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Solvency ratio By Deepak Madan (Mcom B.ed)deepak madan
ย
This document defines and explains several financial ratios used to analyze a company's solvency, debt levels, and profitability:
- Solvency Ratio measures long-term debt compared to shareholder equity. A ratio of 2:1 is generally considered acceptable.
- Total Assets to Debt Ratio expresses total assets relative to long-term debt. A ratio of 1:1 or 2:1 indicates a sufficient margin of safety for long-term lenders.
- Proprietary Ratio indicates the proportion of total assets funded by shareholders. Generally a higher percentage shows a stronger financial position.
- Interest Coverage Ratio measures profit before interest and taxes relative to fixed interest charges. A ratio of 6
This document contains a quiz for BUS 401 Week 3 consisting of multiple choice questions about corporate finance topics like cash flows, net present value, internal rate of return, capital structure, and the tradeoff between the tax benefits of debt and bankruptcy risk. It also includes explanations for each question answering which section of the textbook the answer can be found in.
This document discusses various equity valuation models and concepts. It begins by explaining that common stock represents ownership in a company, with ownership implying control over the company through electing directors. It then discusses the dividend discount model for valuing stocks, including formulas for single-period, multi-period, and perpetual growth models. It also discusses using price multiples like P/E ratios and compares growth companies to growth stocks.
The Net Income approach introduced by David Durand states that a company's capital structure and financial leverage is relevant to the valuation of the firm. According to this approach, increasing financial leverage will decrease the weighted average cost of capital and increase firm value and equity share price. Conversely, decreasing financial leverage will increase the weighted average cost of capital and decrease firm value and equity share price. The key assumptions of this approach are that there are no taxes, the cost of debt is less than the cost of equity, and using debt does not change investor risk perception. The document provides an example calculation to determine a firm's total value, overall cost of capital before and after issuing new debentures to redeem equity shares.
This study examines the static trade-off theory and pecking order theory of capital structure using data from 279 companies on the Tehran Stock Exchange over 5 years. The static trade-off theory posits that firms seek an optimal capital structure that balances the costs and benefits of debt, while the pecking order theory states that firms prioritize internal financing and use debt over equity when external funds are needed. The results show that neither theory fully explains the capital structures. However, evidence is found for the static trade-off theory when analyzed by industry, supporting the importance of industry in financing decisions per the pecking order theory. The conclusions differ from some prior studies but are consistent with others that found more support for the static
The document discusses various methods for valuing long-term securities such as bonds and stocks. It describes discounted cash flow models, which value assets based on the present value of expected future cash flows. For bonds, the models discount future coupon payments and maturity value. For stocks, models discount future dividends and terminal sale price. The dividend discount model and its constant growth variation are explained for valuing common stocks based on expected dividends.
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Send your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
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Dear students get fully solved assignments
Send your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
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or
Call us at : 08263069601
Solvency ratio By Deepak Madan (Mcom B.ed)deepak madan
ย
This document defines and explains several financial ratios used to analyze a company's solvency, debt levels, and profitability:
- Solvency Ratio measures long-term debt compared to shareholder equity. A ratio of 2:1 is generally considered acceptable.
- Total Assets to Debt Ratio expresses total assets relative to long-term debt. A ratio of 1:1 or 2:1 indicates a sufficient margin of safety for long-term lenders.
- Proprietary Ratio indicates the proportion of total assets funded by shareholders. Generally a higher percentage shows a stronger financial position.
- Interest Coverage Ratio measures profit before interest and taxes relative to fixed interest charges. A ratio of 6
This document contains a quiz for BUS 401 Week 3 consisting of multiple choice questions about corporate finance topics like cash flows, net present value, internal rate of return, capital structure, and the tradeoff between the tax benefits of debt and bankruptcy risk. It also includes explanations for each question answering which section of the textbook the answer can be found in.
This document discusses various equity valuation models and concepts. It begins by explaining that common stock represents ownership in a company, with ownership implying control over the company through electing directors. It then discusses the dividend discount model for valuing stocks, including formulas for single-period, multi-period, and perpetual growth models. It also discusses using price multiples like P/E ratios and compares growth companies to growth stocks.
The Net Income approach introduced by David Durand states that a company's capital structure and financial leverage is relevant to the valuation of the firm. According to this approach, increasing financial leverage will decrease the weighted average cost of capital and increase firm value and equity share price. Conversely, decreasing financial leverage will increase the weighted average cost of capital and decrease firm value and equity share price. The key assumptions of this approach are that there are no taxes, the cost of debt is less than the cost of equity, and using debt does not change investor risk perception. The document provides an example calculation to determine a firm's total value, overall cost of capital before and after issuing new debentures to redeem equity shares.
