Relativity is a magnificent equality principle of nature at creating the universe.
However, it has many counter-intuitive, mind-blogging concepts, and many of us may have a hard time at understanding it.
How could light propagate in vacuum without a media?
How could the speed of light remain constant for all observers?
Why there are time dilation, length contraction, and loss of simultaneity?
Why the laws of nature remain the same for all moving frames?
How could space and time be bent by mass and energy?
Are our brains wired in such a way so that it is always difficult to understand relativity in a natural way?
Or there may exist a new knowledge framework, and a new representation so that relativity become easier to be understood.
This video offers a mechanical approach for the first time to explain relativity.
It attempts to make relativity easier for the general public to understand.
We believe the quantum entanglement is caused by the very space itself, not by any particles, and thus not bounded by the speed of light, so is the gravity, we stand at fireworks side.
Quantum Field Theory and the Limits of KnowledgeSean Carroll
A seminar, given to philosophers, on how quantum field theory allows us to delineate known from unknown in fundamental physics, and why the laws of physics underlying everyday phenomena are known.
What We (Don't) Know About the Beginning of the UniverseSean Carroll
A plenary talk at the January 2017 meeting of the American Astronomical Society, on whether the universe truly had a beginning, and what might have come before.
We believe the quantum entanglement is caused by the very space itself, not by any particles, and thus not bounded by the speed of light, so is the gravity, we stand at fireworks side.
Quantum Field Theory and the Limits of KnowledgeSean Carroll
A seminar, given to philosophers, on how quantum field theory allows us to delineate known from unknown in fundamental physics, and why the laws of physics underlying everyday phenomena are known.
What We (Don't) Know About the Beginning of the UniverseSean Carroll
A plenary talk at the January 2017 meeting of the American Astronomical Society, on whether the universe truly had a beginning, and what might have come before.
Gifford Lecture One: Cosmos, Time, MemorySean Carroll
Based on my book The Big Picture, this is the first of five lectures exploring how different ways of talking about the world fit together. The other four lectures are on YouTube.
Space is not fundamental (although time might be). Talk at the 2010 Philosophy of Science Association Meeting, Montreal. By Sean Carroll, http://preposterousuniverse.com/
Abstract: Dr. David Joseph Bohm an American scientist who theorized quantum mechanics in the most ordinary and understandable way, which is somewhat referred to as the “Pilot Wave-model”. Also he prophesized in neuropsychology, and gave the Holonomic model of brain affecting our view of the quantum mechanics. His theories suggest that the phenomenon of “NON LOCALITY” or quantum entanglement is due to the famous “frame dragging” phenomenon predicted by Sir. Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity.
Bohm’s theory also suggests that time doesn’t exist in the way we think it does as stated by “THE BIG CRUNCH” theory. According to it time exists due to the interacting frequencies of the waves due to particle vibrations in space and that the universe never began.
In this paper existence of quantum entanglement is used to question the degree of correctness of the Space-time fabric theory.
Brief discussion of some the problems of cold dark matter in cosmological structure formation, the idea of `fuzzy' dark matter and some applications of the Schrodinger-Poisson system for cosmic reconstruction.
Talk given at `Post-Planck Cosmology', Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune, India (12th October 2017).
WAVE-VISUALIZATION
1. Information gleaned from various sources. -“A BRIEF DESCRIPTION” - -Quantum physics is the physical theory that describes the behavior of matter, radiation and all their interactions views as both wave phenomena as either particle phenomena (wave-particle duality), unlike the classical Newtonian physics based on Isaac Newton's theories or, which sees for example the light just like wave and the electron just as a particle. ***In May 1926, Schrödinger proved that Heisenberg's matrix mechanics and his own wave mechanics made the same predictions about the properties and behaviour of the electron; mathematically, the two theories had an underlying common form. Yet the two men disagreed on the interpretation of their mutual theory. For instance, Heisenberg accepted the theoretical prediction of jumps of electrons between orbitals in an atom, but Schrödinger hoped that a theory based on continuous wave-like properties could avoid what he called (as paraphrased by Wilhelm Wien) "this nonsense about quantum jumps." The reconceived theory is formulated in various specially developed mathematical formalisms. In one of them, a mathematical function, the wave function, provides information about the probability amplitude of position, momentum, and other physical properties of a particle. Important applications of quantum mechanical theory include uperconducting magnets, light-emitting diodes and the laser, the transistor and semicoductors such as the microprocessor, medical and research imaging such as magnetic resonance imaging magnetic resonance and electron microscopy, and explanations for many biological and physical phenomena. Wave–particle duality is the fact that every elementary particle or quantic entity exhibits the properties of not only particles, but also waves. It addresses the inability of the classical concepts "particle" or "wave" to fully describe the behavior of quantum-scale objects. As Einstein wrote: "It seems as though we must use sometimes the one theory and sometimes the other, while at times we may use either. We are faced with a new kind of difficulty. We have two contradictory pictures of reality; separately neither of them fully explains the phenomena of light, but together they do". The wave view did not immediately displace the ray and particle view, but began to dominate scientific thinking about light in the mid 19th century, since it could explain polarization phenomena that the alternatives could not
This theory, not so much to unify the gravitational field, but gives us a theoretical concept of the universe can be correlated, hence derives DEPENDABILITY universal, by the fact that unifies all the theories that exist, notably Einstein's general relativity and the theory of dynamic gravity of tesla, and among others.
The paper proposes a model of a unitary quantum field theory where the particle is represented as a wave packet. The frequency dispersion equation is chosen so that the packet periodically appears and disappears without changing its form. The envelope of the process is identified with a conventional wave function. Equation of such a field is nonlinear and relativistically invariant. With proper adjustments, they are reduced to Dirac, Schroedinger and Hamilton-Jacobi equations. A number of new experimental effects are predicted both for high and low energies.
