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Cooling Load Calculations.pptx

The document discusses a study on the impact of room orientations on cooling load calculations in a computer lab. It outlines the objectives, which were to find the best orientation for the computer lab room, compare wall materials, and increase energy efficiency. The methodology section describes using literature reviews, data collection from the sample computer lab room, and calculations in Microsoft Excel to analyze cooling loads based on room orientation. The results and discussions would then evaluate which orientation requires the least cooling to maintain comfort.

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IMPACT OF ROOM ORIENTATIONS ON COOLING LOAD CALCULATION: A STUDY ON COMPUTER LAB PRESENTED BY: 2017334021 DIPONKOR DAS BRINTO 2017334025 MD. SAZID ALAM PATWARY SUPERVISOR: DR. ABUL MUKID MOHAMMAD MUKADDES Professor Dept. Of IPE Shahjalal University of Science & Technology, Sylhet
Outlines  Introduction  Background  Objectives  Relevant terminology  Literature review  Research Gap  Methodology  Results and Discussion  Conclusion  References
INTRODUCTION When designing a building to cool in summer and heat in winter, it is important to calculate the thermal loads so that the equipment and room orientation can be chosen appropriately. To maintain human comfort and efficient system performance with the introduction of refrigerated air conditioning systems in this century, the cooling load calculation method has to be developed. Cooling load calculation is used to determine the size or capacity of air conditioning and refrigeration equipment, which is required to maintain desired inside conditions during a period of high temperatures.
• The CLTD/SCL/CLF method is a one-step, manual cooling load calculation process. The cooling load corresponding to the first three modes of heat gain as well as the cooling load from infiltration and ventilation can be roughly calculated using this method. • One place to make improvements to energy efficiency is computer labs. Because they include such a huge number of technological gadgets, these areas frequently have high energy requirements. • The orientation of a room can affect the amount of solar radiation that enters the space, which in turn can impact the amount of cooling required to maintain a comfortable temperature. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
OBJECTIVES We had three main objectives in our study: a. To find the best suitable orientation for the Computer Lab room of a non- residential building. b. To compare concrete and glass as wall materials representation of cooling load calculation. c. To increase energy efficiency.
RELEVANT TERMINOLOGY • Cooling Load Temperature Difference (CLTD) – an equivalent temperature difference used for calculating the instantaneous external cooling load across a wall or roof. It is the temperature difference between indoor and outdoor air with the inclusion of the heating effects of solar radiation. • Cooling Load Factor (CLF) – the cooling load at a given time compared to the heat gain from earlier in the day. It is the time lag between the outdoor and indoor temperature peaks. • Solar Cooling Load (SCL) – accounts for the variables associated with the solar heat load. • Shading coefficient (SC) – is used widely in the evaluation of heat gain through glass and windows
Cont. • Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) System - it controls indoor environmental conditions to create a comfortable and healthy indoor environment.  It consists of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems, which work together to achieve energy efficiency and sustainability goals.  Heating increases indoor temperature using central heating systems, furnaces, or heat pumps.  Ventilation supplies and removes air through mechanical and natural systems to maintain indoor air quality, temperature, and humidity.  Air conditioning cools and dehumidifies indoor air using central air conditioning systems, ductless mini-split systems, and portable air conditioners.
LITERATURE REVIEW SUMMARY No. Paper and Authors Objective Finding 1 “The Influence of Building’s Orientation on the Overall Thermal Performance” by Aiman Albatayneh et al. To assess the impact of building orientation on thermal performance to find ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by designing energy efficient buildings. Larger windows should be in the southern walls in the northern hemisphere to provide the most heat to the building through the window 2 “The impact of building orientation on energy performance in new Minia, Egypt” by Sara Elahadad et al. To assess the energy performance of a building with a focus on building orientation. North facade is the best orientation in terms of energy consumption, while the south facade represents the worst orientation and uses the most energy. 3 “Development of cooling load temperature differential values for building envelopes in Thailand” by Somsak Chaiyapinunt et al. To develop cooling load temperature differential (CLTD) values for building envelopes. With more accurate CLTD values, cooling load calculations can be performed more easily and effectively.
Cont.. No. Paper and Authors Objective Finding 4 “The impact of building orientation on residential heating and cooling.” by Brandt Andersson et al. To investigate the impact of building orientation on end-use energy consumption in residential buildings. Energy performance can be improved through methods such as shading, movable insulation, and special glass or coatings. 5 “Cooling Load Calculations” by H M Hashim et al. Accurately calculating the thermal loads of buildings to facilitate the selection of suitable air and air handling equipment for cooling and heating. For complex process of calculating thermal loads of buildings, the reliability calculation method is more important. 6 “Estimation of Cooling Load for a Computer Laboratory” by Kotingo et al. Determining the cooling load of a non-residential building, such as a computer laboratory, to improve energy efficiency, occupant comfort, indoor air quality, and building durability For energy savings and cost reduction, cooling load estimation is important.
