrome
Histamine intolerance (which can easily be mistaken for an IgE reaction) results from the imbalance of accumulated histamine and the capacity for histamine degradation. Symptoms of histamine intolerance are diverse in nature because histamine exerts its numerous biological reactions via 4 receptors, located on target cells in various tissues, with the severity of symptoms dependent on circulating histamine levels. The signs and symptoms of histamine intolerance can often be misinterpreted or simply go undetected in many individuals.
In this hour-long webinar, Dr Nina Bailey covers:
· The biological roles of histamine and how/why histamine intolerance arises
· The signs and symptoms of histamine intolerance
· High histamine foods/histamine liberators
· Factors that can contribute to or exacerbate histamine intolerance
· How to optimise your diet to reduce histamine reactions
· Supporting nutrients/supplements for those with histamine intolerance
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder, thought to affect between 4%–8% of women of reproductive age. Due to a lack of awareness, and the dramatic variation in the signs and symptoms between individuals, a large number of women may have PCOS without being at all aware of it. Unless help is sought for common symptoms (including oily skin and recurring acne; irregular, infrequent or absent periods; excess facial and body hair growth; head hair loss or thinning; weight gain) a formal diagnosis may never be made and issues can persist unmanaged until menopause. PCOS is most commonly diagnosed in women hoping to become pregnant, but who experience fertility issues as a result of irregular ovulation or miscarriage. In this webinar, Dr Nina Bailey PhD outlines the key mechanisms in the pathophysiology of PCOS, the signs and symptoms that should trigger further investigation, and the key nutritional strategies that can be adopted to help women manage the condition.
During this webinar, Sophie covers the double-edged sword of inflammation and oxidative stress as driving factors in chronic modern illness and why addressing these factors with nutritional intervention does not always produce the desired effects; it may even, in some cases, be harmful. Taking a personalised and functional medicine approach, Sophie reviews the underlying mechanisms that can be targeted with nutritional interventions and explains how to ensure your therapeutic approach is right for your clients.
Igennus are excited to announce the launch of our new product, Longvida® Curcumin. During this webinar, Dr Bailey reviews the research behind the therapeutic use of curcumin and why Longvida is the world’s most advanced formulation of the nutrient.
Curcumin is a polyphenol compound obtained from the rhizome of Curcuma longa, also known as turmeric. This Indian spice has a long history of use in Ayurvedic medicine as a treatment for inflammatory conditions. Curcumin is well documented for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities. Although it has been shown to be safe at high doses (12g/d), it is poorly absorbed, undergoes rapid intestinal and hepatic metabolism and is rapidly eliminated from the body. As such, standard curcumin demonstrates poor bioavailability, even at high doses, limiting its therapeutic potential.
After much research and discussion (it’s a big and complicated topic!) between the Igennus nutrition scientists, the decision as to which type of curcumin we would use for our Synergistic Nutrients range was actually a very straightforward one. Longvida Curcumin utilises a novel delivery system (SLCP), which protects curcumin from the harsh environment of the stomach and promotes its rapid absorption into the bloodstream and target tissues, even at low doses – resulting in an incredible 285x superior bioavaibility compared with standard curcumin, 65x higher peak plasma levels and 7x longer-lasting action. Longvida is the only formulation proven to deliver high levels of free form, unconjugated curcumin, into the bloodstream. Free form curcumin is the form required for therapeutic benefits, and the only form proven to cross the blood brain barrier.
This webinar covers:
- What curcumin is, what it does and how?
- Why free form curcumin is essential for therapeutic effects
- The research and current evidence for Longvida Curcumin’s unique health benefits
- How Longvida overcomes significant bioavailability issues associated with curcumin use
- To who, why and when you should recommend curcumin
…and more.
Nutrition science seems to change on an almost daily basis and much of what was previously considered mainstream or consensus science is being challenged and changed as the new wave of more personalised intervention trials start to clarify many of the reasons behind why nutrition study results can be so conflicting.
