This document provides instructions for cracking wireless networks encrypted with WEP and WPA. It discusses the theoretical vulnerabilities in WEP that can be exploited to decrypt the network key. For WEP cracking, it describes how to use airodump to capture initialization vectors (IVs), aircrack to crack the key using the IVs, and aireplay to force traffic if needed. It also covers differences between WPA and WEP, capturing the handshake for WPA networks, and dictionary attacks to crack weak WPA passwords.
MD5 hashes are no longer secure due to the ability to create colliding files that have the same MD5 hash but different content and behavior. This allows an attacker to substitute a harmless file with a malicious one that cannot be detected by the MD5 hash. While auditing and other defenses make exploitation difficult, the failure of MD5 to detect differences means it cannot reliably verify file integrity and properties like executable behavior are preserved. The full attack details have not been released but are more powerful than just appending data, allowing arbitrary manipulation of file content while preserving the MD5 hash.
This paper introduce practical techniques used by hackers to break the wireless security.
We recommend that the reader should have basic knowledge of wireless operation.
DIY Internet: Snappy, Secure Networking with MinimaLT (JSConf EU 2013)Igalia
By Andy Wingo.
Refreshing your Twitter feed is such a drag over 3G, taking forever to connect and fetch those precious kilobytes. The reasons for this go deep into the architecture of the internet: making an HTTPS connection simply has terrible latency.
So let’s fix the internet! MinimaLT is an exciting new network protocol that connects faster than TCP, is more secure than TLS (crypto by DJ Bernstein), and allows mobile devices to keep connections open as they change IP addresses. This talk presents the MinimaLT protocol and a Node library that allows JS hackers to experimentally build a new Internet.
Please note, this article does not intend to promote hacking. The intention is to help you understand the vulnerabilities in ssl and protect yourselves from the same. There are millions of innocent victims who fall prey because they are complacent the moment they see a 'secure https' symbol on their browser. I am trying to dispel that myth.
This document discusses Dan Kaminsky's presentation on black ops of TCP/IP. It begins with an introduction of Kaminsky and what topics he plans to cover, including MD5 hashes, IP fragmentation, firewall/IPS fingerprinting, DNS poisoning, and scanning the internet. It then demonstrates how two webpages with different content can have the same MD5 hash due to collisions. It discusses using IP fragmentation and timing attacks to evade intrusion detection systems. It also describes techniques for fingerprinting firewalls and intrusion prevention systems based on their behavior in response to invalid traffic. Finally, it cautions against automatic shunning of IP addresses by security devices to avoid accidentally blocking critical infrastructure like root DNS servers.
Derevolutionizing OS Fingerprinting: The cat and mouse gameJaime Sánchez
With the explosive growth and distributed nature of computer networks, it has become progressively more difficult to manage, secure, and identify Internet devices. An outsider has the capability to discover general information, such as which operating system a host is running, by searching for default stack parameters, ambiguities in IETF RFCs or non-compliant TCP/IP implementations in responses to malformed requests. By pinpointing the exact OS of a host, an attacker can launch an educated and precise attack against a target machine.
There are lot of reasons to hide your OS to the entire world:
Revealing your OS makes things easier to find and successfully run an exploit against any of your devices.
Having and unpatched or antique OS version is not very convenient for your company prestige. Imagine that your company is a bank and some users notice that you are running an unpatched box. They won't trust you any longer! In addition, these kind of 'bad' news are always sent to the public opinion.
Knowing your OS can also become more dangerous, because people can guess which applications are you running in that OS (data inference). For example if your system is a MS Windows, and you are running a database, it's highly likely that you are running MS-SQL.
It could be convenient for other software companies, to offer you a new OS environment (because they know which you are running).
And finally, privacy; nobody needs to know the systems you've got running.
This talk aims to present well-known methods that perform classification using application-layer traffic (TCP/IP/UDP headers, ICMP packets, or some combination thereof), old style approaches to defeat remote OS fingerprinting (like tweaking Windows registry or implement patches to the Linux kernel) and why this doesn't work with nowadays and could affect TCP/IP stack performance. We'll also present a new approach to detect and defeat both active/passive OS fingerprint with OSfooler-NG, a completely rewritten tool, highly portable, completely undetectable for the attackers and capable of detecting and defeating famous tools like nmap, p0f, Xprobe, pfsense and many commercial engines.
Sorry guys, OS fingerprinting is over...
From Kernel Space to User Heaven #NDH2k13Jaime Sánchez
FROM KERNEL SPACE TO USER HEAVEN at NUIT DU HACK 2013 by JAIME SANCHEZ
More information at:
Twitter: @segofensiva
Website: http://www.seguridadofensiva.com
What if you could enqueue from kernel space to user space all your incoming and outgoing network connections? Maybe you could develop some offensive/defensive applications to modify headers and payloads in real time, to detect unauthorized traffic like dns tunneling connections or to fool some well known network tools. This will be showed in Linux-powered devices. It will be explained too some remote OS fingerprinting techniques, both active and passive, implemented in tools like nmap, p0f, or vendor appliances, and a how to defeat them. This technique doesn't need virtual machines or kernel patches, and is highly portable to other platforms.
Phreebird Suite 1.0: Introducing the Domain Key InfrastructureDan Kaminsky
Phreebird Suite 1.0 introduces the Domain Key Infrastructure through DNSSEC to enable easy and secure authentication across domains. It includes Phreebird, a zero configuration DNSSEC server that can sign responses in real-time without requiring offline key generation or zone signing. It also includes Phreeload, which integrates DNSSEC validation into OpenSSL using LD_PRELOAD to enable end-to-end security for applications. The suite aims to make DNSSEC easy to deploy and leverage its authentication capabilities to enable new secure cross-domain applications.