This study examines the static trade-off theory and pecking order theory of capital structure using data from 279 companies on the Tehran Stock Exchange over 5 years. The static trade-off theory posits that firms seek an optimal capital structure that balances the costs and benefits of debt, while the pecking order theory states that firms prioritize internal financing and use debt over equity when external funds are needed. The results show that neither theory fully explains the capital structures. However, evidence is found for the static trade-off theory when analyzed by industry, supporting the importance of industry in financing decisions per the pecking order theory. The conclusions differ from some prior studies but are consistent with others that found more support for the static
The document discusses various methods for valuing long-term securities such as bonds and stocks. It describes discounted cash flow models, which value assets based on the present value of expected future cash flows. For bonds, the models discount future coupon payments and maturity value. For stocks, models discount future dividends and terminal sale price. The dividend discount model and its constant growth variation are explained for valuing common stocks based on expected dividends.
This document discusses the earnings multiplier model for estimating the value of common stocks. [1] It states that the value of any investment is the present value of future returns, and for stocks the returns are the firm's net earnings. [2] Investors estimate a stock's value by determining how many rupees they are willing to pay for each rupee of expected earnings. [3] Factors like the dividend payout ratio, required rate of return, and expected growth rate determine the prevailing price-to-earnings ratio, or earnings multiplier, in the market.
This document provides information on the IDFC Regular Savings Fund, including key metrics like modified duration, average maturity, Macaulay duration, and yield to maturity. It also summarizes the fund's investment strategy, focusing on debt securities with some equity exposure, and notes it is suitable for conservative investors looking for relative stability and capital appreciation over 3 years. Asset quality is rated AAA equivalent.
Dear students get fully solved assignments
Send your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
โ help.mbaassignments@gmail.com โ
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This document discusses various methods for valuing common stock, including:
1. The discounted cash flow model, which values a stock based on the present value of its expected future cash flows.
2. The dividend discount model (DDM), which values a stock based on the present value of its expected future dividends. Constant and variable growth DDM are discussed.
3. Other valuation methods like the free cash flow model, P/E ratio approach, and price-to-sales ratio are also presented. The document concludes that the best estimate of a stock's value is usually the present value of its estimated future dividends.
The document discusses the cost of debt and equity financing. It provides an example where the cost of debt is calculated as 10.56% for a company borrowing $600,000 at an annual payment of $100,000 over 10 years. The cost of equity is calculated as 15.51% for a company with a beta of 1.39, risk-free rate of 3%, and market rate of 12%. The weighted average cost of capital is calculated as 13.55% based on the costs of debt and equity and the capital structure.
This document discusses dividend policy and the theories around it. It outlines two main theories - the dividend irrelevance theory proposed by Miller and Modigliani, which states that dividend payouts minimally affect stock prices under certain assumptions. The second is the relevance theory, which includes Walter's and Gordon's approaches stating that dividend payouts do impact stock prices and a firm's cost of capital. It also describes Modigliani and Miller's approach and assumptions of perfect markets.
The document discusses different views on dividend policy and its impact on share price. Some models, like those proposed by Walter and Gordon, believe regular dividends positively impact share price by reducing uncertainty. Their models show share price is determined by expected dividends and capital gains. However, the Modigliani-Miller approach argues dividend policy is irrelevant, as investors are indifferent between dividends and retained earnings, focusing only on returns. They believe decisions and investments are unaffected by dividends in perfect capital markets with no transaction costs.
The document summarizes key concepts about the time value of money, including formulas for calculating future value and present value of a single amount. It provides an example of calculating the future value of $800 invested at 6% annual interest over 5 years ($1,070.58) and an example of calculating the present value of $300 to be received in 1 year with a 6% discount rate ($283.02). The document explains that present value discounts future cash flows to account for the fact that money has greater value if received today versus in the future.
This document discusses various methods for valuing equity, including balance sheet methods, discounted cash flow methods, and relative valuation methods. Balance sheet methods include book value, liquidation value, and replacement cost. Discounted cash flow methods include dividend discount models like the single period, multi-period, zero growth, constant growth, two stage growth, and H models. It also discusses free cash flow models. Relative valuation methods include price to earnings ratios, price to book value ratios, and price to sales ratios. The document provides formulas for calculating some of these methods.
The document discusses the concept of time value of money. It defines time value of money as the principle that money received in the present is worth more than the same amount received in the future. This is because money available now can earn interest and has greater purchasing power than the same amount in the future due to inflation and uncertainty. The document also discusses how time value of money is an important concept used in investment decisions, capital budgeting, and financing decisions to evaluate costs and returns over time.
Chapter 6 interest rate and bond valuationMichael Ong
ย
This document provides an overview of chapter 6 from a finance textbook on interest rates and bond valuation. It covers various learning goals and topics related to interest rates fundamentals, the term structure of interest rates, risk premiums, features of corporate bonds, bond yields, prices, and ratings. Key concepts discussed include the nominal and real interest rates, theories of the term structure, risk factors that influence bond prices, features of bond issues such as callability and conversion, how bond yields and prices are determined, and the ratings provided by Moody's and S&P. Examples and figures are provided to illustrate various points.