A unification of gravity with electromagnetism and quantumJeffrey Huang
It is known that there is an incompatibility issue between general relativity and quantum mechanics. This paper shows that it is possible to resolve the conflict by deriving gravitational acceleration using a generalized fundamental equation in quantum mechanics that governs the motion of all particles (bosons and fermions). The new theory of gravity makes predictions at the cosmic scale which can be easily verified using existing astrophysics data where general relativity failed to do. It can restore Newtonian gravity as a low speed, quasi-static limit and Einstein’s general relativity as the classical limit at the macroscopic scale. The later includes restoring general relativity’s key concept, the metric tensor and its key equation, the geodesic equation. Curved spacetime is just the manifestation of the quantum motion equation, rather than being the cause of gravity. The new theory makes almost the same predictions as Einstein’s general relativity on gravitational time dilation, gravitational light bending, the extra precession of the perihelion of Mercury, and gravitational waves where the small differences between the two theories are beyond the power of any existing apparatus to detect.
In this talk I explain (a) what observations speak
for the hypothesis of dark matter, (b) what observations speak for the hypothesis of modified gravity, and (c) why it is a mistake
to insist that either hypothesis on its own must explain all
the available data. The right explanation, I will argue,
is instead a suitable combination of dark matter and modified
gravity, which can be realized by the idea that dark matter
has a superfluid phase.
General Relativity is inconsistent with quantum theory which
leaves our understanding of nature incomplete and unsatisfactory. The now 80 years old quest for a consistent theory of quantum gravity has so far almost entirely focused on mathematical consistency. But as of recently the possibility to look for observational evidence has received an increased amount of attention, as a tool to provide guidance for the construction of of the theory.
Here, I summarize recent developments in the search for
experimental signatures for quantum gravitational effects and how these help to put constraints on the theory-construction. Some of the topics that I will cover are the prospects of finding Planck scale effects in gamma ray bursts, in neutral Kaon oscillations, or with massive quantum oscillators. If time allows, I will also comment on the search for holographic noise and how to find evidence for space-time discreteness.
Gifford Lecture One: Cosmos, Time, MemorySean Carroll
Based on my book The Big Picture, this is the first of five lectures exploring how different ways of talking about the world fit together. The other four lectures are on YouTube.
Space is not fundamental (although time might be). Talk at the 2010 Philosophy of Science Association Meeting, Montreal. By Sean Carroll, http://preposterousuniverse.com/
Abstract: Dr. David Joseph Bohm an American scientist who theorized quantum mechanics in the most ordinary and understandable way, which is somewhat referred to as the “Pilot Wave-model”. Also he prophesized in neuropsychology, and gave the Holonomic model of brain affecting our view of the quantum mechanics. His theories suggest that the phenomenon of “NON LOCALITY” or quantum entanglement is due to the famous “frame dragging” phenomenon predicted by Sir. Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity.
Bohm’s theory also suggests that time doesn’t exist in the way we think it does as stated by “THE BIG CRUNCH” theory. According to it time exists due to the interacting frequencies of the waves due to particle vibrations in space and that the universe never began.
In this paper existence of quantum entanglement is used to question the degree of correctness of the Space-time fabric theory.
Brief discussion of some the problems of cold dark matter in cosmological structure formation, the idea of `fuzzy' dark matter and some applications of the Schrodinger-Poisson system for cosmic reconstruction.
Talk given at `Post-Planck Cosmology', Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune, India (12th October 2017).
WAVE-VISUALIZATION
1. Information gleaned from various sources. -“A BRIEF DESCRIPTION” - -Quantum physics is the physical theory that describes the behavior of matter, radiation and all their interactions views as both wave phenomena as either particle phenomena (wave-particle duality), unlike the classical Newtonian physics based on Isaac Newton's theories or, which sees for example the light just like wave and the electron just as a particle. ***In May 1926, Schrödinger proved that Heisenberg's matrix mechanics and his own wave mechanics made the same predictions about the properties and behaviour of the electron; mathematically, the two theories had an underlying common form. Yet the two men disagreed on the interpretation of their mutual theory. For instance, Heisenberg accepted the theoretical prediction of jumps of electrons between orbitals in an atom, but Schrödinger hoped that a theory based on continuous wave-like properties could avoid what he called (as paraphrased by Wilhelm Wien) "this nonsense about quantum jumps." The reconceived theory is formulated in various specially developed mathematical formalisms. In one of them, a mathematical function, the wave function, provides information about the probability amplitude of position, momentum, and other physical properties of a particle. Important applications of quantum mechanical theory include uperconducting magnets, light-emitting diodes and the laser, the transistor and semicoductors such as the microprocessor, medical and research imaging such as magnetic resonance imaging magnetic resonance and electron microscopy, and explanations for many biological and physical phenomena. Wave–particle duality is the fact that every elementary particle or quantic entity exhibits the properties of not only particles, but also waves. It addresses the inability of the classical concepts "particle" or "wave" to fully describe the behavior of quantum-scale objects. As Einstein wrote: "It seems as though we must use sometimes the one theory and sometimes the other, while at times we may use either. We are faced with a new kind of difficulty. We have two contradictory pictures of reality; separately neither of them fully explains the phenomena of light, but together they do". The wave view did not immediately displace the ray and particle view, but began to dominate scientific thinking about light in the mid 19th century, since it could explain polarization phenomena that the alternatives could not
This theory, not so much to unify the gravitational field, but gives us a theoretical concept of the universe can be correlated, hence derives DEPENDABILITY universal, by the fact that unifies all the theories that exist, notably Einstein's general relativity and the theory of dynamic gravity of tesla, and among others.