MD5 hashes are no longer secure due to the ability to create colliding files that have the same MD5 hash but different content and behavior. This allows an attacker to substitute a harmless file with a malicious one that cannot be detected by the MD5 hash. While auditing and other defenses make exploitation difficult, the failure of MD5 to detect differences means it cannot reliably verify file integrity and properties like executable behavior are preserved. The full attack details have not been released but are more powerful than just appending data, allowing arbitrary manipulation of file content while preserving the MD5 hash.
This paper introduce practical techniques used by hackers to break the wireless security.
We recommend that the reader should have basic knowledge of wireless operation.
DIY Internet: Snappy, Secure Networking with MinimaLT (JSConf EU 2013)Igalia
By Andy Wingo.
Refreshing your Twitter feed is such a drag over 3G, taking forever to connect and fetch those precious kilobytes. The reasons for this go deep into the architecture of the internet: making an HTTPS connection simply has terrible latency.
So let’s fix the internet! MinimaLT is an exciting new network protocol that connects faster than TCP, is more secure than TLS (crypto by DJ Bernstein), and allows mobile devices to keep connections open as they change IP addresses. This talk presents the MinimaLT protocol and a Node library that allows JS hackers to experimentally build a new Internet.
Please note, this article does not intend to promote hacking. The intention is to help you understand the vulnerabilities in ssl and protect yourselves from the same. There are millions of innocent victims who fall prey because they are complacent the moment they see a 'secure https' symbol on their browser. I am trying to dispel that myth.
This document discusses Dan Kaminsky's presentation on black ops of TCP/IP. It begins with an introduction of Kaminsky and what topics he plans to cover, including MD5 hashes, IP fragmentation, firewall/IPS fingerprinting, DNS poisoning, and scanning the internet. It then demonstrates how two webpages with different content can have the same MD5 hash due to collisions. It discusses using IP fragmentation and timing attacks to evade intrusion detection systems. It also describes techniques for fingerprinting firewalls and intrusion prevention systems based on their behavior in response to invalid traffic. Finally, it cautions against automatic shunning of IP addresses by security devices to avoid accidentally blocking critical infrastructure like root DNS servers.
Derevolutionizing OS Fingerprinting: The cat and mouse gameJaime Sánchez
With the explosive growth and distributed nature of computer networks, it has become progressively more difficult to manage, secure, and identify Internet devices. An outsider has the capability to discover general information, such as which operating system a host is running, by searching for default stack parameters, ambiguities in IETF RFCs or non-compliant TCP/IP implementations in responses to malformed requests. By pinpointing the exact OS of a host, an attacker can launch an educated and precise attack against a target machine.
There are lot of reasons to hide your OS to the entire world:
Revealing your OS makes things easier to find and successfully run an exploit against any of your devices.
Having and unpatched or antique OS version is not very convenient for your company prestige. Imagine that your company is a bank and some users notice that you are running an unpatched box. They won't trust you any longer! In addition, these kind of 'bad' news are always sent to the public opinion.
Knowing your OS can also become more dangerous, because people can guess which applications are you running in that OS (data inference). For example if your system is a MS Windows, and you are running a database, it's highly likely that you are running MS-SQL.
It could be convenient for other software companies, to offer you a new OS environment (because they know which you are running).
And finally, privacy; nobody needs to know the systems you've got running.
This talk aims to present well-known methods that perform classification using application-layer traffic (TCP/IP/UDP headers, ICMP packets, or some combination thereof), old style approaches to defeat remote OS fingerprinting (like tweaking Windows registry or implement patches to the Linux kernel) and why this doesn't work with nowadays and could affect TCP/IP stack performance. We'll also present a new approach to detect and defeat both active/passive OS fingerprint with OSfooler-NG, a completely rewritten tool, highly portable, completely undetectable for the attackers and capable of detecting and defeating famous tools like nmap, p0f, Xprobe, pfsense and many commercial engines.
Sorry guys, OS fingerprinting is over...
From Kernel Space to User Heaven #NDH2k13Jaime Sánchez
FROM KERNEL SPACE TO USER HEAVEN at NUIT DU HACK 2013 by JAIME SANCHEZ
More information at:
Twitter: @segofensiva
Website: http://www.seguridadofensiva.com
What if you could enqueue from kernel space to user space all your incoming and outgoing network connections? Maybe you could develop some offensive/defensive applications to modify headers and payloads in real time, to detect unauthorized traffic like dns tunneling connections or to fool some well known network tools. This will be showed in Linux-powered devices. It will be explained too some remote OS fingerprinting techniques, both active and passive, implemented in tools like nmap, p0f, or vendor appliances, and a how to defeat them. This technique doesn't need virtual machines or kernel patches, and is highly portable to other platforms.
Phreebird Suite 1.0: Introducing the Domain Key InfrastructureDan Kaminsky
Phreebird Suite 1.0 introduces the Domain Key Infrastructure through DNSSEC to enable easy and secure authentication across domains. It includes Phreebird, a zero configuration DNSSEC server that can sign responses in real-time without requiring offline key generation or zone signing. It also includes Phreeload, which integrates DNSSEC validation into OpenSSL using LD_PRELOAD to enable end-to-end security for applications. The suite aims to make DNSSEC easy to deploy and leverage its authentication capabilities to enable new secure cross-domain applications.
Marek discusses how his company Faelix uses MikroTik hardware and RouterOS at their network edges to route over 600k IPv4 and 30k IPv6 routes. While there were some initial issues, MikroTik has proven reliable and cost-effective. Marek then explains how Faelix implements firewalling with zero filter rules through a multi-step process. They use fail2ban to block brute force attacks, AMQP to share block lists across routers, and destination NAT misbehaving traffic. Most importantly, they leverage the "/ip route rule" feature to route blocked traffic to a separate routing table for easy isolation without complex firewall rules.
