This presentation explains about the meaning as well as various types of audit report which an auditor has present in his books of accounts for the sake of the company's shareholders and various other groups.
This presentation explains about the meaning as well as various types of audit report which an auditor has present in his books of accounts for the sake of the company's shareholders and various other groups.
There are various types of Audit which are mentioned below: -
Based on Organizational Structure
Statutory Audit
Non-Statutory Audit
Based on Scope
Complete Audit
Partial Audit
Based On Time
Continuous Audit
Final Audit
Interim Audit
Based on Object
Special Audit
Cost Audit
Management Audit
Internal Audit
Social Audit
Tax Audit
Proprietory Audit
Statutory Audit is compulsory audit prescribed under statute i.e. law. Statutory audit is conducted after preparation of final accounts.
Non-Statutory Audit
Non-Statutory Audit is voluntary audit. They are not compulsory under any law.
Complete Audit
In this type of audit, the auditor is required to check each and every transaction recorded in the books of accounts.
Partial Audit
In Partial audit, the auditor is not required to examine all the books of accounts.
Continuous Audit
Continuous Audit means an audit at regular intervals throughout the accounting year.
Final Audit
Generally, it starts after the close of the financial period.
Interim Audit
Interim Audit is an audit conducted in between the annual audits
Special Audit
Central Government has power to order a special audit of the accounts of a company for a specific period.
Cost Audit
It is a type of audit which involves verification of cost records maintained by the organization
Management Audit
Management audit involves examines of the plans, policies, procedure, method and strategies and evaluates the performance of management with a view to improve organizational effectiveness. It does not look into the past, present but also in the future.
Internal Audit
Internal Auditing is a continuous, critical review of financial and other operating activities by a staff of auditors, functioning as full time salaried employees.
There are various types of Audit which are mentioned below: -
Based on Organizational Structure
Statutory Audit
Non-Statutory Audit
Based on Scope
Complete Audit
Partial Audit
Based On Time
Continuous Audit
Final Audit
Interim Audit
Based on Object
Special Audit
Cost Audit
Management Audit
Internal Audit
Social Audit
Tax Audit
Proprietory Audit
Statutory Audit is compulsory audit prescribed under statute i.e. law. Statutory audit is conducted after preparation of final accounts.
Non-Statutory Audit
Non-Statutory Audit is voluntary audit. They are not compulsory under any law.
Complete Audit
In this type of audit, the auditor is required to check each and every transaction recorded in the books of accounts.
Partial Audit
In Partial audit, the auditor is not required to examine all the books of accounts.
Continuous Audit
Continuous Audit means an audit at regular intervals throughout the accounting year.
Final Audit
Generally, it starts after the close of the financial period.
Interim Audit
Interim Audit is an audit conducted in between the annual audits
Special Audit
Central Government has power to order a special audit of the accounts of a company for a specific period.
Cost Audit
It is a type of audit which involves verification of cost records maintained by the organization
Management Audit
Management audit involves examines of the plans, policies, procedure, method and strategies and evaluates the performance of management with a view to improve organizational effectiveness. It does not look into the past, present but also in the future.
Internal Audit
Internal Auditing is a continuous, critical review of financial and other operating activities by a staff of auditors, functioning as full time salaried employees.
A Study on Formulation of Costing SystemProjects Kart
A Study on Formulation of Costing System. Modern business needs frequent cost information about business activities to plan accurately for the future, to control business results and to make a proper appraisal of the performance of persons working in the organization. The fulfillment of these goals requires details about the costs incurred and benefits (revenues) obtained which are provided by “cost accounting”.
Financial accounting is developed over the time to record, summarize and present the financial transactions or events, which can be expressed in terms of money. This function was primarily concerned with record-keeping leading to preparation of Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet. The information obtained through financial accounts is useful to the shareholders, creditors, financial analysts, labour union, government authorities etc. However, the information generated by financial accountancy for several purposes is not sufficient for decision making in many areas.
Meaning Of Uniform Costing
Features Of Uniform Costing
Need Of Uniform Costing
Objectives Of Uniform Costing
Advantages Of Uniform Costing
Limitations Of Uniform Costing
Essential Requisites Of Good Uniform Costing System
Meaning Of Uniform Costing Manual
Contents Of Uniform Costing Manual
Meaning of Inter-Firm Comparison
Objectives of Inter-firm Comparison
Requirements (Pre-Requisites) of an Inter-Firm Comparison Scheme
Advantages of Inter-firm Comparison
Limitations of Inter-firm Comparison
Cost and Management Accounting and Comparative Analysis o Activity Based CostingAnamika Hore
This presentation titled , "Cost and Management Accounting and Comparative Analysis o Activity Based Costing." also Discuss about Traditional costing systems along with Activity Based Costing
Trading and investment systems of stock market in bangladesh MD. Mahmudul Hasan
The report will mainly focus on the Trading and Investment systems or decision making process in Capital Market. It will also focus on operation of Brokerage house.