The paper proposes a model of a unitary quantum field theory where the particle is represented as a wave packet. The frequency dispersion equation is chosen so that the packet periodically appears and disappears without changing its form. The envelope of the process is identified with a conventional wave function. Equation of such a field is nonlinear and relativistically invariant. With proper adjustments, they are reduced to Dirac, Schroedinger and Hamilton-Jacobi equations. A number of new experimental effects are predicted both for high and low energies.
A unification of gravity with electromagnetism and quantumJeffrey Huang
It is known that there is an incompatibility issue between general relativity and quantum mechanics. This paper shows that it is possible to resolve the conflict by deriving gravitational acceleration using a generalized fundamental equation in quantum mechanics that governs the motion of all particles (bosons and fermions). The new theory of gravity makes predictions at the cosmic scale which can be easily verified using existing astrophysics data where general relativity failed to do. It can restore Newtonian gravity as a low speed, quasi-static limit and Einstein’s general relativity as the classical limit at the macroscopic scale. The later includes restoring general relativity’s key concept, the metric tensor and its key equation, the geodesic equation. Curved spacetime is just the manifestation of the quantum motion equation, rather than being the cause of gravity. The new theory makes almost the same predictions as Einstein’s general relativity on gravitational time dilation, gravitational light bending, the extra precession of the perihelion of Mercury, and gravitational waves where the small differences between the two theories are beyond the power of any existing apparatus to detect.
In this talk I explain (a) what observations speak
for the hypothesis of dark matter, (b) what observations speak for the hypothesis of modified gravity, and (c) why it is a mistake
to insist that either hypothesis on its own must explain all
the available data. The right explanation, I will argue,
is instead a suitable combination of dark matter and modified
gravity, which can be realized by the idea that dark matter
has a superfluid phase.
General Relativity is inconsistent with quantum theory which
leaves our understanding of nature incomplete and unsatisfactory. The now 80 years old quest for a consistent theory of quantum gravity has so far almost entirely focused on mathematical consistency. But as of recently the possibility to look for observational evidence has received an increased amount of attention, as a tool to provide guidance for the construction of of the theory.
Here, I summarize recent developments in the search for
experimental signatures for quantum gravitational effects and how these help to put constraints on the theory-construction. Some of the topics that I will cover are the prospects of finding Planck scale effects in gamma ray bursts, in neutral Kaon oscillations, or with massive quantum oscillators. If time allows, I will also comment on the search for holographic noise and how to find evidence for space-time discreteness.
Gestión eficiente de Microsoft Outlook - Nociones basicasmcprodriguez
Microsoft Outlook ofrece herramientas de primera calidad para la administración del correo electrónico personal y de negocios a más de 500 millones de usuarios en todo el mundo.
Con el lanzamiento de Outlook, obtendrá un conjunto mejorado de experiencias para satisfacer sus necesidades de comunicación en el trabajo, el hogar y la escuela.
Desde un aspecto rediseñado hasta características avanzadas de organización de correo electrónico, búsqueda, comunicación y redes sociales, Outlook le proporciona una experiencia de primera clase para mantenerse productivo y en contacto con las redes personales y de negocios.
FCE exam practice Use of English Word formation part 3 explainedEmily Telcuk
It's a part 3 of the Use of English FCE exam. The explanation and the answers are also included.
For more please visit http://telcuk.com/learn-english-online/ where you can find plenty of on-line resources for FCE and IELTS exam together with general English practice activities for speaking, writing, reading and listening.
Visual Studio | Lanzamiento VS2017 en Buenos Aires - 11/03/2017Pablo Ariel Di Loreto
Esta presentación fue la utilizada el 11/03/2017 en las oficinas de Microsoft Argentina, en marco del evento “Lanzamiento de Visual Studio 2017 para la Comunidad Técnica”.
Este evento fue organizado sin ánimos de lucro por Net-Baires (www.net-baires.com.ar) y contó con el apoyo de Microsoft Argentina y otros sponsors.
Los organizadores, que son colaboradores de la comunidad técnica, fueron (por órden alfabético): Germán Küber (@germankuber), Guillermo Bellamann (@gjbellmann), Nicolás Bello (@nbellocam), y Pablo Ariel Di Loreto (@pablodiloreto).
The objective of this paper is to propose an approach to the unification of physics by attempting
to construct a physical worldview which can be used as the context for a unified physical theory.
The underlying principle is that we have to construct a clear description of the physical world
before we can build a unified physical theory.
The present state of physics is such that there are many theories which all differ in the descriptive
context in which they operate. The theories of general relativity, quantum theory, quantum
electrodynamics, string theory and the standard model of particle physics are based on differing
concepts of the nature of the physical world.
Heisgnberg principle, energy levels & atomic spectraNoor Fatima
Heisgnberg principle, energy levels & atomic spectra word document full discription on these topics avaivale can be used as presentations or assignments. hope so it may help
The Phase Theory towards the Unification of the Forces of Nature the Heart Be...IOSR Journals
A new theory has been presented, for the first time, called the "Phase Theory", which is the natural evolution of the physical thought and is considered the one beyond the super string theory. This theory solves the unsolved problems of the mysterious of matter, antimatter and interactions and makes a wide step towards the unification of the forces of nature. In this theory, the vibrating string of different frequency modes which determines the different types of elementary particles is replaced by a three dimensional infinitesimal pulsating (black)holes with the same frequency. Different types of elementary particles are determined by different phase angles associated with the same frequency. This allows the force of interactions to take place among elementary particles, without the need to invoke the notion of the force carrier particles, as the (stable) force of interactions can never take place between elementary particles at different frequencies. Besides the strong mathematical proofs given in this paper to prove its truthfulness, an experimental prediction has been given to confirm the theory presented in the form of the relation between the electron radius and quarks radii. The paper shows that quarks are direct consequence of this theory, and solves "the flavor problem" in QCD, and gives the clue to answer the questions of "Why are there so many flavors? The paper also derives the equation of the big bang theory which describes the singularity of the moment of creation of the universe.