RESEARCH GAP • Most studies focus on the orientation of the entire building but not on the room. • While the orientation of the building is a key factor, the orientation of individual rooms within the building can also have a significant impact on the cooling load. • Studies that investigate the effect of room orientation on cooling load calculation could also provide guidelines for the design of individual rooms, such as the placement of windows and other cooling equipment, to reduce energy consumption and improve indoor comfort. • Many studies have been performed all over the world on heating and cooling load calculation but unfortunately, such research has been few and far between in Bangladesh.
METHODOLOGY Literature review From the review of previous literatures, the research gap of this study was obtained. Data Collection We consider our Computer Lab room as a sample. We took all kind of necessary data from there. Calculation and Result Microsoft Excel were used to do all the calculation.
NECESSARY EQUATIONS USED IN CLC External Cooling Load Estimation • Roofs, walls, and conduction through glass q = UA(CLTD) U = design heat transfer coefficient for roof or wall A = area of roof, wall, or glass, calculated from building plans CLTD = cooling load temperature difference, roof, wall, or glass from tables • Solar load through glass q = A(SC)(SCL) SC = shading coefficient SCL = solar cooling load factor with no interior shade or with shade
Cont.. • Cooling load from partitions, ceilings, floors q = UA(to – trc) U = design heat transfer coefficient for partition walls and windows A = area of partition walls and windows calculated from building Plans to = temperature in adjacent space trc = inside design temperature (constant) in conditioned space
Cont.. Internal Cooling Load Estimation • People qs = N(Sensible heat gain)CLF ql = N(Latent heat gain) N = the number of people in space, from the best available source. CLF = cooling load factor, by hour of occupancy Sensible and latent heat gain from the occupancy table.
Cont…  Lights qlight = (N)(W)(CLF)(BF) N = number of lights in space. BF = Ballast factor, 1.0 for incandescent bulb and 1.2 for fluorescent light W = watts input from electrical plans or lighting fixture data CLF = cooling load factor, by hour of occupancy,  Appliances and equipment qe = (N)(W)(CLF) N = number of appliances and equipment in space. W = watts input from electrical plans CLF = cooling load factor, by hour of occupancy and room furnishings;
Cont.. • Ventilation and Infiltration Air Load Estimation qsensible = 1.10cfm(To − Ti) = 1.10cfm*TD qlatent = 4840cfm*ahrd cfm = ventilation rate. To = outside air temperature, °F Ti = inside air temperature, °F Ahrd= Average humidity ratio difference
Cont..  Cfm by Air Change Method: The infiltration rate can be calculated as cfm = (ACH × V) ∕ 60 Where, cfm= infiltration rate in ft3/min. V=gross space volume in ft3, and ACH=air change per hour.
AIR CONDITIONING • An air conditioning system is a technology used to regulate and maintain the temperature, humidity, and air quality of an indoor space. • American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) states: “Human comfort is that condition of mind, which expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment”. • Factors for Human Comfort: - Temperature of the surrounding air (21º C~22º C) - Humidity of air (50% relative humidity) - Purity of air - Motion of air
Cont.. • Both "Ton of Refrigeration" and "BTU/hr" are units used to measure the cooling capacity of an air conditioning system. • . In terms of cooling capacity, one Ton of Refrigeration is equal to 12,000 BTU/hr (British Thermal Units per hour). • BTU/hr (British Thermal Units per hour) is a unit of measurement used to express the amount of heat that an air conditioning system can remove from space in one hour.
SAMPLE EXCEL SPREADSHEET WITH EQUATIONS & LEGENDS Source Unit Unit Unit Unit Sensible Btu/hr Latent Btu/hr Wall … - ft^2 - CLTD - U - Wall ... - ft^2 - CLTD - U - Glass … - ft^2 - CLTD - U - Glass … - ft^2 - SCL - - SC - Glass … - ft^2 - CLTD - U - Glass … - ft^2 - SCL - SC - Floor Area - ft^2 - TD - U - Roof - ft^2 - CLTD - U - Infiltration - cfm - TD - AHRD - - Occupants - Persons - Btu-hr/watt - Btu-hr/watt - CLF - - Lighting - W - BF - CLF - Computer - W - Btu-hr/watt - - - TD= Temperature difference betweenoutside and inside air AHRD = Air Humidity ratio difference betweenoutside andinside air cfm = Infiltrationair flow rate CLF = Coolingloadfactor BF= Ballast Factor for light SC = Solar Heat Transfer Coefficient U = DesignHeat Transfer Coefficient SCL= Solar CoolingLoad CLTD= CoolingLoadTemperature difference Cooling Load Calculation by CLTD method SUM Total CoolingLoad -
ARCHITECTURE 31.01 36.41 10.33 2.83 2.83 10.33 N W S E window window window 2.62 0.89 Wall thicknes N & W Wall thicknes S & E 5.33 Door Wall height 11.1 Units are in ft Window Height 5.5 Height 6.91
WEATHER DATA At an average temperature of 27.0 °C | 80.7 °F, August is the hottest month of the year. January is the coldest month, with temperatures averaging 17.3 °C | 63.2 °F. Hence, we can see that the average temperature in Sylhet, Bangladesh is most during the July-August months.