No research area, it seems, is more subject to conflicting and confusing results than that of omega-3s which is why, here at Igennus, we do our best to stay on top of ALL the omega-3 research so we can not only help you unpick the fact from fiction (and answer all your questions about every single product on the market!), but also ensure our formulations and education reflect the most cutting edge and clinically proven ingredient research.
Dr Bailey’s ever-growing brain contains a veritable treasure chest of omega-3 knowledge and as we know you are big fans of the work she does, this webinar is dedicated to Dr Bailey’s brain and sharing with you all the latest updates, innovations and applied therapeutic research that she has been reading about over the last year. We aim to help you separate fish oil fact from fiction by answering as many of your omega-3 and fatty acid therapeutic-related questions as possible. Covering everything from which and how much omega-3 to take for certain conditions, how and when taking omega-3 can affect the benefit and amount absorbed, why very high doses can be dangerous, the truth behind what companies and headlines are telling you about omega-3s, to any other areas you want us to cover! We will do our best to cover the most common and important questions and concerns we hear about from you via phone or email and when out and about training in stores and at events every day. As always, we will also clarify some of the reasons behind the frustratingly confusing conflicts in the research and media and what exciting things are coming out of the omega-3 world.
Catherine Jeans has been working with children’s nutrition for the past six years, specialising in family health, including babies, toddlers and teens. Working with children presents various challenges as a nutritional practitioner – not only getting the child to jump on board with the changes, but as important, making sure the parents are able to motivate their child and make the time to help them prepare the right food.
In this webinar, Catherine will go through:
– Logistical challenges – managing parents and their expectations, at what point to include children in consultations and how to talk to children about weight loss, digestive health and sugar.
-The realities of changing a child’s diet – what can you realistically achieve and how to motivate children to change.
– Case studies from babies to teens – Catherine will go through various case studies from her practice, including allergies, food intolerances, Coeliac disease, weight management and sugar addicts.
Nutrition is a key factor in the onset and progression of cognitive decline, yet despite a growing pool of research, little evidence exists to support the efficacy of single nutrients in this complex area. The most promising evidence comes from specific dietary patterns and nutrients in the prevention and slowed progression of neurodegenerative disease. During this webinar, Dr Bailey will focus on the synergistic role of key nutrients involved in the mechanisms that drive cognitive decline and support healthy brain aging. Topics include:
- Risk factors for cognitive decline
- Biological mechanisms underpinning cognitive decline
Dietary patterns that offer protection and support against cognitive decline
- The role of specific nutrients in protecting brain health and function
- Nutritional recommendations for healthy brain ageing
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
2. Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in the UK after
breast and lung cancer, with approximately 40,000 new cases
registered each year
Colorectal cancer is the second most common cause of cancer
death in the UK
Occurrence is strongly related to age, with almost three-quarters
of cases of colorectal cancer occurring in people aged 65 or over
It is estimated 50% of CRC cases could be avoided by improving
diet and increasing physical activity (World Cancer Research Fund,
2009)
3. The adenoma-carcinoma sequence
Carcinogenesis is recognised as a multi-step process involving a
combination of events at the cellular, molecular and
morphological levels pertaining to:
initiation (stable genomic alterations)
promotion (proliferation of genetically altered cells)
progression (an increase in tumour size, its spreading and
acquisition of additional genetic changes)
4. The adenoma-carcinoma sequence
The genetic changes in the malignant transformation process of
the colorectal mucosa include deletions, rearrangements and
mutations leading to either the activation or inactivation of specific
target genes including oncogenes (k-ras); tumour suppressor
genes (APC, p53, DCC) and mismatch repair (MMR) genes
Thus colorectal carcinogenesis sees the normal colonic mucosa
converted into a hyperproliferative state, leading to clonal
expansion, formation of an adenoma eventually leading to
carcinoma
5.
6.