Multi tier-app-network-topology-neutron-finalSadique Puthen
This document discusses how Neutron builds network topology for multi-tier applications. It explains that Neutron uses network namespaces to isolate tenant resources and correlate application topology to Neutron components. It provides details on how Neutron creates networks, routers, load balancers, firewalls, and VPN connections to build the necessary infrastructure for a sample multi-tier application topology across two OpenStack sites.
The document provides step-by-step instructions for cracking WEP encryption on a wireless network using Backtrack Linux, including how to monitor wireless traffic, inject packets, and capture data to crack the WEP key using the aircrack-ng tool. It also briefly outlines cracking WPA encryption by using a dictionary attack against captured traffic with aircrack-ng. The author concludes by noting that penetration testing can help find network vulnerabilities but that security is not perfect.
Ahmad Siddiq Wi-Fi Ninjutsu Exploitationbarcamp.my
The document provides instructions on techniques for cracking wireless network security, including both WEP and WPA encryption. It discusses using tools like aircrack-ng to capture packets, perform injection attacks like deauthentication, ARP replay, and fragmentation. Both simple techniques without injection, like capturing packets over time, and more advanced techniques using packet injection methods are covered. The goal is to obtain enough encrypted packets or keystream fragments to crack the network encryption key.
This document summarizes Natasha Rooney's presentation on QUIC and the evolution of HTTP. Some key points include:
- QUIC aims to improve performance over TCP by eliminating head-of-line blocking and reducing latency through 0-RTT connections.
- It achieves this by multiplexing streams over a UDP connection and integrating TLS 1.3 for encryption to provide security.
- Early results show QUIC reducing page load times by 15-18% for video and 3.6-8% for search queries on Google's services.
- As QUIC becomes more widely adopted, it may continue to improve performance for a "long tail" of users on slower or more unreliable networks.
Ultra fast DDoS Detection with FastNetMon at Coloclue (AS 8283)Pavel Odintsov
This document discusses how Coloclue, a non-profit volunteer-driven ISP, automated the detection and mitigation of DDoS attacks through the use of FastNetMon and BIRD. FastNetMon allows for detection of attacks within 3 seconds by monitoring traffic levels. BIRD then injects selective blackhole routes within 1 second to mitigate attacks by dropping traffic for 1 IP or subnet for 60 seconds. This approach solves the DDoS problem within 4 seconds through 100% automated detection and mitigation.
Mitm(man in the middle) ssl proxy attacksJaeYeoul Ahn
This material is related at the Security of SSL Service as HTTPS. I used it for my security class at E-government course on the Kookmin university in south Korea.
This document discusses WPA exploitation in wireless networks. It begins by explaining basic wireless networking concepts like WiFi, MAC addresses, and SSIDs. It then describes how wireless networks are vulnerable due to weak encryption methods like WEP. The document outlines stronger encryption methods like WPA and WPA2, but notes they can still be cracked with tools if a weak password is used. It proceeds to explain how tools like Aircrack-ng, Reaver, and John the Ripper can be used to crack wireless network encryption keys through techniques like packet sniffing, dictionary attacks, and exploiting WPS pins. In the end, it emphasizes the importance of using long, complex passwords to keep wireless networks secure.
Praktické postupy ochrany před DDoS útoky - Přednáška se bude zabývat postupy jak se chránit před DoS/DDoS útoky a to od nejnižší po nejvyšší vrstvu, od malých webů po korporátní sítě.
www.security-session.cz
This document discusses several network protocols and vulnerabilities. It begins with an overview of basic networking concepts like TCP/IP and routing. It then examines specific attacks like TCP spoofing and DNS poisoning. The document analyzes how protocols like IP, TCP, BGP, and DNS work and identifies security issues like a lack of authentication, predictable sequence numbers, and cache poisoning attacks. Defenses are discussed but many core protocols were not initially designed with security in mind.
Presentation I gave at DC207's regular meeting hosted at BlueTarp Financial (https://www.bluetarp.com).
The presentation is a quick overview to a group of industry professionals and university students (many of who have never done anything like this) of using the aircrack-ng suite of tools to crack WEP and WPA passwords. A sandboxed wireless network was setup and live demonstrations were done.
The document discusses building secure code by rigorously testing it through automated attacks and verification. It introduces the concept of "ruggedization" where code is made resilient through repeated, automated testing against attacks. This helps code handle adversity in unexpected ways and provides unrealized value. It promotes using the Gauntlet framework to put code through extensive security testing with tools like nmap, metasploit, fuzzers and custom attacks to improve security.
The document discusses using Nmap to perform network scanning and reconnaissance. It provides an overview of Nmap, describing common scan types like TCP and UDP scans. It also covers useful Nmap options for tasks like service and operating system detection. The document demonstrates the Nmap Scripting Engine for tasks like vulnerability scanning and brute force attacks. It provides examples of commands for different scan types and scripts.
This document discusses various techniques for manipulating TCP/IP packets to circumvent network restrictions or achieve otherwise impossible network feats. It proposes methods for instant port scanning, multicast transmission without multicast support, sharing a public IP address among multiple private hosts, and establishing connections between hosts both behind NATs. The techniques rely on creatively exploiting redundancy and flexibility in the TCP/IP protocol stack.
This talk focuses on various ways to attempt to be as much like normal users/behavior/traffic as possible. We also demonstrate the limitations of signature-based detection systems and then discuss a prototype Remote Access Tool (RAT) that is designed to blend in with normal activity.
Presented at CodeMash, January 8, 2014
The document provides an overview of cracking WiFi networks using aircrack-ng and related tools. It discusses network basics like MAC addresses and wireless modes like managed and monitor. It then covers specific attacks like deauth attacks to disconnect clients, capturing handshakes using airodump-ng and packet injection with aireplay-ng. Finally it discusses cracking encrypted networks starting with older WEP encryption through WPA and WPA2 using captured handshakes and wordlist attacks with aircrack-ng. The document serves as a guide to common WiFi cracking techniques.