Stock exchanges are completely significant for the proper operational of capitalistic economy. Capital markets help to transmission capital from the surplus units to the deficit units. That plays an essential role by mobilizing the funds to these who can make a proper and creative use of the sale. They also help the surplus units to be capable of earning returns by serving the economy to use their idle funds in accelerating the economic freedom through employment generation. In such a way the financial institutes especially the organized stock exchanges contribute to the industrialization to the country. Stock market contain primary market, floating initial public offering and secondary market were existing security of listed companies are being traded. Primary market issued shares first time, and then the shares come to the secondary market. Both primary and secondary market is reliable to one another. In primary market shares are issued by IPO to the public. In secondary market the shares, which are issued in the primary market, are traded through the brokers.Now trading has become automated, led by DSE through central depository. Hasan Securities Ltd. playing a vital role to generate internet based trading system. It gains dependable value of secure transactions by satisfying customers. Research shows that overall performance and satisfactory. Research also specifies different types of investors and their knowledge level about the market
Capital markets are financial markets for the buying and selling of long-term debt or equity‐backed securities. These bazaars channel the wealth of savers to those who can put it to long‐term fruitful use, such as corporations or governments making long‐term investments. Capital markets are defined as markets in which money is providing for times longer than a year. Investors usually perform investment examination by creating use of essential analysis, technical enquiry and gut feel. Investment judgements are often supported by decision tools. The portfolio theory is often applied to help the investor attain a reasonable return compared to the risk taken. Now a day’s SEC & DSE has taken various steps to improvement the market. DSE has started new index system, new price value of shares.
Report on agriculture and rural financing by bangladeshi bankMD. Mahmudul Hasan
Commercial banks as the most important functionary of the financial system play a dynamic role in the economic development of a nation through mobilization of savings and allocation of credit to productive sectors. However, directed and inefficient credit allocation by the commercial banks of Bangladesh in various economic sectors without adequate credit appraisal and monitoring, inter alia, ultimately led to the widespread loan delinquency, and deteriorating health of the entire financial system. An attempt has been made in this paper to examine and evaluate the nature and extent of involvement of commercial banks in development financing in Bangladesh using different performance indicators like branch expansion, mobilization of savings, sectorial and regional distribution of advances, etc. In their noble effort of development financing, commercial banks are facing various problems such as mismatch of sources and uses of funds, extreme dependence on traditional collateral securities, politicization of credit delivery system, absence of sound legal system for recovery of loans, lack of government’s extension facilities in the form of data base, investment counseling, appropriate technology, infrastructure, marketing of products, etc.
This project report deliberates the new activities, methods and technology used in digitization and formation of digital libraries. It set out some key points involved and the detailed plans required in the process, offers pieces of advice and guidance for the practicing Librarians and Information scientists. Digital Libraries are being created today for diverse communities and in different fields e.g. education, science, culture, development, health, governance and so on. With the availability of several free digital Library software packages at the recent time, the creation and sharing of information through the digital library collections has become an attractive and feasible proposition for library and information professionals around the world. The paper ends with a call to integrate digitization into the plans and policies of any institution to maximize its effectiveness.
presentation on INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC-SECTOR ACCOUNTING STANDARDS (IPSAS)MD. Mahmudul Hasan
In the current “global revolution in government accounting,” International Public-Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) are proposed for adoption by governments around the world. After describing the nature of IPSAS, the paper discusses conceptual issues concerning system capability and internal accountability, conceptual framework, emulation of business standards, accrual basis of accounting and consolidated financial statements. The institutional issues regarding the representation on the IPSAS board and the sole oversight by the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) are also analyzes. Setting standards is a first step on the long road of fundamentally reforming government accounting practices around the world.
Report on-international public-sector accounting standards (ipsas)MD. Mahmudul Hasan
In the current “global revolution in government accounting,” International Public-Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) are proposed for adoption by governments around the world. After describing the nature of IPSAS, the paper discusses conceptual issues concerning system capability and internal accountability, conceptual framework, emulation of business standards, accrual basis of accounting and consolidated financial statements. The institutional issues regarding the representation on the IPSAS board and the sole oversight by the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) are also analyzes. Setting standards is a first step on the long road of fundamentally reforming government accounting practices around the world.
