2. Definition
• “Counselling means a relationship between
two persons in which one persons provides
special assistances to the other”.By Myers.
3. PROCESS
• G- Greet the client
• A- Ask clients about themselves
• T- Tell clients or give the information of
strategies of coping mechanisms
• H- Help the client to choose a method
• E- Explain how to use a method
• R- Return for follow-up
4. • ANALYSIS:
Collecting from a wide variety of sources,the
data needed for an adequate understanding of the
individual.
• SYNTHESIS:
Summarizing and organising the data so
that they reveal the individual’s
assests,liabilities,adjustments and maladjustments.
• DIAGNOSIS:
Formulating conclusions regarding the
nature and the cause of the problems exhibited by the
individual.
5. • PROGNOSIS:
Predicting the future development
of the individual’s problem.
• COUNSELLING:
The counsellor takes measures
with the individual to bring about adjustment and
readjustment.
• FOLLOWUP:
Helping the individual with new
problems of with recurrence of counselling
provided to them.
7. Verbal behaviour
• Uses a language which is understood by
the client.
• Clarifies client’s statements.
• Explains clearly and adequately.
• Advising, preaching adequately.
• Directing and demanding
8. • Reassuring.
• Summarizing.
• Responds to the needs of client.
• Encourages the client to speak.
• Gives needed information.
• Non- judgmental does not criticize or
censure the client’s feelings or thoughts.
• Does not speak too quickly or too slowly.
10. Non-verbal Behaviour
• R- Relax
• O- Open and approachable
• L- Lean toward client
• E- Eye contact
• S- Smile and sit comfortably
• Use tone of voice similar to that of a client.
Maintains eye contact, occasionally nods the
head, and maintains suitable distance.
12. INTERVIEW
Interview is a basic tool of counselling. It is
described as a conversation with a definite
purpose.Information with the help of
interview can be collected from the individual
student herself or from her family
members,friends or teachers.Interview
permits flexibility ,clarity,and an opportunity
to understand the counselled better.
13. OBSERVATION
Observation is a careful study of counseling
with a specific purpose.Counsellor makes the
observations i.e by participating observations
i.e as a member of the group of counselle-
participative or as an outsider-non
participative observations.
14. ANECDOTAL RECORDS
It consist recording important incidents.It is a
verbal snapshot of an incident.Case should be
taken to record the incident as it has
happened.Decisions should not be made on
the basis of a single anecdote.
15. CUMULATIVE RECORD CARD
It is a method of recording and providing
meaningful, significant and comprehensive
information about the individual over the
years.It is useful in organizing and integrating
information collected through the use of
different tools.
16. SOCIOMETRY
Sociometry is used to measure sociability or
social distance amongst the members of a
group. Autobiography and diaries maintained
by the pupil may also provide useful
information. This self evaluation will help
individuals in developing self understanding.
17. PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS:
• It helps to identify bright and poor students, so
that remedial teaching can be arranged for poor.
• To identify the areas of weakness
• To serve as the basis of counselling
• To serve as the basis of vocational guidance.
• To serve as the basis of conference with the
parents and teachers.
• To select the individuals from a group of
applicants.
• To predict the potentials of individuals.
18. Some of the tests are:
• Intelligence tests-Wechsler adult intelligence
scale(WAIS):designed for persons 16 to 89
years of age.
• Projective personality assessment: Rorschach
test, Thematic apperception test, Sentence
completion test
19. Techniques
• Acceptance- The client should not be hindered in any manner,
he should fully encouraged to express his feelings freely.
• Active Listening/observing - capturing and understanding the
verbal and nonverbal information communicated by that pt.
• Restatement- The counsellor should enable the counselee to
realize that he is being fully understood and accepted.
• Clarification- The counsellor tries to give correct information
clarifies the doubts of counselee.
20. • Reassurance- Confidence in counselling being given
to him reassures the client about the effectiveness of
counselling.
• Interpretation- To develop insight by the counselee,
he understands the unconscious motives that he
resolves his inner conflicts.
• Advice- Advice should be given only in those cases
where it is sought for
• Rejection- It reverses the direction of thoughts of
counselee.
21. • Lead- The client is asked a question in a manner that
is helpful to him in determining the answer.
• Empathy: The ability to perceive another's
experience and then to communicate that
perception back to the individual to clarify and
amplify their own experiencing and meaning. It is
not identifying with the pt or sharing similar
experiences-- not "I know how you feel.
• Paraphrasing: Selective focusing on the cognitive
part of the message – with the client’s key words and
ideas being communicated back to the patient in a
rephrased, and shortened form.
22. • Genuiness: Includes congruence between
outer words/behaviours and inner feelings;
nondefensiveness; non-role-playing; and being
unpretentious.
• Unconditional positive regard : An expression
of caring and nurturance as well as
acceptance. Includes conveying warmth
through:
23. • Concreteness: Keeping communications specific -
- focused on facts and feelings of relevant
concerns, while avoiding tangents,
generalizations, abstract discussions, or talking
about counsellor rather than the client.
• Open Questions - A questioning process to assist
the client in clarifying or exploring thoughts or
feelings. Counsellor id not requesting specific
information and not purposively limiting the
nature of the response to only a yes or no or very
brief answer.
•
24. • Counsellor Self-Disclosure: The counsellor
shares personal feelings, experiences, or
reactions to the client. Should include relevant
content intended to help them.
• Interpretation: Any statements to the clients
which goes beyond what they have said or are
aware of. In interpretation the counsellor is
providing new meaning, reason, or
explanation for behaviours, thoughts, or
feelings so that pt can see problems in a new
way.
25. • Information Giving and Removing Obstacles
to Change:
Supplying data, opinions, facts,
resources or answers to questions.
26. CONCLUSION:
• Counselling is a concept that has existed for a
long time. We have sought through the ages
to understand ourselves, offer counsel and
develop our potential, become aware of
Opportunities and, in general, help ourselves
in ways associated with formal guidance
practice.