The Net Income (NI) approach proposes that a firm's value increases as it takes on more debt financing due to debt generally being a cheaper source of capital than equity. According to the NI approach, the costs of debt and equity remain constant regardless of capital structure, so the overall cost of capital declines as debt levels rise. However, the NI approach assumes unrealistic conditions like taxes being ignored and that more debt does not affect investor risk perceptions. It implies the maximum firm value occurs with 100% debt financing.
There are two main approaches to valuing common stock:
1) The present value or discounted cash flow approach values stock based on the discounted value of expected future cash flows such as dividends. It requires estimating the discount rate and cash flow stream.
2) The multiples approach values stock relative to financial metrics like earnings or book value using ratios like the P/E ratio. The appropriate P/E depends on growth rate, payout ratio, and required return.
Both approaches have limitations in estimating uncertain future variables but can provide reasonable valuations when used together.
This document analyzes the solvency of companies using various ratios. It discusses both long-term and short-term solvency ratios. For long-term ratios, it calculates the debt-equity ratio, debt-assets ratio, and interest coverage ratio for Tata Motors and Maruti Suzuki. For short-term ratios, it provides the current ratio and acid test ratio for both companies. The document finds that Maruti Suzuki generally performs better on the solvency ratios compared to Tata Motors.
STOCKS, SHARES, EQUITY SHARES, PREFERENCE SHARES, BONDS, DEBENTURES, STOCK VALUATION, FEATURES OF COMMON STOCK, DETERMINING COMMON STOCK VALUES, EFFECTIVE MARKETS, etc.
In financial markets, stock valuation is the method of calculating theoretical values of companies and their stocks. The main use of these methods is to predict future market prices, or more generally, potential market prices, and thus to profit from price movement โ stocks that are judged undervalued (with respect to their theoretical value) are bought, while stocks that are judged overvalued are sold, in the expectation that undervalued stocks will, on the whole, rise in value, while overvalued stocks will, on the whole, fall.
This document provides information on investing in Equity Linked Savings Schemes (ELSS), a type of mutual fund that allows tax deductions under Section 80C. ELSS funds invest primarily in equities and provide tax-free capital gains after three years. They offer benefits like tax savings up to Rs. 2 lakhs, higher returns potential than other savings instruments, and wealth creation over the long run. The document analyzes the performance of sample ELSS funds and provides tips for selecting funds based on factors like credit ratings, fund size, risk level, and past returns. It also offers recommended ELSS funds for different age groups.
This chapter discusses key concepts related to the time value of money including present value, future value, compounding, discounting, and internal rate of return. It introduces methods for calculating present and future values of cash flows using compound interest formulas. The chapter also covers topics like capital recovery, loan amortization, net present value, and how to calculate an internal rate of return.
V25 jul2012- Investment Patterns of ITES EmployeesSunia Mukherjee
ย
This document summarizes a study conducted on the investment patterns of ITES employees in Bangalore. It includes sections on the objectives of the study, research methodology, data analysis and findings. A survey was conducted of 202 ITES employees to understand how much of their salary they invest, their preferred investment avenues, and factors influencing their choices. The data found that most employees invest between 5-15% of salary, with insurance and fixed deposits being most popular. However, only 10% preferred mutual funds despite having a medium-risk profile. The conclusions recommend that employees should save and invest more to plan for the future, and consider mutual funds to gain from equity returns.
Our work demands often leave us with little or no time to spend with the family. This routine can lead to unwarranted stress and fatigue.
Both work and family are the cornerstones of life, neither of which can be ignored. That is why we need to strike a right balance between work and personal life to lead a happy and a healthier life.
Balancing both aspects of your life means you have to give yourself equally so that one will not suffer at the expense of the other. In the long run, the joy, happiness and fulfilment derived from both are worth the effort.
Investing in balanced funds (also known as Hybrid funds) is not much different. Similar to work-life balance, balanced funds are here to give us the best of both worlds.
Todayโs lesson by Prof. Simply Simple attempts to explain the importance of balanced funds.
Look forward to your valuable feedback at professor@tataamc.com
Hello MBA aspirants,
Get MBA assignments of NMIMS University solved by educational professionals at a nominal charge.
Mail us at: help.mbaassignments@gmail.com
Call us at: 08263069601
1. The document discusses factors that affect a company's dividend policy, including stability of earnings, the age of the corporation, liquidity of funds, extent of share distribution, needs for additional capital, trade cycles, and government policies.
2. Key factors mentioned are the nature of the business, availability of cash, ownership structure, financing requirements for expansion, business cycles, and changes in government regulations.
3. Stable earnings allow companies to more consistently predict savings and earnings to set dividend policy, while new companies often retain more earnings for expansion and older companies can establish clearer policies.
This document discusses the earnings multiplier model for estimating the value of common stocks. [1] It states that the value of any investment is the present value of future returns, and for stocks the returns are the firm's net earnings. [2] Investors estimate a stock's value by determining how many rupees they are willing to pay for each rupee of expected earnings. [3] Factors like the dividend payout ratio, required rate of return, and expected growth rate determine the prevailing price-to-earnings ratio, or earnings multiplier, in the market.