Relativity and Quantum Mechanics Are Not "Incompatible"John47Wind
Many scientific journals, books, magazines and science web sites state that since Einstein’s theory of gravity doesn’t “fit” into the quantum theory of forces, a new quantum theory of gravity must be found. This essay explodes the prevailing scientific myth that relativity and quantum mechanics are somehow incompatible. The simple fact of the matter is that gravity is not a force at all, so trying to make it “fit” into quantum theory is impossible. This essay demonstrates that relativity and quantum physics are indeed different, but it’s simply a matter of scale. In fact they are perfect reflections of each other.
Sometimes, if you want to understand how nature truly works, you need to break things down to the simplest levels imaginable. The macroscopic world is composed of particles that are-if you divide them until they can be divided no more-fundamental. They experience forces that are determined by the exchange of additional particles (or the curvature of spacetime, for gravity), and react to the presence of objects around them. At least, that’s how it seems. The closer two objects are, the greater the forces they exert on one another. If they’re too far away, the forces drop off to zero, just like your intuition tells you they should. This is called the principle of locality, and it holds true in almost every instance. But in quantum mechanics, it’s violated all the time. Locality may be nothing but a persistent illusion, and seeing through that facade may be just what physics needs.
Read more articles in our site: https://crimsonpublishers.com/icp/index.php
For more articles in our journal click on: https://crimsonpublishers.com/icp/fulltext/ICP.000524.php
Alexander G Foigel - An interpretation of relativistic mechanics - 2005.pdfIliaStambler1
An Interpretation of Relativistic Mechanics
By Alexander G Foigel
Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie, Volume 30, no 3-4, 289-307, 2005
[Originally in open access: https://fondationlouisdebroglie.org/AFLB-303/aflb303m339.pdf
Translated from Russian into English by Ilia Stambler]
ABSTRACT. The present article reports on the finding of the principal basis behind relativistic mechanics. From the independence of the speed of light upon the velocity of the light source it is concluded that the vacuum consists of the light carrying ether. The second crucial conclusion is that the elementary particles represent specific excitations of some parts of rigid ether. The motion of the electron in the atom undergoes multiple reflections, and the electron trajectory represents a broken line. The forces of inertia are conditioned by the properties of the ether excitation that is identified with the physical body. The constancy of the transverse dimensions of freely moving particles and bodies is determined by de Broglie waves. The invariants in the theory of relativity are the transverse dimensions of moving objects and the speed of light.
A run through of the basic principles of quantum mechanics, first principles in Philosophy, deriving mathematical Platonism and informational monism, and recognizing that quantum gravity necessitates informational monism while accommodating mathematical Platonism.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
2. There are lots of books, videos, and slide shows on
relativity with stories of spaceships, trains, lasers, and
moving light clocks and light rulers. However, people are
still confused by the theory generation after generation.
After reading a whole stack of those books, many of
them don’t understand why light can propagate in pure
vacuum without any medium, why the speed of light is
magically constant, why a moving clock is slower and a
moving ruler is shorter, and most importantly, how
could the laws of physics remain the same for all
uniformly moving frames.
3. Relativity says that light can travel in vacuum without any
medium. However, this statement is just the emperor’s new
clothes in the theory. It mystifies the propagation of light. It is
also bluntly against our intuition. There is no way for any wave to
propagate in space without any medium.
Permittivity and permeability are not the properties of space. It
makes no sense to assign those physical properties to space.
Rather, they are the properties of the medium for propagating
electromagnetic waves. All waves need a medium to propagate in
reality, including light.
4. In relativity, it has often been argued that light travels at a
constant speed because it propagates in vacuum as waves
without the need of any medium. It has been treated as a
genius idea at solving the puzzle of the constancy of the
speed of light. However, such a reasoning is also the
emperor’s new clothes in relativity.
This statement mystifies the constancy of the speed of light,
making it unfathomable. It sounds more like a magic than a
logic statement. Also, it is logically incorrect to postulate a
statement, such as the constancy of the speed of light, to
prove the statement itself in a circular way.
What we need here is a true mechanical explanation for the
constancy of the speed of light (if it is true in reality) without
mystifying it. You don’t understand it
because you are dummies.
5. There is a critical logic error in relativity theory. To be more
specific, the constant speed of light should not be treated as
the second key postulate of relativity. The fact is that
relativity holds true regardless of whether or not the speed
is constant. This postulate is simply redundant for the
theory. It is the biggest misconception in the theory,
confusing almost everyone including Einstein.
6. The laws of physics remain the same for all uniformly
moving frames.
There are Two Key Postulates in Relativity
Postulate 1: The Principle of Relativity
As measured in any inertial frame of reference, light is
always propagated in empty space with a definite
velocity c that is independent of the state of motion of
the emitting body.
Postulate 2: A constant speed of light
7. If a particle travels at the common maximal speed limit
in one inertial frame, it must travels at the same speed in
all inertial frames. That is, its speed is constant in this
case.
Two Important Logical Consequences
From the First Postulate
Consequence #2: The Constant Speed
All free objects must share exactly the same maximal
speed limit. Otherwise, the principle of relativity is
violated.