Cont.. It shows the average, minimum, and maximum temperature of Sylhet, Bangladesh for 12 months over last 20 years
CONSIDERATIONS AND ASSUMPTIONS  Weather conditions are selected from a long-term statistical database.  The solar loads on the building are assumed to be those that would occur on a clear day in the month chosen for the calculations.  All building equipment and appliances are considered to be operating at a reasonably representative capacity.  Latent as well as sensible loads are considered.  The ventilation rates are assumed on-air changes.  Windows are externally shaded.
MEASURED DATA Wall Dimension Length Width Height Wall 32.9 ft 27.5ft 11.1 Window Dimension Length Height Window (x2) 14.6ft, 10.4ft 5.5ft
Cont.. • We consider the window glass type is single and the inside shade is drapery, Venetian blind, or translucent roller shade. • Persons: 36 • Light: 4*13 W= 52 W • Computer: 2080 W
VALUES OF CONSTANT FOR FOUR DIFFERENT ORIENTATION  U value for existing wall 0.38 Btu/(hr ft² °F)  U value for existing glass 0.81 Btu/(hr ft² °F)  U value for existing floor area 0.25 Btu/(hr ft² °F)  U value for existing roof 0.12 Btu/(hr ft² °F)  Solar time is 13 hr  Temperature difference (outdoor and indoor) 11 °F (for July) and 14 °F (for August)  SC value for existing glass 0.5  CLTD value for glass 12 ( for solar time 13)  CLF value 0.3 for zone type D  AHRD is 0.88%  Computer heat gain is 3.414 Btu-hr/Watt  The ballast Factor is 0.88 (usually)  Air change rate 0.46
Cont.. July August July August Direction CLTD CLTD SCL SCL North 26 25 33 25 East 36 36 59 36 South 29 41 32 47 West 27 27 53 54
ROOM ORIENTATIONS There are 4 different possibilities for room orientation.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 37000 38000 39000 40000 41000 42000 43000 NE NW SE SW Cooling load Btu/hr Room orientation CLC July August FIGURE 05: Comparison of cooling load (existing) In the 05 bar chart, it is shown that July month has less cooling load in all directions compare to August month and the northwest orientation has the lowest cooling load among the four orientations.
Cont.. 40000 41000 42000 43000 44000 45000 46000 47000 NE ( north is full glass) NW ( north is full glass) SE ( south is full glass) SW ( south is full glass) Cooling load Btu/hr Room orientation CLC July August FIGURE 06: Comparison of cooling load (North or south side glass) In the 06 bar charts, the cooling load is less in August for the northeast and northwest direction but for the southeast and southwest direction cooling load is less in July month when North or South side is full glass.
Cont. 45000 46000 47000 48000 49000 50000 51000 NE ( east is full glass) NW ( west is full glass) SE ( east is full glass) SW ( west is full glass) Room orientation CLC July August FIGURE 07: Comparison of cooling load (East or west side glass) In the 07 bar charts, we see the same result as the 05 bar charts when East or West side is full glass. Here, July month has less cooling load in all directions compare to August month and the northwest orientation has the lowest cooling load among the four orientations.
Cont. 36000 37000 38000 39000 40000 41000 42000 43000 44000 45000 NE (north is full glass) NW(north is full glass) SE ( south is full glass) SW ( south is full glass) Cooling load Btu/hr Room orientation July glass concrete combination one side is full glass FIGURE 08: Comparison of cooling load for Existing and one side full glass in July month (North or south side glass)
Cont. 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 NE ( east is full glass) NW ( west is full glass) SE ( east is full glass) SW ( west is full glass) Cooling load Btu/hr Room orientation July glass concrete combination one side is full glass FIGURE 09: Comparison of cooling load for Existing and one side full glass in July month (East or west side glass)
Cont. 34000 36000 38000 40000 42000 44000 46000 48000 NE (north is full glass) NW(north is full glass) SE ( south is full glass) SW ( south is full glass) Cooling load Btu/hr Room orientation August glass concrete combination one side is full glass FIGURE 10: Comparison of cooling load for Existing and one side full glass in August month (North or south side glass)
Cont. 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 NE ( east is full glass) NW ( west is full glass) SE ( east is full glass) SW ( west is full glass) Cooling load Btu/hr Room orientation August glass concrete combination one side is full glass FIGURE 11: Comparison of cooling load for Existing and one side full glass in August month (East or west side glass)
Cont. • The 08 to 11 bar charts, show the comparison of cooling load between the existing design and when one side is full glass. • The result is clear that the cooling load greatly increased when a side is fully covered with glass because of the solar load. • The the glass area affected Cooling Load significantly.