This document provides information on the IDFC Regular Savings Fund, including key metrics like modified duration, average maturity, Macaulay duration, and yield to maturity. It also summarizes the fund's investment strategy, focusing on debt securities with some equity exposure, and notes it is suitable for conservative investors looking for relative stability and capital appreciation over 3 years. Asset quality is rated AAA equivalent.
Dear students get fully solved assignments
Send your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
โ help.mbaassignments@gmail.com โ
or
Call us at : 08263069601
(Prefer mailing. Call in emergency )
This document discusses various methods for valuing common stock, including:
1. The discounted cash flow model, which values a stock based on the present value of its expected future cash flows.
2. The dividend discount model (DDM), which values a stock based on the present value of its expected future dividends. Constant and variable growth DDM are discussed.
3. Other valuation methods like the free cash flow model, P/E ratio approach, and price-to-sales ratio are also presented. The document concludes that the best estimate of a stock's value is usually the present value of its estimated future dividends.
The document discusses the cost of debt and equity financing. It provides an example where the cost of debt is calculated as 10.56% for a company borrowing $600,000 at an annual payment of $100,000 over 10 years. The cost of equity is calculated as 15.51% for a company with a beta of 1.39, risk-free rate of 3%, and market rate of 12%. The weighted average cost of capital is calculated as 13.55% based on the costs of debt and equity and the capital structure.
This document discusses dividend policy and the theories around it. It outlines two main theories - the dividend irrelevance theory proposed by Miller and Modigliani, which states that dividend payouts minimally affect stock prices under certain assumptions. The second is the relevance theory, which includes Walter's and Gordon's approaches stating that dividend payouts do impact stock prices and a firm's cost of capital. It also describes Modigliani and Miller's approach and assumptions of perfect markets.
The document discusses different views on dividend policy and its impact on share price. Some models, like those proposed by Walter and Gordon, believe regular dividends positively impact share price by reducing uncertainty. Their models show share price is determined by expected dividends and capital gains. However, the Modigliani-Miller approach argues dividend policy is irrelevant, as investors are indifferent between dividends and retained earnings, focusing only on returns. They believe decisions and investments are unaffected by dividends in perfect capital markets with no transaction costs.
The document summarizes key concepts about the time value of money, including formulas for calculating future value and present value of a single amount. It provides an example of calculating the future value of $800 invested at 6% annual interest over 5 years ($1,070.58) and an example of calculating the present value of $300 to be received in 1 year with a 6% discount rate ($283.02). The document explains that present value discounts future cash flows to account for the fact that money has greater value if received today versus in the future.
This document discusses various methods for valuing equity, including balance sheet methods, discounted cash flow methods, and relative valuation methods. Balance sheet methods include book value, liquidation value, and replacement cost. Discounted cash flow methods include dividend discount models like the single period, multi-period, zero growth, constant growth, two stage growth, and H models. It also discusses free cash flow models. Relative valuation methods include price to earnings ratios, price to book value ratios, and price to sales ratios. The document provides formulas for calculating some of these methods.
The document discusses the concept of time value of money. It defines time value of money as the principle that money received in the present is worth more than the same amount received in the future. This is because money available now can earn interest and has greater purchasing power than the same amount in the future due to inflation and uncertainty. The document also discusses how time value of money is an important concept used in investment decisions, capital budgeting, and financing decisions to evaluate costs and returns over time.
Chapter 6 interest rate and bond valuationMichael Ong
ย
This document provides an overview of chapter 6 from a finance textbook on interest rates and bond valuation. It covers various learning goals and topics related to interest rates fundamentals, the term structure of interest rates, risk premiums, features of corporate bonds, bond yields, prices, and ratings. Key concepts discussed include the nominal and real interest rates, theories of the term structure, risk factors that influence bond prices, features of bond issues such as callability and conversion, how bond yields and prices are determined, and the ratings provided by Moody's and S&P. Examples and figures are provided to illustrate various points.
The Net Income (NI) approach proposes that a firm's value increases as it takes on more debt financing due to debt generally being a cheaper source of capital than equity. According to the NI approach, the costs of debt and equity remain constant regardless of capital structure, so the overall cost of capital declines as debt levels rise. However, the NI approach assumes unrealistic conditions like taxes being ignored and that more debt does not affect investor risk perceptions. It implies the maximum firm value occurs with 100% debt financing.
There are two main approaches to valuing common stock:
1) The present value or discounted cash flow approach values stock based on the discounted value of expected future cash flows such as dividends. It requires estimating the discount rate and cash flow stream.
2) The multiples approach values stock relative to financial metrics like earnings or book value using ratios like the P/E ratio. The appropriate P/E depends on growth rate, payout ratio, and required return.
Both approaches have limitations in estimating uncertain future variables but can provide reasonable valuations when used together.