Consequence #1: A Common Maximum Speed Limit
8. The Second Postulate is Redundant
We can see that the constancy of the speed of an object is a
logical consequence of the first postulate. There is no need
to postulate the constancy of the speed of light. Using it as
the second postulate to explain relativistic effects such as
time dilation, length contraction, and loss of simultaneity
could be confusing to the general public. Often times,
people mistakenly thought it is the cause of those
relativistic effects. However, the truth is that we have those
relativistic effects as long as the common maximal speed
limit is of a finite value. In other words, we suffer from time
dilation and length contraction as long as the common
maximal speed limit is of a finite value, regardless of
whether or not the speed of light is constant.
9. The laws of physics remain the same for all uniformly
moving frames.
We Only Need the First Postulate
Postulate 1: The Principle of Relativity
As measured in any inertial frame of reference, light is
always propagated in empty space with a definite
velocity c that is independent of the state of motion of
the emitting body.
Postulate 2: A constant speed of light
10. Constant Speed of Light as Biggest Misconception
The constancy of the speed of light is not only a redundant
postulate, but also an inaccurate statement about reality.
In the real world, the photon never moves like a point object
with a definite position at any given time instance. Instead, it
moves like a wave without a definite position at any given time
governed by quantum laws. The light clocks and rulers used in
the classical relativity thought experiments never exist in reality.
They only exist in our imaginations. Simply put, those thought
experiments are wrong in terms of physical reality.
With the same argument, the classical motion equation for light,
𝑐2 𝑡2 − 𝑥2 = 0, where the photon is treated as a classical point
object, is also incorrect. It should not be used to derive the
Lorentz transformation, a key transformation in relativity.
11. Constant Speed of Light Should be Hypothesis
The constant speed of light should be a hypothesis subject to
experimental verification. Up to now, nobody is sure about the
constancy of the speed of light. Neither the Maxwell’s equations,
nor the Michelson-Morley experiment can tell us the constancy
of the speed of light because they are not exactly accurate.
Recently, it has been found that spatially structured photons in
free space travel slower than the speed of light.
Vacuum isn’t really empty, but is filled with virtual particles. A
virtual particle pair can pop out of the vacuum for a very short
time interval then disappear. Light will interact with those
virtual particles. At present, nobody knows if the interaction
with virtual particles in vacuum will slow down light from its
maximum speed limit.
12. Spacetime Metric should not be Treated as
Fundamental Concept in Relativity
It has been used as the fundamental concept both
in special relativity and general relativity. However,
the concept is valid only at the classical limit. It
works only for computing the trajectory of a
classical point-like object. It doesn’t work for
quantum particles which behave more like waves
than point-like objects.
13. Reconciling Relativity with Quantum Mechanics
Special relativity has been established around 1905 and
general relativity is around 1915. Both of them are more
than a decade ahead of the establishment of quantum
theory. All the concepts used in relativity are classical
ones. For example, objects have definite position and
velocity at any time instance. Each object has a definite
trajectory in spacetime. However, those pictures are
inaccurate, often times misleading in the quantum
world. You can not simply treat an atomic system as a
solar system because each electron of the atom doesn’t
have a definite orbit. Rather, it has a cloud of probability.
It is desirable to reconcile relativity with quantum
theory.
14. The fundamental reason for relativity remaining as a
mystery is because the mechanical explanation for it is
missing so far. Without it, relativity remains as a mystery
and a magic of nature, hard to be understood by human
brains. It is time to offer a mechanical explanation for
relativity based on quantum theory.
15.
16. Common Speed Limit
Based on the standard model, the most successful theory of
particle physics, if the Higgs field did not exist, all
elementary particles would travel at the speed of light.
Some of elementary particles interact with the Higgs field
to have rest mass and slow down to any speed below the
speed of light. The ones which do not interact with the
Higgs field will always travel at the speed of light.
In quantum field theory, elementary particles are excited
states of the underlying physical field, so called field
quanta. For example, electron field generates electrons and
electromagnetic field generates photons.
17. A Fundamental Field For All
As mentioned before, to have the principle of
relativity, all particles must share exactly the same
maximal speed limit at any position of space and at
any time. If there is any slightest difference in the
maximal speed limit for different particles, the
principle of relativity is violated.
To resolve the mystery, the author postulate that all
elementary particle fields are different manifestations
of a more fundamental field, traditionally called the
ether. Different particles correspond to different
excited states of this fundamental field, so that they
have different spins, charges, colors, and masses.
18. A Fundamental Postulate
for Relativity and Gravity
at the most fundamental level of
nature, everything is made of particle
waves and field waves. All of those
waves are different excited states of a
fundamental medium, traditionally
called the ether. Those waves, either
free ones or coupled ones, are
propagating in space with the same
pattern defined by a quadratic partial
differential operator 𝑔 𝜇𝜈 𝜕𝜇 𝜕𝜈.
It is postulated by the author that
19. The Definition of 𝒈 𝝁𝝂
𝝏 𝝁 𝝏 𝝂
In relativity, 𝑔 𝜇𝜈 𝜕𝜇 𝜕 𝜈 is a shorthand notation for
𝜇=0
3
𝜈=0
3
𝑔 𝜇𝜈
𝜕𝜇 𝜕 𝜈
where 𝜕𝜇 is a shorthand notation for 𝜕/𝜕𝑥 𝜇. As a
convention, 𝑥0 = 𝑡, 𝑥1 = 𝑥, 𝑥2 = 𝑦, and 𝑥3 = 𝑧. 𝑡 is the
time coordinate, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 are spatial coordinates.