The document discusses DHCP security spoofing vs snooping. DHCP snooping is a method used on switches to prevent DHCP spoofing attacks by monitoring DHCP packets and building a DHCP snooping binding database to ensure only authorized DHCP servers can respond to requests. The document provides configuration examples for enabling DHCP snooping on a switch and designating trusted ports.
The document discusses various topics related to hackers and network intrusions, including:
1) It defines common hacking terms like hacking, cracking, phreaking, spoofing, and denial of service attacks.
2) It describes different types of hackers like black hats, white hats, script kiddies, and criminal hackers.
3) It outlines common threats from hackers like denial of service attacks, data theft, and financial losses.
4) It discusses methods hackers use to gain access like exploiting software vulnerabilities, password guessing, and installing backdoors.
Marek discusses how his company Faelix uses MikroTik hardware and RouterOS at their network edges to route over 600k IPv4 and 30k IPv6 routes. While there were some initial issues, MikroTik has proven reliable and cost-effective. Marek then explains how Faelix implements firewalling with zero filter rules through a multi-step process. They use fail2ban to block brute force attacks, AMQP to share block lists across routers, and destination NAT misbehaving traffic. Most importantly, they leverage the "/ip route rule" feature to route blocked traffic to a separate routing table for easy isolation without complex firewall rules.
Multi tier-app-network-topology-neutron-finalSadique Puthen
This document discusses how Neutron builds network topology for multi-tier applications. It explains that Neutron uses network namespaces to isolate tenant resources and correlate application topology to Neutron components. It provides details on how Neutron creates networks, routers, load balancers, firewalls, and VPN connections to build the necessary infrastructure for a sample multi-tier application topology across two OpenStack sites.
The document provides step-by-step instructions for cracking WEP encryption on a wireless network using Backtrack Linux, including how to monitor wireless traffic, inject packets, and capture data to crack the WEP key using the aircrack-ng tool. It also briefly outlines cracking WPA encryption by using a dictionary attack against captured traffic with aircrack-ng. The author concludes by noting that penetration testing can help find network vulnerabilities but that security is not perfect.
Ahmad Siddiq Wi-Fi Ninjutsu Exploitationbarcamp.my
The document provides instructions on techniques for cracking wireless network security, including both WEP and WPA encryption. It discusses using tools like aircrack-ng to capture packets, perform injection attacks like deauthentication, ARP replay, and fragmentation. Both simple techniques without injection, like capturing packets over time, and more advanced techniques using packet injection methods are covered. The goal is to obtain enough encrypted packets or keystream fragments to crack the network encryption key.
This document summarizes Natasha Rooney's presentation on QUIC and the evolution of HTTP. Some key points include:
- QUIC aims to improve performance over TCP by eliminating head-of-line blocking and reducing latency through 0-RTT connections.
- It achieves this by multiplexing streams over a UDP connection and integrating TLS 1.3 for encryption to provide security.
- Early results show QUIC reducing page load times by 15-18% for video and 3.6-8% for search queries on Google's services.
- As QUIC becomes more widely adopted, it may continue to improve performance for a "long tail" of users on slower or more unreliable networks.
Ultra fast DDoS Detection with FastNetMon at Coloclue (AS 8283)Pavel Odintsov
This document discusses how Coloclue, a non-profit volunteer-driven ISP, automated the detection and mitigation of DDoS attacks through the use of FastNetMon and BIRD. FastNetMon allows for detection of attacks within 3 seconds by monitoring traffic levels. BIRD then injects selective blackhole routes within 1 second to mitigate attacks by dropping traffic for 1 IP or subnet for 60 seconds. This approach solves the DDoS problem within 4 seconds through 100% automated detection and mitigation.
Mitm(man in the middle) ssl proxy attacksJaeYeoul Ahn
This material is related at the Security of SSL Service as HTTPS. I used it for my security class at E-government course on the Kookmin university in south Korea.
This document discusses WPA exploitation in wireless networks. It begins by explaining basic wireless networking concepts like WiFi, MAC addresses, and SSIDs. It then describes how wireless networks are vulnerable due to weak encryption methods like WEP. The document outlines stronger encryption methods like WPA and WPA2, but notes they can still be cracked with tools if a weak password is used. It proceeds to explain how tools like Aircrack-ng, Reaver, and John the Ripper can be used to crack wireless network encryption keys through techniques like packet sniffing, dictionary attacks, and exploiting WPS pins. In the end, it emphasizes the importance of using long, complex passwords to keep wireless networks secure.
Praktické postupy ochrany před DDoS útoky - Přednáška se bude zabývat postupy jak se chránit před DoS/DDoS útoky a to od nejnižší po nejvyšší vrstvu, od malých webů po korporátní sítě.
www.security-session.cz
This document discusses several network protocols and vulnerabilities. It begins with an overview of basic networking concepts like TCP/IP and routing. It then examines specific attacks like TCP spoofing and DNS poisoning. The document analyzes how protocols like IP, TCP, BGP, and DNS work and identifies security issues like a lack of authentication, predictable sequence numbers, and cache poisoning attacks. Defenses are discussed but many core protocols were not initially designed with security in mind.
Presentation I gave at DC207's regular meeting hosted at BlueTarp Financial (https://www.bluetarp.com).
The presentation is a quick overview to a group of industry professionals and university students (many of who have never done anything like this) of using the aircrack-ng suite of tools to crack WEP and WPA passwords. A sandboxed wireless network was setup and live demonstrations were done.
The document discusses building secure code by rigorously testing it through automated attacks and verification. It introduces the concept of "ruggedization" where code is made resilient through repeated, automated testing against attacks. This helps code handle adversity in unexpected ways and provides unrealized value. It promotes using the Gauntlet framework to put code through extensive security testing with tools like nmap, metasploit, fuzzers and custom attacks to improve security.