This document analyzes the solvency of companies using various ratios. It discusses both long-term and short-term solvency ratios. For long-term ratios, it calculates the debt-equity ratio, debt-assets ratio, and interest coverage ratio for Tata Motors and Maruti Suzuki. For short-term ratios, it provides the current ratio and acid test ratio for both companies. The document finds that Maruti Suzuki generally performs better on the solvency ratios compared to Tata Motors.
STOCKS, SHARES, EQUITY SHARES, PREFERENCE SHARES, BONDS, DEBENTURES, STOCK VALUATION, FEATURES OF COMMON STOCK, DETERMINING COMMON STOCK VALUES, EFFECTIVE MARKETS, etc.
In financial markets, stock valuation is the method of calculating theoretical values of companies and their stocks. The main use of these methods is to predict future market prices, or more generally, potential market prices, and thus to profit from price movement โ stocks that are judged undervalued (with respect to their theoretical value) are bought, while stocks that are judged overvalued are sold, in the expectation that undervalued stocks will, on the whole, rise in value, while overvalued stocks will, on the whole, fall.
This document provides information on investing in Equity Linked Savings Schemes (ELSS), a type of mutual fund that allows tax deductions under Section 80C. ELSS funds invest primarily in equities and provide tax-free capital gains after three years. They offer benefits like tax savings up to Rs. 2 lakhs, higher returns potential than other savings instruments, and wealth creation over the long run. The document analyzes the performance of sample ELSS funds and provides tips for selecting funds based on factors like credit ratings, fund size, risk level, and past returns. It also offers recommended ELSS funds for different age groups.
This chapter discusses key concepts related to the time value of money including present value, future value, compounding, discounting, and internal rate of return. It introduces methods for calculating present and future values of cash flows using compound interest formulas. The chapter also covers topics like capital recovery, loan amortization, net present value, and how to calculate an internal rate of return.
V25 jul2012- Investment Patterns of ITES EmployeesSunia Mukherjee
ย
This document summarizes a study conducted on the investment patterns of ITES employees in Bangalore. It includes sections on the objectives of the study, research methodology, data analysis and findings. A survey was conducted of 202 ITES employees to understand how much of their salary they invest, their preferred investment avenues, and factors influencing their choices. The data found that most employees invest between 5-15% of salary, with insurance and fixed deposits being most popular. However, only 10% preferred mutual funds despite having a medium-risk profile. The conclusions recommend that employees should save and invest more to plan for the future, and consider mutual funds to gain from equity returns.
Our work demands often leave us with little or no time to spend with the family. This routine can lead to unwarranted stress and fatigue.
Both work and family are the cornerstones of life, neither of which can be ignored. That is why we need to strike a right balance between work and personal life to lead a happy and a healthier life.
Balancing both aspects of your life means you have to give yourself equally so that one will not suffer at the expense of the other. In the long run, the joy, happiness and fulfilment derived from both are worth the effort.
Investing in balanced funds (also known as Hybrid funds) is not much different. Similar to work-life balance, balanced funds are here to give us the best of both worlds.
Todayโs lesson by Prof. Simply Simple attempts to explain the importance of balanced funds.
Look forward to your valuable feedback at professor@tataamc.com
Hello MBA aspirants,
Get MBA assignments of NMIMS University solved by educational professionals at a nominal charge.
Mail us at: help.mbaassignments@gmail.com
Call us at: 08263069601
1. The document discusses factors that affect a company's dividend policy, including stability of earnings, the age of the corporation, liquidity of funds, extent of share distribution, needs for additional capital, trade cycles, and government policies.
2. Key factors mentioned are the nature of the business, availability of cash, ownership structure, financing requirements for expansion, business cycles, and changes in government regulations.
3. Stable earnings allow companies to more consistently predict savings and earnings to set dividend policy, while new companies often retain more earnings for expansion and older companies can establish clearer policies.
FORMULAS
๐๐ = ๐ถ/(1 + ๐)+
๐๐ = ๐ถ ,-
.