20. Wave Propagation in Gravity-Free Vacuum
When there is no gravity, it has been found in quantum mechanics that
the propagation of particle waves and field waves are governed by the
following operator:
−
1
𝑐2
𝜕𝑡
2
+ 𝜕 𝑥
2
+ 𝜕 𝑦
2
+ 𝜕𝑧
2
This operator is often times denoted as □, called the d’Alembert operator.
In particular, for any free particle, either a boson or a fermion, it satisfies
the Klein-Gordon equation as
□𝜓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡 =
𝑚2 𝑐2
ℏ2
𝜓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡
Here, 𝜓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡 is the wave function of the particle describing the state
of the particle, 𝑚 is the mass of the particle, 𝑐 is a constant defining the
maximum speed limit for all particles, and ℏ is the reduced Planck
constant, one of the most important constant in physics.
3/17/2017 20
21. The electric field E and
the magnetic field B are
uniquely defined by the
electromagnetic four
potential field A.
A Case Study: Electromagnetic Waves
Electromagnetic waves can be imagined as a
self-propagating oscillating wave of electric
and magnetic fields. In general, an
electromagnetic field can be represented by a
4 component vector field, called an
electromagnetic four-potential field, denoted
as A(x, y, z, t). When there is no gravity in a
vacuum space, it satisfies the following wave
function:
−
1
𝑐2
𝜕𝑡
2
+ 𝜕 𝑥
2 + 𝜕 𝑦
2 + 𝜕𝑧
2 𝐴 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡 = 0
That is, the propagation of the
electromagnetic four-potential field is
governed by the d’Alembert operator
−
1
𝑐2
𝜕𝑡
2
+ 𝜕 𝑥
2
+ 𝜕 𝑦
2
+ 𝜕𝑧
2
3/17/2017 21
22. Einstein’s Geodesic Equation
as the Classical Limit
Using the universal wave propagation operator 𝑔 𝜇𝜈 𝜕𝜇 𝜕𝜈, the
Klein-Gordon equation can be simply generalized to
𝑔 𝜇𝜈 𝜕𝜇 𝜕𝜈 𝜓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡 =
𝑚2 𝑐2
ℏ2
𝜓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡
It has been proven by the author that the above generalized
wave equation falls back to Einstein’s geodesic equation in
general relativity at the classical limit. Einstein’s geodesic
equation is used to compute the trajectory of a point-like
object in a curved spacetime with its metric as 𝑔 𝜇𝜈.
The wave equation at the top is more general than Einstein’s
geodesic equation because the latter is only the classical
limit of the former.
3/17/2017 22
23. Essentials of Quantum Waves
the universal wave propagation operator 𝒈 𝝁𝝂
𝝏 𝝁 𝝏 𝝂
manifests itself as the spacetime metric
𝒈 𝝁𝝂 𝒅𝒙 𝝁
𝒅𝒙 𝝂
at the classical limit, where the
covariant metric tensor 𝒈 𝝁𝝂 is the inverse of the
contravariant metric tensor 𝒈 𝝁𝝂
. Simply put, the
geometry of spacetime is a result of the propagation of
quantum particle waves in space and time.
Based on the previous investigation, we can conclude that
24. As a summary, we have
the universal wave propagation
parameters 𝒈 𝝁𝝂
(𝝁, 𝝂 = 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑)
define the geometry of spacetime
with the spacetime metric as 𝒈 𝜇𝜈.
25. Quantum Wave Propagation vs Spacetime Metric
The spacetime metric 𝒈 𝝁𝝂 𝒅𝒙 𝝁
𝒅𝒙 𝝂
is a fundamental
concept in both special and general relativity. From the
previous investigation we can see that it is only the
classical limit of the universal wave propagation
operator 𝒈 𝝁𝝂 𝝏 𝝁 𝝏 𝝂.
At the most fundamental level of nature, everything
are just waves. Therefore, the wave propagation
operator is more fundamental than the spacetime
metric. The latter belongs to classical physics, valid
only when every object can be treated as a point object
with a definite position and velocity at any given time.
26. The universal wave propagation
operator 𝒈 𝝁𝝂 𝝏 𝝁 𝝏 𝝂 is more fundamental
than the spacetime metric 𝒈 𝝁𝝂 𝒅𝒙 𝝁
𝒅𝒙 𝝂
at understanding relativity .
27. Einstein suggested that gravitational potential is
defined by the spacetime metric 𝑔 𝜇𝜈. Whenever
there are variations of 𝑔 𝜇𝜈, it causes gravitational
acceleration.
The variations of 𝑔 𝜇𝜈 are caused by the presence
of matter and energy and others defined by
Einstein’s field equation in general relativity.
28. Gravitational potential is defined by the
universal wave propagation parameters
𝒈 𝝁𝝂, instead of the spacetime metric𝒈 𝝁𝝂 as
suggested by Einstein.
Since 𝑔 𝜇𝜈
is more fundamental than 𝑔 𝜇𝜈,
the author hypothesizes that
29. Demystifying Relativity-The Essence
At any point of spacetime, the propagation operator 𝑔 𝜇𝜈 𝜕𝜇 𝜕𝜈
can be normalized to the standard form as
− Τ1 𝑐2 𝜕𝑡
2
+ 𝜕 𝑥
2 + 𝜕 𝑦
2 + 𝜕𝑧
2
and remains the same after the Lorentz transformation. That
is exactly the reason why the laws of physics remain the
same regardless of gravity, and the relative motion of an
observer.
Mechanical Explanation for Relativity
In particular, to any observer at his local space, every
hydrogen atom, water molecule, protein, or any other atoms
or molecules remain the same in their structures and
properties regardless of the gravity, and motion of the
observer. Otherwise, life is impossible.
