3. STAGE 1: RELATIONSHIP BUILDING
This is the heart of
counselling process because
it provides the force and
foundation for the
counselling to succeed
4. THIS STAGE INVOLVES ESTABLISHING RAPPORT,
• PROMOTE ACCEPTANCE OF THE CLIENT AS A PERSON WITH WORTH,
• ESTABLISHING GENUINE INTERACTION,
• PROMOTE DIRECT MUTUAL COMMUNICATION
• HELPING CLIENTS UNDERSTAND THEMSELVES,
• HELPING CLIENT FOCUS AND
• SLOWLY PROMOTE COUNSELLING RELEVANT COMMUNICATION, FROM THE CLIENT.
5. STAGE 2: ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSIS
One of the most crucial stages.
This serves as the window for the counsellor
counsellor to have a thorough appreciation of
the client’s condition.
It entails analysis of the root causes of
problems.
The data that will be gathered in diagnosis
will be utilized in the formulation of goals.
6. STAGE 3: FORMULATION OF COUNSELING
GOALS
Goals are important as it sets the direction
of the counselling process.
It shall serve as the parameter of work
and the client-counsellor relationship.
Counselling goals may be treated as a
process goal or outcome goal.
The client and counsellor must agree on
the counselling goals.
7. STAGE 4: INTERVENTION AND PROBLEM
SOLVING
A. The counselor has to provide a mapping
of the different approaches offered.
B. Describe the role of the counselor and
client for each procedure.
C. Identify possible risks and benefits that
that may come.
D. Estimate the time and cost of each
procedure.
8. STAGE 5: TERMINATION AND FOLLOW- UP
The essential goal in
counselling is to witness a
client progress on his/her
own without the assistance
of the counselor.
9. THERE ARE FOUR COMPONENTS OF TERMINATION WHICH
WERE IDENTIFIED BY QUINTAN AND HOLAHAN:
• 1. DISCUSSION OF THE END OF COUNSELLING
• 2. REVIEW OF THE COURSE OF COUNSELLING
• 3. CLOSURE OF THE COUNSELLOR-CLIENT RELATIONSHIP
• 4. DISCUSSION OF THE CLIENT’S FUTURE AND POST-
COUNSELLING PLAN
10. STAGE 6: RESEARCH AND EVALUATION
This stage can be undertaken at any
point in the counselling stage.
Research and evaluation are
fundamental part of the evaluation.
Results of the research provide a
scientific appreciation of the
counselling situation.
11. CLASSIC THEORIES
The psychological theories
developed by Sigmund Freud,
Alfred Adler, and Carl Jung are
considered as the classic schools
for the reason that they primed
the underpinning of clinical
practice
12. A. FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
• THE APPROACH OF FREUD IN COUNSELLING AND
PSYCHOTHERAPY IS POPULARLY KNOWN AS PSYCHOANALYSIS
WHICH IS AN ANALYSIS OF THE MIND. ITS OBJECTIVE IS TO
RESTRUCTURE THE PERSONALITY BY RESOLUTION OF
INTRAPSYCHIC CONFLICT, WHICH FOCUSES IN THE INTERNAL
FORCES SUCH AS UNCONSCIOUS PROCESSES
13. PSYCHOANALYSIS HAS THREE GOALS:
• 1. TO HELP CLIENTS GAIN INSIGHTS ABOUT THEMSELVES
• 2. TO HELP CLIENTS WORK UNSTUCK ISSUES
• 3. TO HELP CLIENTS COPE WITH THE STRESSES OF THE
SOCIETY.
14. THE FOLLOWING TECHNIQUES MAY BE USED:
• 1. FREE ASSOCIATION- A METHOD TO ENCOURAGE THE PATIENT TO
DISCUSS WHATEVER COMES TO HIS MIND IN ORDER TO RELEASE
SUPPRESSED EMOTIONS.
• 2. DREAM ANALYSIS- A METHOD TO EXPLORE UNCONSCIOUS PROCESS
USING DREAMS.
• 3. CONFRONTATION AND CLARIFICATION- A FORM OF FEEDBACK
PROCEDURE FOR PATIENTS TO BECOME AWARE OF WHAT IS HAPPENING TO
HIM/HER AND TO DETERMINE AREAS FOR FURTHER ANALYSIS.
• 4. INTERPRETATION- A PROCESS OF GIVING INSIGHTS TO PATIENTS
ABOUT THEIR INNER CONFLICTS WHICH CAN BE REFLECTED IN RESISTANCE,
TRANSFERENCE, AND OTHER PROCESSES.
15. B. ADLER’S INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY
• THE APPROACH OF ADLER IN COUNSELING AND
PSYCHOTHERAPY FOCUSES ON THE ROLE OF COGNITION
IS PSYCHOLOGICAL FUNCTIONING.
16. ADLERIAN COUNSELING FOCUSES ON FOUR GOALS:
• 1. ESTABLISHMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF EGALITARIAN
RELATIONSHIP
• 2. ANALYSIS OF CLIENT’S LIFESTYLE
• 3. INTERPRETATION OF CLIENT’S LIFESTYLE IN A WAY THAT
PROMOTES INSIGHT
• 4. REORIENTATION AND REEDUCATION OF THE CLIENT WITH
ACCOMPANYING BEHAVIOR CHANGE.