7. Screening should begin at age 50, unless there is a family history of
colon cancer, in which case it should begin earlier
Faecal occult blood test (FOBT)
Stool samples tested for presence of blood
Sigmoidoscopy
Views lower third of the colon
Colonoscopy
Views entire colon
Colonoscopy should be done every ten years, Sigmoidoscopy and FOBT
every five years
8. The gastrointestinal tract undergoes a constant and rapid renewal and
is exposed to a hostile environment from both the systemic circulation
and from direct contact with the toxic content of the gut lumen
Earliest lesions in the development
of adenomas are dysplastic
aberrant crypt foci
The morphogenesis of adenomas
is not clearly understood
"top-down" vs "bottom-up“
The progression from adenoma to carcinoma can take several decades
9. Proximal/ascending colon
Active site of
carbohydrate
fermentation
Rapid transit
Low pH (c.a. 5.5/6.0)
Distal/descending colon
Active site of protein
fermentation
Slow transit
Neutral pH ≥ 7.0
Transverse colon
Slower fermentation rate
Reduced substrate availability
10. Dietary fat and CRC
High fat diets have long been hypothesised to increase the risk of
developing colorectal cancer, in part by increasing the secretion of bile
acids, which have a nonspecific irritant effect on the colonic lumen and
the production of genotoxic secondary bile acids, the metabolic by-
products of intestinal bacteria linked to hyperproliferation of the
colorectal mucosa
Whilst high fat diets are generally associated with increased
proliferation in the large bowel, it is the role of individual fatty acids,
rather than of total fat intake, that appears to be significant when
addressing CRC risk
11. Dietary fat and CRC
Diets that are high in saturated fats, for example, are thought to increase
the risk of cancer, whereas diets high in polyunsaturated fats that are rich
in omega-3 fatty acids derived from fish and fish oil are thought to
decrease the risk of cancer
Several studies indicate that whilst diets high in lard, beef tallow or corn
oil increase the concentration of colonic luminal secondary bile acids,
dietary fish oil at high concentrations have no such enhancing
effect (Bartram et al., 1998)
Dietary omega-6-PUFAs can promote carcinogenesis and can increase
chemically induced colonic tumours in rats, whereas diets rich in omega-3
tend to have an anti-promotional effect
12. Changes in omega fatty acids within the mucosa of CRC patients
Patients with CRC have shown increased concentrations of AA and AA
derived prostaglandins within the tumoural mucosa (Bennett et al, 1987)
Phospholipase A2 and prostaglandin E2 (potent tumour promoter) have
been shown to be increased in human colorectal cancer tissue (Soydan et
al., 1996)
Patients with CRC have shown increased concentrations of AA and DHA
(Neoptolemos et al., 1991)
Unlike EPA, DHA may have detrimental effects on CRC by accelerating
dysplastic tissue transformation (Woodworth et al., 2010)
13. Changes of the mucosal omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid status occur early in
the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence (Fernandez-Banares et al., 1996)
Plasma fatty acids
No difference between controls and adenoma groups
Cancer patients had significantly increased values of SFA and lower EPA compared
with both controls and adenoma groups
Colonic mucosa
Stepwise reduction in EPA from benign adenoma to more advanced carcinoma
(Dukes’ B to Dukes’ C-D)
Corresponding increase in the AA to EPA ratio
Low UI (unsaturation index) increase in SFA and decrease in MUFA
14. The AA to EPA ratio, inflammation and CRC
Inflammation creates the ideal “tumour microenvironment” and is now widely
recognised as an enabling characteristic of cancer in regard to enhanced cell
proliferation, cell survival, cell migration and angiogenesis
Many inflammatory mediators derived from AA such as cytokines, chemokines, and
eicosanoids are capable of stimulating the proliferation of both untransformed and
tumour cell proliferation
EPA, a key omega-3 fatty acid found in fish and fish oils possesses both anti-
inflammatory and anticancer activities, giving rise to end products that directly
oppose the actions of AA
The ratio of AA to EPA within the colic mucosa has the potential to modify the
inflammatory processes which influence the development of cancer
15. Influence on transcription factor activity, gene expression, and signal
transduction
Omega-3 and their metabolites may exert some of their antitumour effects
by affecting gene expression or the activities of signal transduction
molecules involved in the control of cell growth, differentiation apoptosis,
angiogenesis and metastasis:
•Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)