FINDINGS  Cooling load greatly depends on facing the window side of the room.  The Northwest direction is the best suitable for constructing a Computer Lab room as this facing has the minimum cooling load compared to the other directions.  The maximum cooling load for the existing Computer Lab room is in August month (42,502 Btu/hr).  If we replace the wall with glass, it will increase the cooling load significantly. So, the glass area should be chosen wisely.  Perfect room orientations for a room that has high-performance equipment, can make the air conditioning system more energy efficient.
CONCLUSION • We investigated the impact of room orientation on the cooling load calculation of a computer lab using MS Excel. • The results showed that the orientation of the room had a significant impact on the cooling load calculation, with the southeast-facing wall having the highest cooling load and the northwest-facing wall having the lowest cooling load. • The use of MS Excel for cooling load calculation was found to be a simple and effective approach for small-scale projects, and the results of this study are expected to be useful for architects, engineers, and HVAC professionals in designing and optimizing cooling systems for computer labs. • In conclusion, the room orientation is an important factor that needs to be considered in the cooling load calculation of buildings, and further research is recommended to investigate the impact of other factors on cooling load calculation in different types of buildings.
RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTURE STUDY • Real-life data can be used for future room orientations to get more accurate results. • A calculation can be done for the single-story building. • The limitations of the research can be reduced using accurate location and weather data to attain more viable results.
LIMITATIONS OF THE RESEARCH  The wall no is 1 and the roof no is 2 for this study.  The zone type was D for all cases.  We conduct the calculation only for July and August month as these are the hottest month for this particular region.  The number of people in the computer lab room can be varied.  We conducted the calculation only for a multi-story building.  The outdoor and indoor temperature and humidity ratio differences have been taken on average.
REFERENCES 1. Vakiloroaya, V., Samali, B., Fakhar, A., & Pishghadam, K. (2014, January). A review of different strategies for HVAC energy saving. Energy Conversion and Management, 77, 738–754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2013.10.023 2. Ahmed, T. (2012). Software Development for Cooling Load Estimation by CLTD Method. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, 3(6), 01–06. https://doi.org/10.9790/1684-0360106 3. Bhatia, A. (2001). Cooling load calculations and principles. Continuing Education and Development, Inc. New York, 877. 4. Vedavarz, A., Kumar, S., & Nawaz, M. H. (2007). HVAC: handbook of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning for design and implementation. In Industrial Press Inc. 5. Handbook, A. F. (1997). Ventilation and infiltration, Atlanta, GA, USA. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers Inc. 6. Albatayneh, A., Mohaidat, S., Alkhazali, A., Dalalah, Z., & Bdour, M. (2018, July 31). The Influence of Building’s Orientation on the Overall Thermal Performance. International Journal of Environmental Science & Sustainable Development, 3(1), 63–69. https://doi.org/10.21625/essd.v3iss1.276 7. Elhadad, S., Baranyai, B., & Gyergyák, J. (2018, December). The impact of building orientation on energy performance: A case study in new Minia, Egypt. Pollack Periodica, 13(3), 31–40. https://doi.org/10.1556/606.2018.13.3.4
Cont. 8. Chaiyapinunt, S., Mangkornsaksit, K., & Phueakphongsuriya, B. (2004, July). Development of cooling load temperature differential values for building envelopes in Thailand. Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers, 27(5), 677–688. https://doi.org/10.1080/02533839.2004.9670915 9. Andersson, B., Place, W., Kammerud, R., & Scofield, M. (1985, August). The impact of building orientation on residential heating and cooling. Energy and Buildings, 8(3), 205–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-7788(85)90005-2 10. Hashim, H. M., Sokolova, E., Derevianko, O., & Solovev, D. B. (2018, December). Cooling load calculations. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 463, No. 3, p. 032030). IOP Publishing. 11. Kotingo, W. K., Jumbo, E. E., & Olisa, Y. P.(2018, April). Estimation of Cooling Load for a Computer Laboratory. 12. Sylhet climate: Temperature Sylhet & Weather By Month - Climate-Data.org. (n.d.). Sylhet Climate: Temperature Sylhet & Weather by Month - Climate-Data.org. https://en.climate- data.org/asia/bangladesh/sylhet-division/sylhet-3248/#climate-Table 13. Lindsey, K. (1991). Revision of the CLTD/CLF cooling load calculation method. K. Lyndsey, Revision of the CLTD/CLF cooling load calculation method, 1-99.

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Cooling Load Calculations.pptx

  • 1.
