A presentation to study the origin and development of oceanographic science in details from the ancient peoples to the modern period. This presentation will be very much helpful for the learners of this discipline.
This ppt will help to understand the concept of water mass in the world ocean. It gives an overview of it's origin, formation, distribution etc. in the world. It is also helpfull for Fisheries Science students.
1. DEFINITIONS OF OCEANOGRAPHY:-
2. Branches of oceanography
3. Nature of Oceanography
4. A Geographical approach into Oceanography
5. Importance of Oceanography
6. Contribution of oceanographers
7. DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN OCEANOGRAPHY
A presentation to study the origin and development of oceanographic science in details from the ancient peoples to the modern period. This presentation will be very much helpful for the learners of this discipline.
This ppt will help to understand the concept of water mass in the world ocean. It gives an overview of it's origin, formation, distribution etc. in the world. It is also helpfull for Fisheries Science students.
1. DEFINITIONS OF OCEANOGRAPHY:-
2. Branches of oceanography
3. Nature of Oceanography
4. A Geographical approach into Oceanography
5. Importance of Oceanography
6. Contribution of oceanographers
7. DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN OCEANOGRAPHY
This presentation is for my school assessment on global environments. I chose coral reefs. My project explains coral reefs and the geographical processes involved with it as well.
reef
2_Shallow offshore ocean floor
3_Reef - any up thrusting substrate in the ocean
4_Organism which form reefs
5_Coral reefs: Environmental conditions
6_Coral reef zonation
7_Reef settings : Types of Coral Reefs
8_ How are reefs formed?
9_ Reef structures
10_ Reef characteristics
11_ Economic geology of anciant reefs
Marine Scoops Guide To Coral Reefs (Part 1/3)Marine Scoop
A brief introduction to coral biology, reef formation and coral reproduction. Check out more at www.marinescoop.com and sign up to our weekly newsletter to receive parts II and III as soon as they are released! Part II will cover natural threats to coral reefs, coral bleaching, reef pollution, reef sedimentation, coral reef acidification and coral disease. Part III will cover overexploitation of reefs, destructive fishing practices on reefs, coral reef management and marine protected areas. Feel free to suggest another marine ecosystem to cover!
a glimpse of ocean world.
life in ocean
earth ocean
marine science
environment science
home science
aquatic life
ocean flora and fauna
aquaculture
sea food
marine resources
indian ocean
pacific ocean
atlantic ocean
life in the ocean
deep sea
mid sea
costal life
marine ecosystem
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2. Features of Coral reefs.
- Coral reef and atoll are significant submarine features
- These are formed due to accumulation and compaction of skeleton of lime
secreting organisms known as ‘Coral polyps’.
- Coral reefs are formed by shell over shell accumulation.
- ‘Coral polyp’ cannot live above the water level and hence below it.
- They are generally attached to submarine system
- Coral reefs have diversity of 10,00,000 species, so called rainforests of oceans.
3.
4. Condition for growth of Coral reefs.
1) Found mainly in “Tropical Oceans” (20 – 21 degree C)
2) Coral don’t live deeper in water, and above sea level also.
- They don’t get sunlight and oxygen below 91m, so.
3) Clean and sediment- free water is required to grow polyps.
- Mud will clog the mouth of polyps otherwise.
4) Fresh water is also not good for their growth due to lack of minerals in it.
5) High salinity of water is bad for their growth. Requires 27°/ 00 and 30° / 00
Salinity.
6) Ocean currents and waves bring food for polyps. Inside Lagoons there will be
dead polyps.
7) Polyps need platform to grow below sea level to grow. Up to sea level they will
grow. And after this outward growth will be seen.
5. Human Effect on Coral reefs
- Global warming causes adverse effect on coral reefs.
- Corals cant survive at warm temperature.
- 10% Corals died due to global warming by anthropogenic factors, mainly
industrialisation.
- Coral bleaching begin with rice in 10 C temperature in sea water.
- Pollution of ocean water , excess flux of sediments, wastes are also reasons for the
death of corals.
6. Types of Coral reefs
Submarine Coral reefs classified in two ways
1) On basis of nature, shape, & mode of occurrence.
i. Fringing reefs
ii. Barrier reefs
iii. Atoll
2) On the basis of location
i. Tropical Coral reefs
ii. Marginal belt coral reefs
7.
8. 1) Fringing reefs
- Reefs developed along the continental margins or along the islands are called
fringing reefs.
- Usually attached to the coastal land.
- But some times there will be gap between land and reef, forms lagoons, called
‘boat channel’.
- Reefs are narrow in width but long. Breaks at river drains.
9. 2)Barrier reefs
- The largest coral reefs off the coastal platforms but parallel to them are called
‘barrier reefs.’