The document discusses using Nmap to perform network scanning and reconnaissance. It provides an overview of Nmap, describing common scan types like TCP and UDP scans. It also covers useful Nmap options for tasks like service and operating system detection. The document demonstrates the Nmap Scripting Engine for tasks like vulnerability scanning and brute force attacks. It provides examples of commands for different scan types and scripts.
This document discusses various techniques for manipulating TCP/IP packets to circumvent network restrictions or achieve otherwise impossible network feats. It proposes methods for instant port scanning, multicast transmission without multicast support, sharing a public IP address among multiple private hosts, and establishing connections between hosts both behind NATs. The techniques rely on creatively exploiting redundancy and flexibility in the TCP/IP protocol stack.
This talk focuses on various ways to attempt to be as much like normal users/behavior/traffic as possible. We also demonstrate the limitations of signature-based detection systems and then discuss a prototype Remote Access Tool (RAT) that is designed to blend in with normal activity.
Presented at CodeMash, January 8, 2014
The document provides an overview of cracking WiFi networks using aircrack-ng and related tools. It discusses network basics like MAC addresses and wireless modes like managed and monitor. It then covers specific attacks like deauth attacks to disconnect clients, capturing handshakes using airodump-ng and packet injection with aireplay-ng. Finally it discusses cracking encrypted networks starting with older WEP encryption through WPA and WPA2 using captured handshakes and wordlist attacks with aircrack-ng. The document serves as a guide to common WiFi cracking techniques.
The document discusses DHCP security spoofing vs snooping. DHCP snooping is a method used on switches to prevent DHCP spoofing attacks by monitoring DHCP packets and building a DHCP snooping binding database to ensure only authorized DHCP servers can respond to requests. The document provides configuration examples for enabling DHCP snooping on a switch and designating trusted ports.
The document discusses various topics related to hackers and network intrusions, including:
1) It defines common hacking terms like hacking, cracking, phreaking, spoofing, and denial of service attacks.
2) It describes different types of hackers like black hats, white hats, script kiddies, and criminal hackers.
3) It outlines common threats from hackers like denial of service attacks, data theft, and financial losses.
4) It discusses methods hackers use to gain access like exploiting software vulnerabilities, password guessing, and installing backdoors.
The document discusses ISO 27001, an international standard for information security management systems (ISMS). It describes what an ISMS is, the benefits of ISO 27001 certification, and provides an overview of the methodology for implementing an ISO 27001-compliant ISMS, including defining security policies, conducting risk assessments, developing procedures, performing internal audits, and becoming certified.
2009 The Edelman Trust Barometer Korea ReportEdelmankorea
Trust in key institutions in Korea declined significantly from 2008 to 2009 according to the Edelman Trust Barometer. Young Korean opinion leaders lost faith in business, media, and government, with trust in business dropping from 52% to 32%. Overall, 7 out of 10 Koreans reported trusting business less than the previous year, with major declines in the financial, automotive, and healthcare sectors. However, trust in NGOs remained relatively high in Korea. Technology remained the most trusted industry globally and in Korea, while US, Chinese, and other companies saw major drops in trust.
This document introduces gopenflow, an OpenFlow switch implementation written in Go (golang). It was created to introduce vendor extensions and learn the OpenFlow specification in detail. The document discusses why Go was chosen, installation instructions, tips for using Go, and an overview of the gopenflow commands trema_sw, ofctl, and ofmon.
The Monarchs Of Great Britain And The Unitedmaarja204
The document lists the monarchs of Great Britain and the United Kingdom from Queen Anne in 1707 to the current monarch Queen Elizabeth II. It provides the names and reign years of each monarch, from Queen Anne who reigned from 1707 to 1714, up to Queen Elizabeth II who has been monarch since 1952.
Slide presentation outlining the benefits and services offered under the Trade Adjustment Assistance program as amended by the Trade Adjustment Assistance Reauthorization Act of 2015.
This document provides publishing information for the book "Prophet Yusuf (AS)" by Harun Yahya, including the publisher (Millat Book Centre), date of publication (May 2003), and details about the author. It includes a brief biography of Harun Yahya, noting that he writes under a pen name and has authored many books on political and scientific issues, seeking to disclose supposed errors in Darwinism and links between Darwinism and ideologies like fascism. The document aims to provide background on the author and contextualize the book being summarized.
Silver Oak Advisors - Statement Of Qualificationsglennwilliams
Silver Oak Advisors is a property tax consulting firm comprised of experienced professionals from Big 4 firms. They provide personal property and real estate tax services for industries like manufacturing, telecom, and retail. Their team directly handles all work to ensure high quality service. They have achieved significant tax savings and refunds for clients through assessment reductions, exemptions, and abatements. Their fee structure balances costs with potential savings based on the scope of work.
Ladd Research Group is a qualitative marketing research and strategy consulting firm specialized in healthcare. They have over 30 years of combined experience in product marketing, sales, advertising, and qualitative research. Their team of experts provides clients with insights and strategies to make critical business decisions through focus groups, interviews, and customized qualitative research.
1. Managing a Social & Environmental Auditor Training ProgramISEAL Alliance
1. The document discusses the importance of implementing a management system for an auditor training program to ensure consistency, competency, and continual improvement.
2. A management system should define, document, and implement processes to control training delivery and assess student performance. It includes policies, procedures, internal audits, and corrective actions.
3. Benefits of a management system include consistency, streamlined administration, reduced costs, improved communication, and a basis for continual improvement.
The document outlines the process for qualifying and calibrating trainers. It discusses determining trainer competency levels, qualification steps which include co-training with a lead trainer and evaluations, ongoing evaluation of trainers through student feedback and observations, and documenting the entire qualification process.