    IMPACT OF ROOMORIENTATIONS ON COOLING LOAD CALCULATION: A STUDY ON COMPUTER LAB PRESENTED BY: 2017334021 DIPONKOR DAS BRINTO 2017334025 MD. SAZID ALAM PATWARY SUPERVISOR: DR. ABUL MUKID MOHAMMAD MUKADDES Professor Dept. Of IPE Shahjalal University of Science & Technology, Sylhet
  • 2.
    Outlines  Introduction  Background Objectives  Relevant terminology  Literature review  Research Gap  Methodology  Results and Discussion  Conclusion  References
  • 3.
    INTRODUCTION When designing abuilding to cool in summer and heat in winter, it is important to calculate the thermal loads so that the equipment and room orientation can be chosen appropriately. To maintain human comfort and efficient system performance with the introduction of refrigerated air conditioning systems in this century, the cooling load calculation method has to be developed. Cooling load calculation is used to determine the size or capacity of air conditioning and refrigeration equipment, which is required to maintain desired inside conditions during a period of high temperatures.
  • 4.
    • The CLTD/SCL/CLFmethod is a one-step, manual cooling load calculation process. The cooling load corresponding to the first three modes of heat gain as well as the cooling load from infiltration and ventilation can be roughly calculated using this method. • One place to make improvements to energy efficiency is computer labs. Because they include such a huge number of technological gadgets, these areas frequently have high energy requirements. • The orientation of a room can affect the amount of solar radiation that enters the space, which in turn can impact the amount of cooling required to maintain a comfortable temperature. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
  • 5.
    OBJECTIVES We had threemain objectives in our study: a. To find the best suitable orientation for the Computer Lab room of a non- residential building. b. To compare concrete and glass as wall materials representation of cooling load calculation. c. To increase energy efficiency.
  • 6.
    RELEVANT TERMINOLOGY • CoolingLoad Temperature Difference (CLTD) – an equivalent temperature difference used for calculating the instantaneous external cooling load across a wall or roof. It is the temperature difference between indoor and outdoor air with the inclusion of the heating effects of solar radiation. • Cooling Load Factor (CLF) – the cooling load at a given time compared to the heat gain from earlier in the day. It is the time lag between the outdoor and indoor temperature peaks. • Solar Cooling Load (SCL) – accounts for the variables associated with the solar heat load. • Shading coefficient (SC) – is used widely in the evaluation of heat gain through glass and windows
  • 7.
    Cont. • Heating, Ventilation,and Air Conditioning (HVAC) System - it controls indoor environmental conditions to create a comfortable and healthy indoor environment.  It consists of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems, which work together to achieve energy efficiency and sustainability goals.  Heating increases indoor temperature using central heating systems, furnaces, or heat pumps.  Ventilation supplies and removes air through mechanical and natural systems to maintain indoor air quality, temperature, and humidity.  Air conditioning cools and dehumidifies indoor air using central air conditioning systems, ductless mini-split systems, and portable air conditioners.
  • 8.
    LITERATURE REVIEW SUMMARY No.Paper and Authors Objective Finding 1 “The Influence of Building’s Orientation on the Overall Thermal Performance” by Aiman Albatayneh et al. To assess the impact of building orientation on thermal performance to find ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by designing energy efficient buildings. Larger windows should be in the southern walls in the northern hemisphere to provide the most heat to the building through the window 2 “The impact of building orientation on energy performance in new Minia, Egypt” by Sara Elahadad et al. To assess the energy performance of a building with a focus on building orientation. North facade is the best orientation in terms of energy consumption, while the south facade represents the worst orientation and uses the most energy. 3 “Development of cooling load temperature differential values for building envelopes in Thailand” by Somsak Chaiyapinunt et al. To develop cooling load temperature differential (CLTD) values for building envelopes. With more accurate CLTD values, cooling load calculations can be performed more easily and effectively.
  • 9.
    Cont.. No. Paper andAuthors Objective Finding 4 “The impact of building orientation on residential heating and cooling.” by Brandt Andersson et al. To investigate the impact of building orientation on end-use energy consumption in residential buildings. Energy performance can be improved through methods such as shading, movable insulation, and special glass or coatings. 5 “Cooling Load Calculations” by H M Hashim et al. Accurately calculating the thermal loads of buildings to facilitate the selection of suitable air and air handling equipment for cooling and heating. For complex process of calculating thermal loads of buildings, the reliability calculation method is more important. 6 “Estimation of Cooling Load for a Computer Laboratory” by Kotingo et al. Determining the cooling load of a non-residential building, such as a computer laboratory, to improve energy efficiency, occupant comfort, indoor air quality, and building durability For energy savings and cost reduction, cooling load estimation is important.
  • 10.
    RESEARCH GAP • Moststudies focus on the orientation of the entire building but not on the room. • While the orientation of the building is a key factor, the orientation of individual rooms within the building can also have a significant impact on the cooling load. • Studies that investigate the effect of room orientation on cooling load calculation could also provide guidelines for the design of individual rooms, such as the placement of windows and other cooling equipment, to reduce energy consumption and improve indoor comfort. • Many studies have been performed all over the world on heating and cooling load calculation but unfortunately, such research has been few and far between in Bangladesh.