17. C. JUNG’S ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY
• THE COUNSELING AND PSYCHOLOGY APPROACH OF
JUNG IS REFERRED TO AS PSYCHOTHERAPY.
• JUNG’S APPROACH HIGHLIGHTS THE TASK OF THE
UNCONSCIOUS PROCESSES IN “PSYCHOLOGICAL
FUNCTIONING”
18. EXPERIENTIAL THEORIES
It falls under the affective
theories which are concerned
about generating impact on
the emotions of clients to
effect change.
19. ROGER’S PERSON-CENTERED COUNSELING
( IT HAS BEEN DESCRIBED AS THE “IF-THEN”
APPROACH )
• THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS WERE FORMULATED BY
ROGERS:
• 1. COUNSELOR CONGRUENCE
• 2. EMPATHIC UNDERSTANDING
• 3. UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD
20. PEARL’S GESTALT THERAPY
• IT FOCUSES ON THE HERE AND NOW.
• IT REFERS TO THE DIALOGUE BETWEEN THE THERAPIST
AND THE CLIENT WHEREIN THE CLIENT EXPERIENCES FROM
THE INSIDE WHAT THE THERAPIST OBSERVES FROM THE
OUTSIDE.
• THE GOAL OF THE APPROACH IS AWARENESS ON THE
ENVIRONMENT, OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR CHOICES, OF SELF,
AND SELF-ACCEPTANCE.
21. GESTALT’S TECHNIQUE INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:
• ASSUMING RESPONSIBILITY- REPHRASE THE STATEMENT AND ADD “I TAKE
RESPONSIBILITY FOR IT”.
• USING PERSONAL PRONOUNS- TAKE PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY BY SAYING “I
OR ME “INSTEAD OF “US OR US”
• NOW I AM AWARE- ASSISTS THE CLIENTS TO GET IN TOUCH WITH
HIMSELF/HERSELF.
• THE EMPTY CHAIR TECHNIQUE- HELPS CLIENT WORK THROUGH CONFLICTING
PARTS OF PERSONALITY.
23. ELLIS RATIONAL EMOTIVE BEHAVIOR
THERAPY
• HIGHLIGHTS THE ROLE OF COGNITIONS ON EMOTIONS WITH
ASSERTION THAT PERSONS CAN BE BEST APPRECIATED IN
TERMS OF INTERNAL COGNITIVE DIALOGUE OR SELF-TALK.
24. BECK’S COGNITIVE THERAPY
• DECATASTROPHIZING- REFERRED TO AS “WHAT IF”.
• REDEFINING- REARTICULATING AN OBSTACLE TO SOMETHING THAT MAY BE
USEFUL.
• DECENTERING- THIS WILL HELP THE CLIENT APPREHEND THAT THEY ARE NOT THE
“CENTER OF ATTENTION”.
• BEHAVIORAL TECHNIQUES – THIS METHOD APPLIES A BROAD SELECTION OF
METHODS TO ASSIST CLIENTS OBTAINING ‘ESSENTIAL SKILLS, RELAXING PREPARING
FOR DIFFICULT SITUATIONS, AND EXPOSING THEM TO FEARED, PREPARING FOR
DIFFICULT SITUATIONS, AND EXPOSING THEM TO FEARED SITUATIONS”.
25. BERNE’S TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS
• REFERS TO EXAMINING AND DISSECTING TRANSACTIONS
BETWEEN PEOPLE.
• IT INCLUDES EVALUATING THE “THREE EGO STATE OF PARENT,
ADULT, AND CHILD OF EACH PERSON”.
• THE FUNDAMENTAL GOAL IS FOR THE CLIENT TO BE
“AUTONOMOUS, SELF-AWARE, SPONTANEOUS AND HAVE THE
CAPACITY FOR INTIMACY.”
26. TECHNIQUES
• STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS- ASSISTS CLIENTS TO BE CONSCIOUS OF THEIR “THREE
EGO”.
• TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS- ASSISTS CLIENTS TO “LEARN TO COMMUNICATE WITH
COMPLEMENTARY TRANSACTIONS.”
• SCRIPT ANALYSIS- LOOKS INTO THE “TYPE OF LIFE SCRIPT THE CLIENT HAS
DEVELOPED AND HOW IT CAN BE RE-WRITTEN.”
• ANALYSIS OF GAMES- COMPRISE OF DETERMINING “WHAT GAMES THE CLIENTS
PLAY AND HOW THE GAMES INTERFERE WITH INTERPERSONAL FUNCTIONING.”
.It focuses on personal adjustment through reorganization of internal forces within the person to help him/her become aware of the unconscious aspect of his/her personality. It focuses on personal adjustment through reorganization of internal forces within the person to help him/her become aware of the unconscious aspect of his/her
Its objective is to gain an understanding of the clients and assess why clients behave and think in certain ways.
The approach applies dreams and other procedures to determine the unconscious processes to utilize the result to boost the functioning of personality and to enhance mental health and wellness.