30. we have relativity simply because the
universal wave propagation operator
𝒈 𝝁𝝂 𝝏 𝝁 𝝏 𝝂 is normalizable to
− Τ𝟏 𝒄 𝟐
𝝏 𝒕
𝟐
+ 𝝏 𝒙
𝟐 + 𝝏 𝒚
𝟐 + 𝝏 𝒛
𝟐 and remains
invariant under the Lorentz
transformation.
The author concludes that
31. there is no way for laws of physics to remain
the same regardless of gravity and motion if
The universal wave propagation operator
is not of the quadratic form 𝒈 𝝁𝝂
𝝏 𝝁 𝝏 𝝂, or
the propagation operator 𝒈 𝝁𝝂 𝝏 𝝁 𝝏 𝝂 is not
shared by all particles.
It is an elegant design of nature because
The second condition is the reason for
the author to postulate that different
elementary particles are propagating
in the same medium as different
excited states.
32. 𝒈 𝝁𝝂
𝝏 𝝁 𝝏 𝝂=Relativity, Gravity
Simply put, we have
33.
34. Important Property of
Universal Wave Propagation Operator
There is a very important property for the universal wave
propagation operator in its standard form. It is invariant in
form under the Lorentz transformation shown as follows
−
1
𝑐2
𝜕𝑡
2
+ 𝜕 𝑥
2
+ 𝜕 𝑦
2
+ 𝜕𝑧
2
𝑥′
= 𝛾 𝑥 − 𝑣𝑡
𝑦′ = 𝑦
𝑧′
= 𝑧
𝑡′ = 𝛾(𝑡 −
𝑣
𝑐2 𝑥)
Lorentz
Transformation
𝛾 = 1/ 1 −
𝑣2
𝑐2
−
1
𝑐2
𝜕𝑡′
2
+ 𝜕 𝑥′
2
+ 𝜕 𝑦′
2
+ 𝜕 𝑧′
2
35. Note that the Lorentz transformation is defined as
𝑥′
= 𝛾 𝑥 − 𝑣𝑡
𝑦′ = 𝑦
𝑧′ = 𝑧
𝑡′ = 𝛾(𝑡 −
𝑣
𝑐2
𝑥)
where 𝛾 = 1/ 1 − 𝑣2/𝑐2, called the Lorentz factor.
The Lorentz transformation defines a linear transformation
from the spacetime coordinates 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡 of the original frame
to the spacetime coordinates 𝑥′, 𝑦′, 𝑧′, 𝑡′ of a new frame. Note
that the spatial origin of the new frame is 𝑣𝑡, 0,0 in the
original frame. That is, the new frame is moving with a
constant velocity 𝑣 with respect to the original one. The two
frames are in relative motion with the velocity 𝑣.
36. the invariance of the universal wave propagation
operator in its standard form
−
𝟏
𝒄 𝟐
𝝏 𝒕
𝟐
+ 𝝏 𝒙
𝟐 + 𝝏 𝒚
𝟐 + 𝝏 𝒛
𝟐
under the Lorentz transformation is the actual cause
for the principle of relativity to hold true in nature. It is
a mechanical explanation for why laws of physics
remain the same for all uniformly moving frames.
A Mystery Solved!
The author concludes that
The essence of special relativity
37. The spacetime metric of classical special relativity is
−𝑐2 𝑑𝑡2 + 𝑑𝑥2 + 𝑑𝑦2 + 𝑑𝑧2
It is a manifestation at the classical limit of the
universal wave propagation operator in its standard
form
−
1
c2
∂t
2
+ ∂x
2
+ ∂y
2
+ ∂z
2
Therefore, the essence of special relativity is the
invariance of the universal wave propagation operator
in its standard form, not the symmetry of spacetime.
The wave propagation is more general and
fundamental than the spacetime metric.
The Essence of Special Relativity
38. The true reason to have the Lorentz
transformation is the invariance of the
universal wave propagation operator under
this transformation such that the relativity
principle holds true.
39. If we use a computer program to simulate
any physical process using the universal
wave propagation operator at the lowest
level, and to simulate the observations of
the process in different frames, we always
find that the spacetime coordinates of
different frames satisfy the Lorentz
transformation.
40. There are many ways to derive the Lorentz
transformation from other conditions, such as the
constant speed of light (+ homogeneity of space and
time + isotropy of space + relativity principle), or the
invariance of the space time interval
Δs2
= c2
Δt2
− Δx2
− Δy2
−Δz2
However, those are purely mathematical ways that build
up logical connections and equivalence among different
mathematical statements and equations, not causality
in physics. In mathematics, it is also perfectly fine to say
that we have the constancy of the speed of light because
spacetime satisfies the Lorentz transformation.
Mathematical Equivalence ≠ Physical Causality
41. The Lorentz transformation is not
caused by the constancy of the speed of
light. This is an example of the right
answer but for the wrong reason in
physics. It simply doesn’t matter whether
or not the speed of light is constant to
have the Lorentz transformation.
42. The inverse Lorentz transformation can be obtained
simply by exchanging the spacetime coordinates as
𝑥 ↔ 𝑥′
, 𝑦 ↔ 𝑦′
, 𝑧 ↔ 𝑧′
, 𝑡 ↔ 𝑡′
, and replacing the
velocity 𝑣 by −𝑣 because the two frames are moving in
an opposite direction relative to each other.
Specifically, we have
𝑥 = 𝛾 𝑥′ + 𝑣𝑡′
𝑦 = 𝑦′
𝑧 = 𝑧′
𝑡 = 𝛾(𝑡′ +
𝑣
𝑐2
𝑥′)
43. As postulated here, all particles are excited wave packets of the
same medium. In reality, no matter how stiff the medium is, the
maximal speed limit must be finite. That is the exact reason why
light has a speed limit. So are other particles.