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.(-0.)1
2
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51 โ 6
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1 + ๐
7
+
8
๐๐ = ๐ถ/๐ ๐๐ = ๐ถ/(๐ โ ๐)
๐ธ๐ด๐ = 61 +
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7
=
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1 + ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ผ๐๐ก๐๐๐๐ ๐ก ๐ ๐๐ก๐ =
1 + ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ผ๐๐ก๐๐๐๐ ๐ก ๐ ๐๐ก๐
1 + ๐ผ๐๐๐๐๐ก๐๐๐ ๐ ๐๐ก๐
๐ = ๐๐(๐ถ๐๐ข๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ฆ๐๐๐๐ก๐ ) + ๐๐(๐น๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ข๐)
๐T = U
๐ท๐๐ฃ+
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๐ท๐๐ฃ-
(๐ โ ๐)
๐ = ๐ ๐๐ธ ร ๐๐๐๐ค๐๐๐๐ ๐ ๐๐ก๐๐
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a๐`
a + ๐คb
a๐b
a + 2๐ค`๐คb๐`b๐`๐b
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๐e,=๐e
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=
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๐ = ๐f + ๐ฝ(๐= โ ๐f)
๐๐ด๐ถ๐ถ =
๐ท
๐
(1 โ ๐i)๐j +
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๐k
๐ท๐๐ฟ =
% ๐โ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ก๐
% ๐โ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐ ๐๐๐๐
= 1 + (๐๐๐ฅ๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ก๐ )/(๐๐๐๐๐๐ก๐ )
๐q = ๐r + ๐๐ ๐ก๐๐ฅ ๐ โ๐๐๐๐๐ โ ๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ก๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ก๐๐๐ ๐
๐q = ๐s + ๐i๐ท
๐k = ๐t +
j
k
(1 โ ๐i)(๐t โ ๐j)
University of Guelph
Gordon S. Lang School of Business and Economics
Department of Economics and Finance
ECON*2560DE: Theory of Finance Summer Semester 2019
Key Concepts for Theory of Finance
The following is a list of some of the major concepts that have been covered during the course that you
should make sure you understand in your preparation for the final exam.
Ch. 1 โ Goals and Governance of the Firm
The goal of managers is to maximize firm value
Advantages and disadvantages of a corporation
The difference between real and financial assets
Ch. 2 โ Financial Markets and Institutions
Functions of financial markets and institutions
Ch. 3 โ Accounting and Finance
Balance sheet, Income statement, statement of Cash flows
Market value vs. book value
Ch. 5 - Time Value of money
Single cash flow: future value, present value, how to find discount rate
Annuity: present value, how to find cash flow, annuity due, growing annuity, multiple payments
per year, amortization
Perpetuity: present value, how to find cash flow, how to find discount rate, growing perpetuity
Relationship between discount rate and PV
Inflation โ real vs. nominal interest rates
Compounding (EAR)
Ch. 6 โ Valuing Bonds
Calculate PV with annual or semi-annual coupons
How bond prices vary with interest rates
Relationships between - coupon rate, YTM, current yield, rates of return, and prices
Relationships between risk and maturity, risk and coupon rate
Yield curve
Bond ratings and default premium
You will not be asked to calculate Yield to Maturity
Ch. 7 โ Valuing Stocks
Dividend discount model: no growth, constant growth, non-constant growth, sustainable growth
rate
Relationship between price and growth rate, ROE, plowback ratio, discount rate
Market efficiency
Ch. 11 โ Introduction to Risk and Return and the Opportunity Cost of Capital
Relationship between risk and return
Unique vs market risk
Benefits of diversificati
This document discusses capital budgeting and the capital budgeting process. It covers key steps like generating investment ideas, analyzing proposals using techniques like net present value, internal rate of return, and payback period. It also discusses types of capital projects, rules of analysis, and definitions. The second half covers cost of capital, including costs of equity, debt, and preferred stock. It provides examples of calculating these costs and weighted average cost of capital (WACC), which weights the costs based on the firm's target capital structure.
Dear students get fully solved assignments
Send your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
help.mbaassignments@gmail.com
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This document provides information on estimating the cost of capital for a company. It discusses major sources of capital including common stock, preferred stock, debt through bonds or loans, and retained earnings. It then provides details on estimating the cost of debt and equity. For cost of debt, it shows an example calculation using interest rate and tax rate. For cost of equity, it discusses using the dividend growth model and the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) to estimate required rate of return. It lists some pros and cons of each approach.
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* Earnings of the company = Rs. 6,00,000 * 12% = Rs. 72,000
* Retention ratio (b) = 40%
* Growth rate (g) = b * r = 40% * 12% = 4.8%
* Cost of capital (Ke) = 10%
* Using Gordon's model:
P = (1-b) * E/ (Ke - g)
= (1-0.4) * Rs. 72,000 / (0.1 - 0.048)
= Rs. 12
If payout is 60%, P = Rs. 10
If payout is 20%, P = Rs. 15
So
This document discusses the cost of capital and capital structure. It begins by defining cost of capital as the minimum rate of return a company must earn on its investments to maintain the market value of the firm. It then discusses the significance of calculating the cost of capital and the different types of capital including debt, preferred shares, common equity, and retained earnings. Formulas are provided for calculating the cost of each type of capital. The weighted average cost of capital is defined as the blended cost of all sources of capital weighted by their proportions in the total capital structure. Several problems are provided as examples of calculating the costs of different types of capital.
The cost of capital is the rate of return required by suppliers of capital to the firm. It is estimated using the weighted average cost of capital (WACC), which weights the costs of different sources of capital according to their proportion in the target capital structure. Estimating the cost of capital is challenging as it requires estimating costs that cannot be directly observed, such as the cost of equity.