This document discusses cracking WEP secured wireless networks. It begins by explaining that WEP is an outdated protocol with known weaknesses that can be cracked within minutes using readily available software. It then provides details on WEP authentication methods and how the encryption works. The main weakness discussed is that the 24-bit initialization vector is not long enough to ensure uniqueness, allowing the key to be cracked. The document concludes by demonstrating how to enable monitor mode, attack a target network to capture packets, and use those packets to crack the WEP key in minutes using aircrack-ng software on BackTrack Linux. It advises moving to more secure WPA or WPA2 encryption.
Aircrack-ng is a suite of tools used to recover wireless encryption keys. It consists of a detector, packet sniffer, and cracker for WEP and WPA/WPA2-PSK encryption. It works with wireless network interfaces in monitor mode to sniff 802.11 traffic. Aircrack-ng can recover WEP keys by capturing packets with airodump-ng and then using statistical attacks like PTW or FMS/Korek cracking methods to determine the encryption key from the captured initialization vectors.
This session covered cyber security and ethical hacking topics such as network hacking, Kali Linux, IPV4 vs IPV6, MAC addresses, wireless hacking techniques like deauthentication attacks, cracking WEP and WPA encryption, and post-connection attacks including ARP spoofing and MITM attacks. The presenter emphasized the importance of securing networks by using strong passwords, disabling WPS, and enabling HTTPS to prevent hacking attempts.
Hack WiFi on windows,
Here all slides give you information about ho to hack WiFi step by step,
So please Like share and follow me for new hacking information for you.
Thank you
The document provides an overview of ethical hacking techniques such as advanced scanning with NMAP to identify open ports and operating systems on remote systems. It discusses how tools like Nmap and Angry IP Scanner can be used to scan locally and remotely, and how information gathered can be used to potentially exploit systems. Example exploits discussed include using Netcat to create remote shells and payloads embedded in files like JPEG and MP3 files. The document emphasizes that while the information is presented, actually hacking systems without permission would be illegal.
1. The document provides instructions for scanning for rogue Wi-Fi access points using Kali Linux and Aircrack-ng tools to perform wireless penetration testing and reconnaissance.
2. It describes how to set up a wireless adapter in monitor mode, run scans to detect nearby access points and networks, and save the scan data to packet capture files.
3. The instructions also outline what to look for while analyzing the scan results, such as unauthorized SSIDs, unencrypted networks, and access points with weak security protocols like WEP.
This document discusses how to crack WEP and WPA wireless networks and how to better secure wireless networks. It provides steps on how to crack WEP networks using Aircrack tools like Airodump and Aircrack by capturing initialization vectors and cracking the WEP key. It also discusses cracking WPA networks is harder and involves capturing data using Airodump and cracking passwords using Aircrack and a dictionary word list. The document concludes by providing tips to secure wireless networks like changing default passwords, disabling SSID broadcast, turning off the network when not in use, using MAC address filtering, and strong encryption like WPA with long random keys.
A tutorial showing you how to crack wifi passwords using kali linux!edwardo
1. The document provides instructions for cracking WiFi passwords through the command line interface (CMD) on a Kali Linux system. It outlines 5 steps: starting the wireless card in monitor mode, capturing wireless traffic with airodump-ng, identifying the target access point, checking if it has WPS enabled with wash, and cracking the password with reaver if WPS is enabled.
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1. BUNDLED BY: How to Hack Wireless Internet Connections
http://www.aeonity.com/david/how-hack-wireless-internet-connections
Cracking WEP and WPA Wireless Networks
From Docupedia
What else are you gonna do next Friday night? Play Counter Strike?
Written By: Bryan Rite
Shout out to: Jeff :: (www.lucidinteractive.ca) for using OSX's Airport to try and generate traffic
on our first crack
Also would like to thank Alkaloid Networks for support
To all the noobies: Don't call us and asking about how to crack networks.
Like this guy actually did
Date: 11/23/2005
2. Contents
[hide]
• 1 Overview
• 2 Pre-Installation
o 2.1 Checklist
• 3 WEP Crackin
o 3.1 Theory
o 3.2 Setting up your tools
o 3.3 Finding the Network
o 3.4 Capturing IVs
o 3.5 Using IVs to Decrypt the Key
o 3.6 Anticipated Problems
• 4 WPA Crackin
o 4.1 Differences
o 4.2 WPA Flavours
o 4.3 The Handshake
o 4.4 Dictionary Brute Force
• 5 Using Aireplay
o 5.1 WEP Attacks
5.1.1 ARP Injection
5.1.2 Interactive Packet Replay
5.1.3 Fake Authentication Attack
o 5.2 WPA Attacks
5.2.1 Deauthentication Attack
• 6 Conclusion
[edit]
Overview
This is a good one, let me tell you! There can be so many issues setting up your box to actually
get the tools working and i'm not even touching on that, but if you can get everything to work,
you'll be cracking wireless networks like a pro in no time.
Disclaimer: I'm not a pro.
[edit]
Pre-Installation
[edit]
Checklist
3. • Tools
I've been really, really successful with basically one tool set called AirCrack.
o
Download that.
o Kismet is an excellent tool for sniffing out wireless networks as well and could
prove useful.
• An encrypted wireless network.
o We'll be working on WEP encrypted networks as well as static passkey WPA or
WPA-PSK
Note: Make sure you can get your card into monitor mode (sometimes called raw monitor or
rfmon). This is VERY important
[edit]
WEP Crackin
[edit]
Theory
A little theory first. WEP is a really crappy and old encryption techinque to secure a wireless
connection. A 3-byte vector, called an Initalization Vector or IV, is prepended onto packets and
its based on a pre-shared key that all the authenticated clients know... think of it as the network
key you need to authenticate.