- There is extensive but shallow lagoon between coastal land and barrier reef.
- These reefs are continuous.
- Some times there will be tidal inlets
- These reefs require 91m depth for development
- Ex: Great Barrier reef, parallel to the east coast of Australia.
10. 3) Atoll
- A ring of narrow growing corals of horseshoe shape around the island shape
coastal area are called Atolls.
- The depth of lagoons ranges from 240 to 420 feet.
- 3 types of Atolls are there
i. True atoll – Circular reef enclosing shallow lagoon, without island.
ii. Island atoll - Circular reef enclosing shallow lagoon, with island.
iii. Coral island atoll - Island is not present initially, but formed
lateron, due to deposition.
True atoll Island atoll
11. ORIGIN OF CORAL REEF AND ATOLLS.
- All the theories of reef and atoll development are grouped into two large groups.
1) Subsidence Theory.
2) Non Subsidence Theory.
12. 1) Subsidence theory of Darwin.
- All coral reefs develop due to growth of polyps at shallow depth, because at
greater depth they cant survive.
- Fringes, Barrier, Atoll are successive stages of development of coral reefs.
- First, Polyps grow at suitable stage below sea level initially and develop. And
form fringe reef.
- After, land is subject to subsidence due tectonic forces, thus coral reef reach
greater depth, and there they may not survive.
- The growth of polyp is retarded near the coastal land but vigorous at outer edge
of the land.
- Consequently lagoon is formed between coastal land and reef hence Barrier
Reef.
- Further subsidence of land and island is completely submerged under water and
a ring of coral reef in the form of atoll is formed.
- Depth of lagoon does not increases because of sedimentation.
13.
14. 2) Stand still Theory of Murray
- Corals grow upon suitable stable submarine platforms with unchanging sea level.
- Coral Polyps can live up to depth of 30 fathoms (180 feet).
- Sea level and submarine platforms are stable.
- Several submarine platforms, volcanic peaks, islands are present.
- If submarine platforms above the sea level, they are subjected to wave erosion.
- If submarine platforms are below seal level, they are subjected to deposition of
marine sediments.
- After getting suitable depth of 180 feet, coral polyps start growing to form “fringing reefs”.
- Continuous outward growing of polyps form “barrier reefs”.
- Atolls are formed due to outward growth of corals in all directions at the top of
submarine platform.
- Lagoon side of atoll is by dead corals while seaward side has living corals which
continuously grow outward.
- Evaluations:
1) Submarine platforms not possible to find everywhere.
2) Marine erosion and deposition at depth of 30 fathoms are contradictory.
3) Lagoons might be filled with depositions if land is stable.
4) Reefs are found from below 30 fathoms also.
15. 3) Glacial Control theory of Daly.
- Daly propounded this theory in 1915.
- He said Corals formed after Pleistocene Ice age.
- The corals in sea died due to the fall in sea level, and lowering temperature
because of glaciation on continents during Pleistocene age.
- ‘Wave cut platforms’ were formed due to sea waves.
- At the end of ice age the ice melted, resulting into rise of sea level above the
‘ Wave cut platforms’ at coasts.
- The corals, which were able to survive in ice age grown above the ‘ Wave cut
platforms’
- The Fringing reefs formed on narrow wave cut platforms.
- The Barrier reefs formed on broad eroded platforms.
- Atolls were formed around isolated wave eroded island peaks.
Evaluations:
1) According to theory the lagoons should have uniform depth, which is not.
2) Cliffs formed in Pleistocene should be present till today which is seldom found.
16. 4) Concept of W.M.Davis
- W.M. Davis supported ‘Subsidence theory’ with proofs.
- According to him corals grow along subsiding lands.
- The shallowness of lagoons is due to deposition of debris.
- If submarine platforms are stable, the lagoons would have been filled with
debris, and over spilling of water could killed the seaward corals.
17. Coral Bleaching
- Coral bleaching refers to loss of algae from the corals resulting into white colour
which is indicative of death of corals.
- Global warming has been reported as the major factor of coral bleaching.
- The coral bleaching in 1997-98 has recorded as most catastrophic event.
1) Catastrophic Bleaching - Affecting 95 % of corals.
2) Severe Bleaching – Affecting 50-70% of corals.
3) Moderate bleaching – Affecting 20-50 % of corals. Have quick recovery.
4) Insignificant bleaching – no bleaching.
- The bleaching is related to increase in 10 C temperature of the sea.
- 1997-98 Bleaching resulted due to 20 C temperature increase.
- Some times bleaching occurs due to over siltation, due to mass flux of
sediments.
- Over salinity is also a reason for death of the corals.