This document discusses key aspects of financial management including the cost of capital, working capital management, and managing debtors and creditors. It explains that the cost of capital includes the cost of borrowing and equity capital. The cost of equity can be calculated based on the current dividend yield and expected growth rate. Working capital management aims to balance liquidity and profitability by optimizing stock levels, debtors, and creditors. Firms must also decide credit terms and policies for customers as well as follow-up on late payments.
Capital budgeting is the process of evaluating potential long-term investments and capital expenditures. It involves estimating cash flows, assessing risk, determining discount rates, and calculating metrics like net present value and internal rate of return to determine which projects to accept. Capital is a limited resource, so management must carefully evaluate projects and allocate capital to the most economically acceptable and profitable opportunities. However, net present value and internal rate of return sometimes select different projects, usually due to differences in project size, life, or cash flow patterns. Both metrics can be reliably used if the discount rate reflects true risk and an internal rate of return is reasonably achievable.
This document provides information about obtaining fully solved assignments from Assignment Drive Program. It includes contact information for an email address and phone number to send requests, as well as sample assignment questions on topics like capital structure theories, bond and share pricing, sources of business capital, net present value calculations, economic order quantity, and dividend policy analysis. The document appears to be offering assignment help and solutions for various business and finance courses.
Relationship Of profitability and Capital structure practices in Jindal steel...archit aggarwal
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This document is a major project report submitted by Archit Aggarwal to fulfill the requirements of a Bachelor of Business Administration degree. The project examines the relationship between profitability and capital structure practices. It includes an introduction to capital structure, acknowledgments, certificates of completion and declaration, a table of contents, and the first chapter which defines capital structure and discusses important factors that affect choices in capital structure, including cash flow position, interest coverage ratio, debt service coverage ratio, return on investment, cost of debt, tax rates, cost of equity capital, floatation costs, operating and financial risk, flexibility, control, regulatory framework, and stock market conditions.
This document provides an overview of capital structure. It defines sources of capital including equity and debt capital. It discusses the costs of equity, debt, and preferred shares. It introduces the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) and how it is used to determine a firm's target capital structure. The document also covers financial leverage and how it impacts earnings per share, return on equity, and risk. Break-even analysis and operating leverage are also summarized.
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Capital structure theories - NI Approach, NOI approach & MM ApproachSundar B N
ย
Capital structure theories - NI Approach, NOI approach & MM Approach. Meaning of capital structure , Features of An Appropriate Capital Structure, Determinants of Capital Structure, Planning the Capital Structure Important Considerations,
Capital budgeting is the process of evaluating potential long-term investments and capital expenditures. It involves estimating cash flows, assessing risk, determining discount rates, and calculating metrics like net present value and internal rate of return to determine if a project is economically acceptable and should receive funding. Capital is a limited resource for companies, so capital budgeting helps management identify projects that will contribute most to profits and shareholder value. The key steps are to focus on incremental cash flows, account for the time value of money using techniques like NPV, and make go/no-go decisions on whether projects are worth undertaking based on their expected returns.
Capital budgeting is the process of evaluating potential long-term investments and capital expenditures. It involves estimating cash flows, assessing risk, determining discount rates, and calculating metrics like net present value and internal rate of return to determine which projects will provide the highest returns and contribute most to firm value. The key challenges are that capital resources are limited, projects have different sizes, lives, and cash flow patterns, so the net present value and internal rate of return methods do not always agree on the best project selection. Reliable capital budgeting requires using realistic discount rates that account for project risk when applying net present value, and ensuring projected internal rates of return are reasonably achievable.
Slide 1
12-1
Cost of Capital
Slide 2
12-2
Key Concepts and Skills
โข Know how to determine:
โ A firmโs cost of equity capital
โ A firmโs cost of debt
โ A firmโs overall cost of capital
โข Understand pitfalls of overall cost of
capital and how to manage them
From our modules on capital budgeting, we learn that the discount rate, or required return, on an investment
is a critical input. However, we havenโt discussed how to come up with that particular number. This module
brings together many of our earlier discussions dealing with stocks and bonds, capital budgeting, and risk
and return. Our goal is to illustrate how firms go about determining the required return on a proposed
investment. Understanding required returns is important to everyone because all proposed projects must
offer returns in excess of their required returns to be acceptable.
In this module, we learn how to compute a firmโs cost of capital and find out what it means to the firm and
its investors. We will also learn when to use the firmโs cost of capital and, perhaps more important, when
not to use it.