Well if its on (almost) every packet generated by the client or AP, then if we collect enough of
them, like a few hundred thousand, we should be able to dramatically reduce the keyspace to
check and brute force becomes a realistic proposition.
A couple of things will cause us some problems.
• If the key is not static, then you'll mix up all your IVs and it'll take forever to decrypt the
key.
• Theres no traffic, therefore no packets - we can fix this.
• MAC Address Filtering - we can fix this too.
[edit]
Setting up your tools
We're gonna need 3 or 4 shells open, we have 5 tools:
• airodump - Grabbing IVs
• aircrack - Cracking the IVs
• airdecap - Decoding captured packets
• airreplay - (My Favourite) Packet injector to attack APs.
4. • kismet - Network Sniffer, can grab IVs as well.
For a standard WEP hack we'll usally only need airodump, aircrack, and kismet (server and
client). If we run into some problems we might have to use airreplay to fiddle about.
I'll leave you to config all these tools up, for the most part they should just be defaults with the
exception of kismet.
[edit]
Finding the Network
First step is we need to find a netork to crack. Start up kismet and start sniffing for APs. Leave it
on for a bit so that it can discover all the important information about the networks around. What
we want from kismet is:
• Encryption type: Is it WEP 64-bit? 128-bit?
• What channel is it on? Can greatly speed up IV collection.
• AP's IP Address
• BSSID
• ESSID
All this info isn't required but the more you have, the more options you have later to crack and
sniff. We can get a lot of this from airodump as well but I find the channel is important.
[edit]
Capturing IVs
Alright, we know what we wanna crack, so lets start capturing packets. You can use kismet to
capture files but I prefer airodump because it keeps a running count of all the IVs I've captured
and I can crack and airodump will automatically update aircrack with new IVs as it finds them.
Note: kimset can interfere with airodump so make sure you close it down before starting
airodump.
Airodump is pretty straight forward with its command line looking something like this:
./airodump <interface> <output prefix> [channel] [IVs flag]
• interface is your wireless interface to use - required.
• output prefix is just the filname it'll prepend, - required.
• channel is the specific channel we'll scan, leave blank or use 0 to channel hop.
• IVs flag is either 0 or 1, depending on whether you want all packets logged, or just IVs.
5. My wireless card is ath0, output prefix i'll use quot;lucidquot;, the channel we sniffed from kismet is 6,
and IVs flag is 1 because we just want IVs. So we run:
./airodump ath0 lucid 6 1
Airodump will come up with a graph showing us all the APs and their relevant info, as well as
client stations connected to any of the APs.
BSSID PWR Beacons # Data CH MB ENC ESSID
00:23:1F:55:04:BC 76 21995 213416 6 54. WEP hackme
BSSID STATION PWR Packets Probes
00:23:1F:55:04:BC 00:12:5B:4C:23:27 112 8202 hackme
00:23:1F:55:04:BC 00:12:5B:DA:2F:6A 21 1721 hackme
The second line shows us some info about the AP as well as the number of beacons and data
packets we've collected from the AP. The two last lines show us two authenticated clients.
Where they are connected to and the packets they are sending. We won't use this client info in a
straight theory hack but in practice we'll need this info to actively attack the AP.
This step may take a long time or could be very short. It depends how busy the AP is and how
many IVs we are collecting. What we are doing is populating a file quot;lucid.ivsquot; with all the IV
important packet info. Next, we'll feed this to aircrack. To move onto the next step, we'll want at
least 100,000 packets (under # Data in airodump) but probably more.
[edit]
Using IVs to Decrypt the Key
Ok, pretend you have enough IVs now to attempt a crack. Goto a new terminal (without stopping
airodump - remember it'll autoupdate as new IVs are found) and we'll start aircrack. It looks
something like this:
./aircrack [options] <input file>
There are a lot of options so you can look them up yourself, i'll be using common ones here that
should get you a crack. Our input file is quot;lucid.ivsquot;, the options we will use are:
• -a 1 : forces a WEP attack mode (2 forces WPA)
• either -b for the bssid or -e for the essid : whichever is easier to type but I like using a
BSSID because its more unique.
• -n 64 or -n 128 : WEP key length, omit if not known by now.
So our command will look like:
./aircrack -a 1 -b 00:23:1F:55:04:BC -n 128 lucid.ivs
6. and off it goes, resembling the picture from the top. Keep an eye on the Unique IV count as it
should increase if airodump is still running. For all intents and purposes you are done. That'll pop
open most old wireless routers with some traffic on them.
[edit]
Anticipated Problems
There are lots of problems that can come up that will make the above fail, or work very slowly.
• No traffic
o No traffic is being passed, therefore you can't capture any IVs.
o What we need to do is inject some special packets to trick the AP into
broadcasting.
o Covered below in WEP Attacks
• MAC Address filtering
o AP is only responding to connected clients. Probably because MAC address
filtering is on.
o Using airodumps screen you can find the MAC address of authenticated users so
just change your MAC to theirs and continue on.
o Using the -m option you can specify aircrack to filter packets by MAC Address,
ex. -m 00:12:5B:4C:23:27
• Can't Crack even with tons of IVs
o Some of the statistical attacks can create false positives and lead you in the wrong
direction.
o Try using -k N (where N=1..17) or -y to vary your attack method.
o Increase the fudge factor. By default it is at 2, by specifying -f N (where N>=2)
will increase your chances of a crack, but take much longer. I find that doubling
the previous fudge factor is a nice progression if you are having trouble.
• Still Nothing
o Find the AP by following the signal strength and ask the admin what the WEP
key is.
[edit]
WPA Crackin
[edit]
Differences
WPA is an encryption algorithm that takes care of a lot of the vunerablities inherent in WEP.