•Nuclear transcription factor B
•Ras and protein kinase C
•Ornithine decarboxylase
•(HMG-CoA) reductase
•Cyclooxygenase-2 and lipoxygenases
•Phospholipase A2
16. Increased or decreased production of free radicals and reactive oxygen
species
Free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced in cells
may attack PUFAs to form lipid hydroperoxides, which leads to the
formation of more free radicals and reactive aldehydes such as trans-4-
hydroxy-2-nonenal and malondialdehyde
These metabolites potentially generate DNA adducts in human cells,
which, if not repaired, have the potential to lead to cancer
Although omega-6 fatty acids augment these events through the
overproduction of AA-derived proinflammatory eicosanoids, the omega-3
fatty acids suppress inflammation and thus the overproduction of free
radicals and carcinogenesis
17. Bruce WR, Giacca A, Medline A: Possible mechanisms relating diet and risk of colon cancer.
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2000, 9(12):1271-1279.
18. Fish consumption and CRC risk
Oily fish is a primary source of omega-3 fatty acids and a 2012 meta-
analysis of 22 prospective cohort and 19 case-control studies showed a
12% decrease in the relative risk (RR) of colorectal cancer (RR: 0.88;
95% CI: 0.78, 1.00) in a comparison of high fish consumption with low
fish consumption (Wu et al., 2012)
Dietary omega-3 exposure may not be sufficient for consistent anti-CRC
activity in individuals consuming moderate amounts of fish (a portion of
oily fish 2–3 times per week only provides the equivalent of
approximately 500 mg per day of EPA and DHA combined)
19. Fish or supplements?
EPA has been shown in studies to be significantly more effective than
DHA in reducing tumourigenesis in animal models of colorectal
cancer,with some indication that DHA may actually accelerate dysplastic
tissue transformation (Petrick et al., 2000; Woodworth et al., 2010)
Increasing numbers of studies are focusing on pure EPA as a safe and
potentially viable chemopreventative agent for the treatment of CRC
EPA has been shown to reduce intestinal adenoma multiplicity by 79% in
animal models of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) (Fini et al., 2010)
In humans, the effects of EPA (2g daily for 6 months) on rectal polyp
growth in patients with FAP produced a 22.4% decrease in adenoma
numbers and a 29.8% reduction in adenoma size (West et al., 2010)
20. The seAFOod Polyp Prevention Trial (Hull et al., 2013)
The seAFOod Polyp Prevention Trial is a randomised, double-blind,
placebo-controlled, 2×2 factorial ‘efficacy’ study, which will determine
whether EPA prevents colorectal adenomas, either alone (1 g twice
daily) or in combination with aspirin (300mg daily)
EPA and aspirin are both potent inhibitors of COX-1 but they alter COX-2
activity in ways leading to production of different bioactive lipid
mediators, including PGE3 (EPA) and 15R-HETE (aspirin)
21. Aspirin belongs to a group of drugs
called NSAIDs (Non Steroidal Anti
Inflammatory Drugs) that inhibit (COX)
enzymes resulting in decreased
prostaglandin synthesis.
There are two isoforms of COX, COX-1
which is constitutively expressed and
COX-2 which is inducible.