This can also be explained using the Klein-Gordon equation
mentioned before. Because all particles satisfy the equation as
□𝜓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡 =
𝑚2 𝑐2
ℏ2
𝜓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡
Here, 𝑚 is the mass of the particle, 𝑐 is a constant. When m=0,
then the speed of the particle wave is c. When m > 0, from the
equation at the classical limit, the speed must be any value less
than c, including the value 0. That is the particle can be at rest
when it has a mass.
44.
45. As revealed before, in order to have the laws of
physics remain the same, the spacetime
coordinates of the moving frame and those of
the original one must satisfy the Lorentz
transformation as a constraint. This has
manifestations on the measurements related to
space and time. The examples are relativistic speed
addition law, the constant speed phenomenon,
time dilation, length contraction, and loss of
simultaneity. They are called the relativistic effects.
46. When time and space are defined by the Lorentz
transformation, the classical speed addition law: 𝑢 = 𝑢′ + 𝑣, is
no longer valid. Instead, it should be replaced by relativistic
speed addition law.
Assume that there is an object with its measured velocity in a
moving frame as (𝑢′ 𝑥, 𝑢′ 𝑦, 𝑢′ 𝑧). Then its velocity in the
stationary frame can be discovered using the Lorentz
transformation as
(𝑢′ 𝑥, 𝑢′ 𝑦, 𝑢′ 𝑧)
𝑢 𝑥 = (𝑢 𝑥
′ + 𝑣)/(1 +
𝑣
𝑐2
𝑢 𝑥
′ )
𝑢 𝑦 = 𝛾𝑢 𝑦
′ /(1 +
𝑣
𝑐2
𝑢 𝑥
′ )
𝑢 𝑧 = 𝛾𝑢 𝑧
′ /(1 +
𝑣
𝑐2
𝑢 𝑧
′ )
𝛾 = 1 − 𝑣2/𝑐2
47. From the relativistic speed addition formula, it is
straightforward to prove that if an object is moving at
the speed limit c in one frame, then its measured speed
in any other frames is always c. That solves the mystery
of the constant speed of light. Specifically, if light is
traveling at the speed limit, then its speed remains the
same in all frames. Otherwise, if light is traveling at a
speed less than the speed limit c, then the speed of light
can not be constant.
From the formula, we can also see that c is the maximal
speed limit for all particles in nature. No matter how
long you add up speed for an object by acceleration, c is
its maximal speed limit. Its speed can be arbitrarily
close to the limit, but never reach the limit.
48. Whenever we change the state of a clock from
stationary to a steady motion, it appears to slow down
in ticking rate. If we jump to the frame moving together
with the clock, it restores the original ticking rate. This
called time dilation.
Time dilation can be derived mathematically from the
Lorentz transformation. For a clock stationary in the
second frame (x′, y′, z′, t′), let the elapsed time be Δ𝑡′.
Since it is stationary in it, we have Δ𝑥′ = 0. From the
inverse Lorentz transformation, we have
Δ𝑡 = 𝛾 Δ𝑡′
+
𝑣
𝑐2
Δ𝑥′
= 𝛾Δ𝑡′
Since 𝛾 > 1 when 𝑣 ≠ 0, we have Δ𝑡 > Δ𝑡′.
49. Assume there are two identical clocks in relative
motion. Then to each clock, the other clock appears to
run slower than itself.
Your clock
is slower
Your clock
is slower
50. To measure the length of a ruler, either stationary or moving,
the key point is to take down the coordinates of the two end
points of the ruler at the same time and subtract them to get
the measured length.
Your should take down the
coordinates of the two end points
of the ruler at the same time!
𝑥1(𝑡) 𝑥2(𝑡)
𝐿 𝐴 = 𝑥2 𝑡 − 𝑥1(𝑡)
𝑥3(𝑡′) 𝑥4(𝑡′)
𝐿 𝐵 = 𝑥4 𝑡′ − 𝑥3(𝑡′)A
B
51. Whenever we change the state of a ruler from stationary to a
steady motion, it appears to be shortened along the moving
direction. If we jump to the frame moving together with the
ruler, it restores the original length. This is called length
contraction.
Length contraction can also be derived mathematically from
the Lorentz transformation. For a ruler stationary in the second
frame (x′, y′, z′, t′), let its length along the 𝑥′-axis is Δ𝑥′. Since
we measure its length at the same time in the first frame
x, y, z, t , we have Δ𝑡 = 0. From the Lorentz transformation, we
have Δ𝑥′ = 𝛾 Δ𝑥 − 𝑣Δ𝑡 = 𝛾Δ𝑥. That leads to Δ𝑥 = Δ𝑥′/𝛾.
Since 𝛾 > 1 when 𝑣 ≠ 0, we have Δ𝑥 < Δ𝑥′.
52. Assume there are two identical rulers in relative
motion. Then to each ruler, the other ruler appears to
be shorter than itself along the motion direction.
Your ruler
is shorter
Your ruler
is shorter
53. If we use a computer program to simulate
any clock or ruler using the universal wave
propagation operator at the lowest level, we
always get time dilation, length contraction,
and any other relativistic effects.
54. Time dilation and length contraction
are not caused by the constancy of the
speed of light. This is another example
of the right answer but for the wrong
reason in physics. It simply doesn’t
matter whether or not the speed of light
is constant to have time dilation and
length contraction.
55. The most important work on relativity theory has been
done in history by Galileo, Newton, Michelson, Lorentz,
Poincaré, Einstein, and Minkowski. There were also
contributions by Voigt, Fizgetald, and many others. This
presentation is just an attempt to make it easier for the
general public to understand the fascinating theory.