  • 11.
    METHODOLOGY Literature review From thereview of previous literatures, the research gap of this study was obtained. Data Collection We consider our Computer Lab room as a sample. We took all kind of necessary data from there. Calculation and Result Microsoft Excel were used to do all the calculation.
  • 12.
    NECESSARY EQUATIONS USEDIN CLC External Cooling Load Estimation • Roofs, walls, and conduction through glass q = UA(CLTD) U = design heat transfer coefficient for roof or wall A = area of roof, wall, or glass, calculated from building plans CLTD = cooling load temperature difference, roof, wall, or glass from tables • Solar load through glass q = A(SC)(SCL) SC = shading coefficient SCL = solar cooling load factor with no interior shade or with shade
  • 13.
    Cont.. • Cooling loadfrom partitions, ceilings, floors q = UA(to – trc) U = design heat transfer coefficient for partition walls and windows A = area of partition walls and windows calculated from building Plans to = temperature in adjacent space trc = inside design temperature (constant) in conditioned space
  • 14.
    Cont.. Internal Cooling LoadEstimation • People qs = N(Sensible heat gain)CLF ql = N(Latent heat gain) N = the number of people in space, from the best available source. CLF = cooling load factor, by hour of occupancy Sensible and latent heat gain from the occupancy table.
  • 15.
    Cont…  Lights qlight =(N)(W)(CLF)(BF) N = number of lights in space. BF = Ballast factor, 1.0 for incandescent bulb and 1.2 for fluorescent light W = watts input from electrical plans or lighting fixture data CLF = cooling load factor, by hour of occupancy,  Appliances and equipment qe = (N)(W)(CLF) N = number of appliances and equipment in space. W = watts input from electrical plans CLF = cooling load factor, by hour of occupancy and room furnishings;
  • 16.
    Cont.. • Ventilation andInfiltration Air Load Estimation qsensible = 1.10cfm(To − Ti) = 1.10cfm*TD qlatent = 4840cfm*ahrd cfm = ventilation rate. To = outside air temperature, °F Ti = inside air temperature, °F Ahrd= Average humidity ratio difference
  • 17.
    Cont..  Cfm byAir Change Method: The infiltration rate can be calculated as cfm = (ACH × V) ∕ 60 Where, cfm= infiltration rate in ft3/min. V=gross space volume in ft3, and ACH=air change per hour.
  • 18.
    AIR CONDITIONING • Anair conditioning system is a technology used to regulate and maintain the temperature, humidity, and air quality of an indoor space. • American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) states: “Human comfort is that condition of mind, which expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment”. • Factors for Human Comfort: - Temperature of the surrounding air (21º C~22º C) - Humidity of air (50% relative humidity) - Purity of air - Motion of air
  • 19.
    Cont.. • Both "Tonof Refrigeration" and "BTU/hr" are units used to measure the cooling capacity of an air conditioning system. • . In terms of cooling capacity, one Ton of Refrigeration is equal to 12,000 BTU/hr (British Thermal Units per hour). • BTU/hr (British Thermal Units per hour) is a unit of measurement used to express the amount of heat that an air conditioning system can remove from space in one hour.
  • 20.
    SAMPLE EXCEL SPREADSHEETWITH EQUATIONS & LEGENDS Source Unit Unit Unit Unit Sensible Btu/hr Latent Btu/hr Wall … - ft^2 - CLTD - U - Wall ... - ft^2 - CLTD - U - Glass … - ft^2 - CLTD - U - Glass … - ft^2 - SCL - - SC - Glass … - ft^2 - CLTD - U - Glass … - ft^2 - SCL - SC - Floor Area - ft^2 - TD - U - Roof - ft^2 - CLTD - U - Infiltration - cfm - TD - AHRD - - Occupants - Persons - Btu-hr/watt - Btu-hr/watt - CLF - - Lighting - W - BF - CLF - Computer - W - Btu-hr/watt - - - TD= Temperature difference betweenoutside and inside air AHRD = Air Humidity ratio difference betweenoutside andinside air cfm = Infiltrationair flow rate CLF = Coolingloadfactor BF= Ballast Factor for light SC = Solar Heat Transfer Coefficient U = DesignHeat Transfer Coefficient SCL= Solar CoolingLoad CLTD= CoolingLoadTemperature difference Cooling Load Calculation by CLTD method SUM Total CoolingLoad -
  • 21.
    ARCHITECTURE 31.01 36.41 10.33 2.83 2.83 10.33 N W S E window windowwindow 2.62 0.89 Wall thicknes N & W Wall thicknes S & E 5.33 Door Wall height 11.1 Units are in ft Window Height 5.5 Height 6.91
  • 22.