In colorectal carcinogenesis there is
over expression of COX-2 enzyme
22. The seAFOod Polyp Prevention Trial
Aspirin irreversibly acetylates the COX enzymes leading to conversion of
EPA to 18R-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (18R-HEPE) and then
trihydroxy-EPA, also known as resolvin E1, which has potent anti-
inflammatory activity
Participants are 55–73 year-old patients, who have been identified as
‘high risk’ (detection of ≥5 small adenomas or ≥3 adenomas with at least
one being ≥10 mm in diameter) at screening colonoscopy in the English
Bowel Cancer Screening Programme (BCSP)
23. The primary aim of the seAFOod Polyp Prevention Trial is to determine
whether the naturally-occurring EPA, prevents colorectal adenomas, either
alone or in combination with aspirin
The primary end-point is the number of participants with one or more
adenomas detected at routine one-year colonoscopy
Secondary end-points include the number of adenomas (total and ‘advanced’)
per patient, the location (left versus right colon) of colorectal adenomas and
the number of participants re-classified as ‘intermediate risk’ for future
surveillance
Exploratory end-points include levels of bioactive lipid mediators such as
omega-3 resolvin E1 and PGE in plasma, urine, erythrocytes and rectal
mucosa in order to gain insights into the mechanism(s) of action of EPA and
aspirin, alone and in combination
24. Summary
Western dietary and lifestyle factors, particularly those that create an
inflammatory environment, contribute significantly to CRC risk
Diets that are high in omega-6 increase CRC risk, whilst diets that are rich in
long-chain omega-3 may reduce the risk of developing CRC
Specifically a high AA to EPA ratio and low EPA is found within the tumour
mucosa and may play a role in driving carcinogenesis
Modifying diet to reduce systemic inflammation by manipulating the AA to
EPA ratio has the potential to modify CRC risk
Pure EPA, because of its safety and known anti-cancer benefits is now
entering phase III human trials as a chemopreventive agent
26. References
Ajouz H, Mukherji D, Shamseddine A: Secondary bile acids: an underrecognized cause of colon cancer. World J
Surg Oncol 2014, 12:164.
Welberg JW, Kleibeuker JH, Van der Meer R, Kuipers F, Cats A, Van Rijsbergen H, Termont DS, Boersma-van Ek
W, Vonk RJ, Mulder NH et al: Effects of oral calcium supplementation on intestinal bile acids and cytolytic
activity of fecal water in patients with adenomatous polyps of the colon. Eur J Clin Invest 1993, 23(1):63-68.
Wu S, Feng B, Li K, Zhu X, Liang S, Liu X, Han S, Wang B, Wu K, Miao D et al: Fish consumption and colorectal
cancer risk in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Med 2012, 125(6):551-559 e555.
Fodde R: The APC gene in colorectal cancer. Eur J Cancer 2002, 38(7):867-871.
Wang D, DuBois RN: An inflammatory mediator, prostaglandin E2, in colorectal cancer. Cancer J 2013,
19(6):502-510.
Petrik MB, McEntee MF, Johnson BT, Obukowicz MG, Whelan J: Highly unsaturated (n-3) fatty acids, but not
alpha-linolenic, conjugated linoleic or gamma-linolenic acids, reduce tumorigenesis in Apc(Min/+) mice. J
Nutr 2000, 130(10):2434-2443.
Woodworth HL, McCaskey SJ, Duriancik DM, Clinthorne JF, Langohr IM, Gardner EM, Fenton JI: Dietary fish oil
alters T lymphocyte cell populations and exacerbates disease in a mouse model of inflammatory colitis.
Cancer Res 2010, 70(20):7960-7969.
Fini L, Piazzi G, Ceccarelli C, Daoud Y, Belluzzi A, Munarini A, Graziani G, Fogliano V, Selgrad M, Garcia M et al:
Highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid as free fatty acids strongly suppresses polyps in Apc(Min/+) mice. Clin
Cancer Res 2010, 16(23):5703-5711.
West NJ, Clark SK, Phillips RK, Hutchinson JM, Leicester RJ, Belluzzi A, Hull MA: Eicosapentaenoic acid reduces
rectal polyp number and size in familial adenomatous polyposis. Gut 2010, 59(7):918-925.
Hull MA, Sandell AC, Montgomery AA, Logan RF, Clifford GM, Rees CJ, Loadman PM, Whitham D: A randomized
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Trial): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2013, 14(1):237.
27. Alteration of oestrogen metabolism
Oestrogen has proliferative effects on oestrogen-sensitive tissues and high
oestrogen concentrations may increase the risk of breast cancer and of
some other hormone-dependent cancers
AA-derived eicosanoid PGE2 has been shown to stimulate the activity of
aromatase P450, which converts 19-carbon steroids to oestrogens
PGE3, a product of EPA metabolism, does not activate aromatase P450
Increasing EPA intake leads to increased PGE3 and a decrease in PGE2 from
AA, thereby decreasing oestrogen production and reducing oestrogen-
stimulated cell growth