Why is it important? A good estimate is required for:
โข good capital budgeting decisionsโneither the NPV rule nor the IRR rule can be implemented without
knowledge of the appropriate discount rate
โข financing decisionsโthe optimal/target capital structure minimizes the cost of capital
โข operating decisionsโcost of capital is used by regulatory agencies in order to determine the โfairโ
return in some regulated industries (e.g. utilities)
Slide 3
12-3
Chapter Outline
โข The Cost of Capital: Some Preliminaries
โข The Cost of Equity (RE)
โข The Costs of Debt (RD) and Preferred Stock (RP)
โข The Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC)
โข Divisional and Project Costs of Capital
Slide 4
12-4
Cost of Capital Basics
โข The cost to a firm for capital funding = the
return to the providers of those funds
โ The return earned on assets depends on the
risk of those assets
โ A firmโs cost of capital indicates how the
market views the risk of the firmโs assets
โ A firm must earn at least the required return to
compensate investors for the financing they
have provided
โ The required return is the same as the
appropriate discount rate
Cost of capital, required return, and appropriate discount rate are different phrases that all refer to the
opportunity cost of using capital in one way as opposed to alternative financial market investments of the
same systematic risk.
โข Required return is from an investorโs point of view.
โข Cost of capital is the same return from the firmโs point of view.
โข Appropriate discount rate is the same return used in a PV calculation.
Slide 5
12-5
Cost of Equity
โข The cost of equity is the return required by
equity investors given the risk of the cash
flows from the firm
โข Two major methods for determining the
cost of equity
โชDividend growth model
โชSML .
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In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
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In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
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Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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School for Continuing Education (NGA-SCE)
Course: Corporate Finance
Assignment Marks: 30
Instructions:
๏ท All Questions carry equal marks.
๏ท All Questions are compulsory
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question 3 in not more than 500 words for each subsection. Use relevant examples,
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AssessmentParameter Weightage AssessmentParameter Weightage
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Understandingandusage
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ConceptsandApplication
relatedtothe question 60%
Procedure /Steps
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Conclusion
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Correct Answer&
Interpretation 30%
1. Org Pvt. Ltd. is considering two mutually exclusive capital investments. The projectโs
expected net cash flows are as follows:
Expected Cash Flows
Year Project A Project B
0 -400 -575
1 95 150
2 110 200
3 118 250
4 125 275
5 140 230
6 150 180
a. If you were told that each projectโs cost of capital was 10%, which project should be
selected using the NPV criteria?
b. What is each projectโs IRR?
c. What is the regular payback period for these two projects?
d. What is the profitability index for each project if the cost of capital is 12%?
(10 Marks)
3. SOLUTION:
Introduction:
The Capital of a company may comprise of both equity and debt. Each component of the
Capital has its cost, and the Cost of Capital is the aggregate cost of acquiring them.
Net present value (NPV) is the difference between the discounted value of future cash inflows
and the current cash outflow value
2. Assume that your father is now 55 years old and plans to retire after 5 years from now. He
is expected to live for another 15 years after retirement. He wants a fixed retirement income
of Rs. 1,00,000 per annum. His retirement income will begin the day he retires, 5 years from
today, and then he will get 14 additional payments annually. He expects to earn a return on
his savings @ 10% p.a., annually compounding. How much (to the nearest of rupee) must
your father save today to meet his retirement goal? (10 Marks)
SOLUTION:
Introduction:
Every person intends to save for a rainy day. Most important is to save for the time after
retirement. There are specific insurance plans like pension plans which take care of the
policyholderaftertheirretirement in the pension plan form. Just like investments, the goal of every
individual is to get the maximum out of his savings. The savings can be done in any insurance
scheme, financial institutions, etc. The given question is based on the concept of the annuity.
Concept and application:
3. Cummins India Ltd has the following capital structure, which it considers optimal:
Debt 25%
Preference Shares 10%
Equity shares 65%
Total 100%
4. Applicable tax rate for the company is 25%. Risk free rate of return is 6%, average equity
market investment has expected rate of return of 12%. The companyโs beta is 1.10.
Following terms would apply to new securities being issued as follows:
1. New preference can be issued at a face value of Rs. 100 per share, dividend and cost of
issuance will be Rs. 10 per share and Rs. 2 per share respectively.
2. Debt will bear an interest rate of 9%.
Calculate
a. component cost of debt, preference shares and equity shares assuming that the company
does not issue any additional equity shares. (5 Marks)
SOLUTION:
Introduction:
A company needs funds to operate. These funds are woven into different forms in its capital. A
company's capital structure is a mix of its various long and short-term components, viz. equity,
reserves, preference shares, and debts. These funds are acquired at a cost.
Debt is a cheaper source of finance, but it is to be repaid. Equity is not to be repaid, but it leads
to dilution of ownership.
Concept and application:
1. Cost of debt:
Debt is an external source of finance
b. WACC. (5 Marks)
Introduction:
The different components of capital may be present in the capital in a different proposition.
WACC is the Cost of capital based on the weights of these components. These weights can be
found either on the book value of the capital components or the market value. Weighted
Average Cost of capital (WACC) may be called a financial metric used to measure capital's value
to a firm.
5. Concept and Application:
The company's capital may consist of some internally raised funds, and some funds may be
borrowed from outside. All these funds have some cost, and WACC refers to calculating the
Total Cost of capital as per such the Weight of different sources of capital. Thus, the weighted
average Cost of capital is the cost of raising the capital apportioned to respective weights of
various capital elements. The concept
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