Disclosure of corporate governance compliance and the performance of three (3...MD. Mahmudul Hasan
Disclosure of Corporate Governance Compliance and the Performance of three (3) State Owned Commercial Banks (SOCBs) in Bangladesh by Accounting Department, Jahangirnagar University
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
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How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
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In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Delivering Micro-Credentials in Technical and Vocational Education and TrainingAG2 Design
Explore how micro-credentials are transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) with this comprehensive slide deck. Discover what micro-credentials are, their importance in TVET, the advantages they offer, and the insights from industry experts. Additionally, learn about the top software applications available for creating and managing micro-credentials. This presentation also includes valuable resources and a discussion on the future of these specialised certifications.
For more detailed information on delivering micro-credentials in TVET, visit this https://tvettrainer.com/delivering-micro-credentials-in-tvet/
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
2. Abstract
This article also aims at analyzing the current scenario
in the field of cost audits in implementation of
government schemes in Bangladesh and traces the
evolution of the concept over the time.
Scope Of Cost Audit
Literature Review
Research Objectives
Methodology
Findings & Analysis
Compliances
Limitation of the Study
4. Scope of Cost Audit
“Maintenance of cost accounting records by the company. Section
209(1)(d) makes it obligatory for a company pertaining to any class of
companies engaged in production, processing, manufacturing or
mining to maintain such particulars relating to utilization of material
or labour or to other items of cost as may be prescribed, if such class
of companies is required by the Central Government to include such
particulars in the books of accounts”
“The Central Government prescribes the separate cost accounting
records for each class of companies i.e. companies manufacturing a
particular class of product or activity like Cement, Steel, Chemicals
and Electricity etc. and these are called the Cost Accounting Records
Rules for that specific industry or class of companies.”
5. Literature Review
Our study is closely based upon the review of different books and research findings
and suggestions of various committees/sub-committees set up by the govt. and
institution which is closely connected with cost audit.
Professor Syed Mohammad Ather, FCMA and Md Hafij Ullah also conducted a study
focusing purpose, application and advantages of cost audit for the incumbent
organizations and also for others interests groups.
Rubel Ameen, FCMA conducted a study “Social objective of cost audit” on various
aspects like nature, definition, purpose, aspects, structure, dimension, origin, and
magnitudes of the cost audit in Bangladesh. He further discussed about cost audit
and its social objectives, elimination of the limitation of Conventional Balance
Sheets, cost audit in public sectors, creation of cost consciousness, better
management of working capital, verification and valuation of inventories, inter firm
comparison etc. that help us to conduct our study and prompts and strengthens to
assess approaches to the problem.
6. Research Objectives
Understanding the legal provisions regarding cost
audit.
Compare rules and regulations with practical
Understanding the attitude of companies
regarding cost audit.
Evaluate the awareness level of the companies
Evaluate whether cost audit objectives accomplish
successfully.
Examining the main problem regarding cost audit.
7. Methodology
This research paper is based on secondary data.
This cost audit (of the cost accounting books) is to be
conducted every year and shall be in addition to the
statutory audit of accounts conducted under section 210
Cost auditing function is administrated and facilitated by the
cost audit (Report) rules, 1997, Order of the Government
for cost audit, CMA Ordinance, 1977(Ordinance No. LIII of
1977), CMA Regulations,1980 and subsequent amendments.
8. Findings & Analysis
1.Performing Cost Audit
Knowledge of the
industry and the entity:
Updating of knowledge
of industry:
Legal and Regulatory
Framework
9. Findings & Analysis
2. Organizational Set-up:
Study the organizational set-up of the entity
Discuss the functional set-up with the top
management
10. Findings & Analysis
3. Company Representations:
A statement of productions capacity of the plant
A stock-in-trade of the company
Give a brief note on the nature of other activities
11. Findings & Analysis
4. Production:
Adjust the stock-in-process and check the
production in quantities
Any shortfall in production should be offered in the
cost auditor’s report
12. Compliances
Maintenance of cost
records is a pre
requisite to conduct
the Cost Audit.
Every company
including all
units and
branches.
For each of its
products and
activities
On monthly /
quarterly /
half‐yearly /
annual basis
Variations are to
be clearly
indicated and
explained.
To achieve
optimum
economies in
utilizations of
resources.
To be reconciled
with the annual
financial audited
statements
13. Limitations Of The Study
The cost audit information is
not available in published
financial statement and is not
disclosed to unauthorized
persons.
Confidentiality of data is
another important barrier that
may be faced during the
conduct of the study. Every
organization has their own
secrecy that is not revealed to
others.
Necessary records,
publication may not be
available. This constraint may
narrow the scope of the study
.
Rules and regulations
regarding cost audit are not
clearly described.