    WEATHER DATA At anaverage temperature of 27.0 °C | 80.7 °F, August is the hottest month of the year. January is the coldest month, with temperatures averaging 17.3 °C | 63.2 °F. Hence, we can see that the average temperature in Sylhet, Bangladesh is most during the July-August months.
  • 23.
    Cont.. It shows theaverage, minimum, and maximum temperature of Sylhet, Bangladesh for 12 months over last 20 years
  • 24.
    CONSIDERATIONS AND ASSUMPTIONS Weather conditions are selected from a long-term statistical database.  The solar loads on the building are assumed to be those that would occur on a clear day in the month chosen for the calculations.  All building equipment and appliances are considered to be operating at a reasonably representative capacity.  Latent as well as sensible loads are considered.  The ventilation rates are assumed on-air changes.  Windows are externally shaded.
  • 25.
    MEASURED DATA Wall Dimension LengthWidth Height Wall 32.9 ft 27.5ft 11.1 Window Dimension Length Height Window (x2) 14.6ft, 10.4ft 5.5ft
  • 26.
    Cont.. • We considerthe window glass type is single and the inside shade is drapery, Venetian blind, or translucent roller shade. • Persons: 36 • Light: 4*13 W= 52 W • Computer: 2080 W
  • 27.
    VALUES OF CONSTANTFOR FOUR DIFFERENT ORIENTATION  U value for existing wall 0.38 Btu/(hr ft² °F)  U value for existing glass 0.81 Btu/(hr ft² °F)  U value for existing floor area 0.25 Btu/(hr ft² °F)  U value for existing roof 0.12 Btu/(hr ft² °F)  Solar time is 13 hr  Temperature difference (outdoor and indoor) 11 °F (for July) and 14 °F (for August)  SC value for existing glass 0.5  CLTD value for glass 12 ( for solar time 13)  CLF value 0.3 for zone type D  AHRD is 0.88%  Computer heat gain is 3.414 Btu-hr/Watt  The ballast Factor is 0.88 (usually)  Air change rate 0.46
  • 28.
    Cont.. July August JulyAugust Direction CLTD CLTD SCL SCL North 26 25 33 25 East 36 36 59 36 South 29 41 32 47 West 27 27 53 54
  • 29.
    ROOM ORIENTATIONS There are4 different possibilities for room orientation.
  • 30.
    RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 37000 38000 39000 40000 41000 42000 43000 NENW SE SW Cooling load Btu/hr Room orientation CLC July August FIGURE 05: Comparison of cooling load (existing) In the 05 bar chart, it is shown that July month has less cooling load in all directions compare to August month and the northwest orientation has the lowest cooling load among the four orientations.
  • 31.
    Cont.. 40000 41000 42000 43000 44000 45000 46000 47000 NE ( northis full glass) NW ( north is full glass) SE ( south is full glass) SW ( south is full glass) Cooling load Btu/hr Room orientation CLC July August FIGURE 06: Comparison of cooling load (North or south side glass) In the 06 bar charts, the cooling load is less in August for the northeast and northwest direction but for the southeast and southwest direction cooling load is less in July month when North or South side is full glass.
  • 32.
    Cont. 45000 46000 47000 48000 49000 50000 51000 NE ( eastis full glass) NW ( west is full glass) SE ( east is full glass) SW ( west is full glass) Room orientation CLC July August FIGURE 07: Comparison of cooling load (East or west side glass) In the 07 bar charts, we see the same result as the 05 bar charts when East or West side is full glass. Here, July month has less cooling load in all directions compare to August month and the northwest orientation has the lowest cooling load among the four orientations.
  • 33.
    Cont. 36000 37000 38000 39000 40000 41000 42000 43000 44000 45000 NE (north isfull glass) NW(north is full glass) SE ( south is full glass) SW ( south is full glass) Cooling load Btu/hr Room orientation July glass concrete combination one side is full glass FIGURE 08: Comparison of cooling load for Existing and one side full glass in July month (North or south side glass)
  • 34.
    Cont. 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 NE ( eastis full glass) NW ( west is full glass) SE ( east is full glass) SW ( west is full glass) Cooling load Btu/hr Room orientation July glass concrete combination one side is full glass FIGURE 09: Comparison of cooling load for Existing and one side full glass in July month (East or west side glass)
  • 35.
    Cont. 34000 36000 38000 40000 42000 44000 46000 48000 NE (north isfull glass) NW(north is full glass) SE ( south is full glass) SW ( south is full glass) Cooling load Btu/hr Room orientation August glass concrete combination one side is full glass FIGURE 10: Comparison of cooling load for Existing and one side full glass in August month (North or south side glass)
  • 36.
    Cont. 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 NE ( eastis full glass) NW ( west is full glass) SE ( east is full glass) SW ( west is full glass) Cooling load Btu/hr Room orientation August glass concrete combination one side is full glass FIGURE 11: Comparison of cooling load for Existing and one side full glass in August month (East or west side glass)
  • 37.
