Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) refers to a group of lung diseases including emphysema and chronic bronchitis that make it difficult to breathe by causing airflow blockages. Emphysema damages the air sacs in the lungs, reducing their ability to fully inflate and deflate, while chronic bronchitis causes long-term inflammation of the airways and excess mucus production. COPD progresses through four stages from mild to very severe based on worsening airflow limitation and increased shortness of breath. The primary causes are tobacco smoke and air pollution, while symptoms include coughing, sputum production, and shortness of breath. COPD is diagnosed via spirometry and managed through lifestyle changes like quitting

2. Introduction
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
is a common lung disease. Having COPD
makes it hard to breathe.
• There are two main forms of COPD:
• Chronic bronchitis, which involves a long-term
cough with mucus
• Emphysema, which involves damage to the
lungs over time

3. Definition
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or
COPD, refers to a group of diseases that cause
airflow blockage and breathing-related
problems. It includes emphysema and chronic
bronchitis.

4. Emphysema
• In emphysema, the alveoli, which are the walls of the
air sacs, and the small airways suffer damage.
• As a result of this damage, the sacs lose their shape
and ability to recoil during the expiratory phase of the
breathing cycle, resulting in trapped air in the lung.
This trapped air continues to distend the alveoli,
causing a repeating cycle of airway obstruction.
• These changes eventually result in the lungs becoming
hyperinflated, which reduces the exchange of gases.
This makes it difficult for people to breathe and
oxygenate their blood effectively while impairing the
ability to breathe out carbon dioxide from the blood.

6. Chronic bronchitis
• In chronic bronchitis, the lining of the airways
stays inflamed. This leads to swelling and the
formation of large amounts of mucus. These
effects make it hard to breathe.

8. Stages Of COPD
• Stage 1: Mild COPD: People have mild limitations to their airflow,
and some may also have an ongoing cough. They may cough up
sputum, a mixture of mucus and saliva. Someone in this stage may
not be aware that their lung function is abnormal.
• Stage 2: Moderate COPD: In Stage 2, airflow limitation worsens,
and people tend to experience shortness of breath during exercise.
This is the stage where people usually seek medical attention.
• Stage 3: Severe COPD: In stage 3, a person experiences an even
greater restriction to their airflow, as well as increased shortness of
breath. This accompanies a decrease in exercise tolerance. The
recurring episodes of worsening symptoms reduce quality of life.
• Stage 4: Very severe COPD: In stage 4, people have severe airflow
limitations and greatly reduced quality of life, while episodes of
worsening symptoms may become life threatening.

11. Causes
• Tobacco smoke( Cigarette, Cigar)
• Exposure to air pollutants in the home and
workplace
• Genetic factors
• Respiratory infections
• secondhand smoke
• chemical fumes

13. Symptoms

14. Diagnoses Test
• COPD is diagnosed using a simple breathing
test called spirometry.

15. Management
• Quit smoking.
• Avoid tobacco smoke and other air
pollutants. (Lifestyle changes)
• Avoid lung infections.
• Take medication.
• Vaccines
• Oxygen therapy
• Surgery