WEP is, by design, flawed. No matter how good or crappy, long or short, your WEP key is, it
can be cracked. WPA is different. A WPA key can be made good enough to make cracking it
unfeasible. WPA is also a little more cracker friendly. By capturing the right type of packets, you
7. can do your cracking offline. This means you only have to be near the AP for a matter of seconds
to get what you need. Advantages and disadvantages.
[edit]
WPA Flavours
WPA basically comes in two flavours RADIUS or PSK. PSK is crackable, RADIUS is not so
much.
PSK uses a user defined password to initialize the TKIP, temporal key integrity protocol. There
is a password and the user is involved, for the most part that means it is flawed. The TKIP is not
really crackable as it is a per-packet key but upon the initialization of the TKIP, like during an
authentication, we get the password (well the PMK anyways). A robust dictionary attack will
take care of a lot of consumer passwords.
Radius involves physical transferring of the key and encrypted channels blah blah blah, look it
up to learn more about it but 90% of commerical APs do not support it, it is more of an
enterprise solution then a consumer one.
[edit]
The Handshake
The WPA handshake was designed to occur over insecure channels and in plaintext so the
password is not actually sent across. There are some fancy dancy algorithms in the background
that turn it into a primary master key, PMK, and the like but none of that really matters cause the
PMK is enough to connect to the network.
The only step we need to do is capture a full authenication handshake from a real client and the
AP. This can prove tricky without some packet injection, but if you are lucky to capture a full
handshake, then you can leave and do the rest of the cracking at home.
We can force an authenication handshake by launching a Deauthentication Attack, but only if
there is a real client already connected (you can tell in airodump). If there are no connected
clients, you're outta luck.
Like for WEP, we want to know the channel the WPA is sitting on, but the airodump command
is slightly different. We don't want just IVs so we don't specify an IV flag. This will produce
quot;lucid.capquot; instead of quot;lucid.ivsquot;. Assume WPA is on channel 6 and wireless interface is ath0.
./airodump ath0 lucid 6
[edit]
Dictionary Brute Force
8. The most important part of brute forcing a WPA password is a good dictionary. Check out
http://www.openwall.com/wordlists/ for a 'really' good one. It costs money, but its the biggest
and best I've ever seen (40 Million words, no duplicates, one .txt file). There is also a free
reduced version from the same site but i'm sure resourceful people can figure out where to get a
good dictionary from.
When you have a good dictionary the crack is a simple brute force attack:
./aircrack -a 2 -b 00:23:1F:55:04:BC -w /path/to/wordlist
Either you'll get it or you won't... depends on the strength of the password and if a dictionary
attack can crack it.
[edit]
Using Aireplay
Aireplay is the fun part. You get to manipulate packets to trick the network into giving you what
you want.
[edit]
WEP Attacks
Attacks used to create more traffic on WEP networks to get more IVs.
[edit]
ARP Injection
ARP Replay is a classic way of getting more IV traffic from the AP. It is the turtle. Slow but
steady and almost always works. We need the BSSID of the AP and the BSSID of an associated
client. If there are no clients connected, it is possible to create one with another WEP attack
explained below: Fake Authentication Attack.
With airodump listening, we attack:
./aireplay -3 -b <AP MAC Address> -h <Client MAC Address> ath0
Note: The -3 specifys the type of attack (3=ARP Replay).
This will continue to run, and airodump, listening fron another terminal, will pick up any reply
IVs.
[edit]
9. Interactive Packet Replay
Interactive Packet Reply is quite a bit more advanced and requires capturing packets and
constructing your own. It can prove more effective then simple ARP requests but I won't get into
packet construction here.
A useful attack you might try is the re-send all data attack, basically you are asking the AP to re-
send you everything. This only works if the AP re-encrypts the packets before sending them
again (and therefore giving you a new IV). Some APs do, some don't.
aireplay -2 -b <AP MAC> -h <Client MAC> -n 100 -p 0841 -c FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF
ath0
[edit]
Fake Authentication Attack
This attack won't generate any more traffic but it does create an associative client MAC Address
useful for the above two attacks. Its definately not as good as having a real, connected client, but
you gots to do what you gots to do.
This is done easiest with another machine because we need a new MAC address but if you can
manually change your MAC then that'll work too. We'll call your new MAC address quot;Fake
MACquot;.
Now most APs need clients to reassociate every 30 seconds or so or they think they're
disconnected. This is pretty arbitrary but I use it and it has worked but if your Fake MAC gets
disconnected, reassociate quicker. We need both the essid and bssid and our Fake MAC.
./aireplay -1 30 -e '<ESSID>' -a <BSSID> -h <Fake MAC> ath0
If successful, you should see something like this:
23:47:29 Sending Authentication Request
23:47:29 Authentication successful
23:47:30 Sending Association Request
23:47:30 Association successful :-)
Awesome! Now you can use the above two attacks even though there were no clients connected
in the first place! If it fails, there may be MAC Address Filtering on so if you really want to use
this, you'll have to sniff around until a client provides you with a registered MAC to fake.
[edit]
WPA Attacks
So far, the only way to really crack WPA is to force a re-authentication of a valid client. We
need a real, actively connected client to break WPA. You might have to wait a while.
10. [edit]
Deauthentication Attack
This is a simple and very effective attack. We just force the connected client to disconnect then
we capture the re-connect and authentication, saves time so we don't have to wait for the client to
do it themselves (a tad less quot;waiting outside in the carquot; creepiness as well). With airodump
running in another console, your attack will look something like this:
aireplay -0 5 -a <AP MAC> -c <Client MAC> ath0
After a few seconds the re-authentication should be complete and we can attempt to Dictionary
Brute Force the PMK.
[edit]
Conclusion
Well thats that. APs crack fairly often but sometimes there is just nothing you can do. Obviously
you are not allowed to illegally crack other people's wireless connections, this is purely for
penetration testing purposes and some fun.
--- Bryan Rite 13:57, 24 Nov 2005 (PST)
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