    Cont. • The 08to 11 bar charts, show the comparison of cooling load between the existing design and when one side is full glass. • The result is clear that the cooling load greatly increased when a side is fully covered with glass because of the solar load. • The the glass area affected Cooling Load significantly.
  • 38.
    FINDINGS  Cooling loadgreatly depends on facing the window side of the room.  The Northwest direction is the best suitable for constructing a Computer Lab room as this facing has the minimum cooling load compared to the other directions.  The maximum cooling load for the existing Computer Lab room is in August month (42,502 Btu/hr).  If we replace the wall with glass, it will increase the cooling load significantly. So, the glass area should be chosen wisely.  Perfect room orientations for a room that has high-performance equipment, can make the air conditioning system more energy efficient.
  • 39.
    CONCLUSION • We investigatedthe impact of room orientation on the cooling load calculation of a computer lab using MS Excel. • The results showed that the orientation of the room had a significant impact on the cooling load calculation, with the southeast-facing wall having the highest cooling load and the northwest-facing wall having the lowest cooling load. • The use of MS Excel for cooling load calculation was found to be a simple and effective approach for small-scale projects, and the results of this study are expected to be useful for architects, engineers, and HVAC professionals in designing and optimizing cooling systems for computer labs. • In conclusion, the room orientation is an important factor that needs to be considered in the cooling load calculation of buildings, and further research is recommended to investigate the impact of other factors on cooling load calculation in different types of buildings.
  • 40.
    RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTURESTUDY • Real-life data can be used for future room orientations to get more accurate results. • A calculation can be done for the single-story building. • The limitations of the research can be reduced using accurate location and weather data to attain more viable results.
  • 41.
    LIMITATIONS OF THERESEARCH  The wall no is 1 and the roof no is 2 for this study.  The zone type was D for all cases.  We conduct the calculation only for July and August month as these are the hottest month for this particular region.  The number of people in the computer lab room can be varied.  We conducted the calculation only for a multi-story building.  The outdoor and indoor temperature and humidity ratio differences have been taken on average.
  • 42.
    REFERENCES 1. Vakiloroaya, V.,Samali, B., Fakhar, A., & Pishghadam, K. (2014, January). A review of different strategies for HVAC energy saving. Energy Conversion and Management, 77, 738–754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2013.10.023 2. Ahmed, T. (2012). Software Development for Cooling Load Estimation by CLTD Method. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, 3(6), 01–06. https://doi.org/10.9790/1684-0360106 3. Bhatia, A. (2001). Cooling load calculations and principles. Continuing Education and Development, Inc. New York, 877. 4. Vedavarz, A., Kumar, S., & Nawaz, M. H. (2007). HVAC: handbook of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning for design and implementation. In Industrial Press Inc. 5. Handbook, A. F. (1997). Ventilation and infiltration, Atlanta, GA, USA. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers Inc. 6. Albatayneh, A., Mohaidat, S., Alkhazali, A., Dalalah, Z., & Bdour, M. (2018, July 31). The Influence of Building’s Orientation on the Overall Thermal Performance. International Journal of Environmental Science & Sustainable Development, 3(1), 63–69. https://doi.org/10.21625/essd.v3iss1.276 7. Elhadad, S., Baranyai, B., & Gyergyák, J. (2018, December). The impact of building orientation on energy performance: A case study in new Minia, Egypt. Pollack Periodica, 13(3), 31–40. https://doi.org/10.1556/606.2018.13.3.4
  • 43.
    Cont. 8. Chaiyapinunt, S.,Mangkornsaksit, K., & Phueakphongsuriya, B. (2004, July). Development of cooling load temperature differential values for building envelopes in Thailand. Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers, 27(5), 677–688. https://doi.org/10.1080/02533839.2004.9670915 9. Andersson, B., Place, W., Kammerud, R., & Scofield, M. (1985, August). The impact of building orientation on residential heating and cooling. Energy and Buildings, 8(3), 205–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-7788(85)90005-2 10. Hashim, H. M., Sokolova, E., Derevianko, O., & Solovev, D. B. (2018, December). Cooling load calculations. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 463, No. 3, p. 032030). IOP Publishing. 11. Kotingo, W. K., Jumbo, E. E., & Olisa, Y. P.(2018, April). Estimation of Cooling Load for a Computer Laboratory. 12. Sylhet climate: Temperature Sylhet & Weather By Month - Climate-Data.org. (n.d.). Sylhet Climate: Temperature Sylhet & Weather by Month - Climate-Data.org. https://en.climate- data.org/asia/bangladesh/sylhet-division/sylhet-3248/#climate-Table 13. Lindsey, K. (1991). Revision of the CLTD/CLF cooling load calculation method. K. Lyndsey, Revision of the CLTD/CLF cooling load calculation method, 1-99.