Chapter 1 basic components of control systemHarish Odedra
This presentation is on basic of control engineering subject which is offered to 5th sem Mechanical Engineering Department in Gujarat Technological University.
This document provides an overview of control systems. It begins with definitions of key terms like controlled variable, controller, plant, disturbance, feedback control, and servo mechanism. It then classifies systems as linear/non-linear, time-variant/invariant, continuous/discrete, dynamic/static, and open-loop/closed-loop. Mathematical modeling approaches like transfer functions and modeling of physical systems like translational, rotational, and electrical analogues are discussed. The document provides a comprehensive introduction to fundamental control system concepts, analysis techniques, and applications.
Chapter 1 introduction to control systemLenchoDuguma
This chapter introduces control systems and covers the following topics:
1. It defines open-loop and closed-loop control systems, with open-loop systems having no feedback and closed-loop systems using feedback to reduce errors between the output and desired input.
2. It discusses the history of control systems from the 18th century to present day, including developments in areas like stability analysis, frequency response methods, and state-space methods.
3. It compares classical and modern control theory, noting that modern control theory can handle more complex multi-input, multi-output systems through time-domain analysis of differential equations.
This document provides an introduction to control engineering. It discusses several key points:
1) Control engineering deals with designing systems to control dynamic processes and improve response speed, accuracy, and stability. This includes analyzing both classical and modern control methods.
2) Modern control engineering uses state-space and eigenvector approaches to model multi-input multi-output systems as sets of first-order differential equations.
3) Automatic control systems are commonly used, where a controlled variable is measured and compared to a setpoint to generate an output that achieves the desired result. This reduces costs and improves quality and productivity over manual control.
This document provides an introduction to control systems. It defines a control system as a system used to achieve a desired output. The basic components of a control system are identified as a plant, controller, actuator, sensor, and disturbance. Control systems are classified as open-loop or closed-loop based on whether feedback is used. A brief history of control is provided, highlighting early examples and the development of modern control theory. Requirements for control systems like stability, quickness, and accuracy are also discussed.
This document provides an overview of biocontrol systems. It begins with basic definitions, explaining that a biocontrol system maintains or alters a biological quantity through desired control. It then covers classifications of control systems including open-loop and closed-loop systems. Open-loop systems do not use feedback while closed-loop systems do. Examples of biocontrol systems given include fluid level control, incubator temperature control, and heat control in the body. The document provides terminology and descriptions of basic elements in control systems including controllers, plants, feedback, and more.
Basic Elements of Control System, Open loop and Closed loop systems, Differential
equations and Transfer function, Modeling of Electric systems, Translational and rotational
mechanical systems, Block diagram reduction Techniques, Signal flow graph
LECTURE 1. Control Systems Engineering_MEB 4101.pdfMUST
This document provides an overview of the course "Control Systems Engineering". It discusses key topics that will be covered, including control systems terminology and definitions, modeling and performance, dynamic response, stability criteria and analysis, feedback control system analysis and design, practical aspects of control systems, and measuring systems. The course content is divided into 7 modules that will cover these essential control systems engineering concepts and applications. Students will be continuously assessed and have an end of semester exam.
Chapter 1 basic components of control systemHarish Odedra
This presentation is on basic of control engineering subject which is offered to 5th sem Mechanical Engineering Department in Gujarat Technological University.
This document provides an overview of control systems. It begins with definitions of key terms like controlled variable, controller, plant, disturbance, feedback control, and servo mechanism. It then classifies systems as linear/non-linear, time-variant/invariant, continuous/discrete, dynamic/static, and open-loop/closed-loop. Mathematical modeling approaches like transfer functions and modeling of physical systems like translational, rotational, and electrical analogues are discussed. The document provides a comprehensive introduction to fundamental control system concepts, analysis techniques, and applications.
Chapter 1 introduction to control systemLenchoDuguma
This chapter introduces control systems and covers the following topics:
1. It defines open-loop and closed-loop control systems, with open-loop systems having no feedback and closed-loop systems using feedback to reduce errors between the output and desired input.
2. It discusses the history of control systems from the 18th century to present day, including developments in areas like stability analysis, frequency response methods, and state-space methods.
3. It compares classical and modern control theory, noting that modern control theory can handle more complex multi-input, multi-output systems through time-domain analysis of differential equations.
This document provides an introduction to control engineering. It discusses several key points:
1) Control engineering deals with designing systems to control dynamic processes and improve response speed, accuracy, and stability. This includes analyzing both classical and modern control methods.
2) Modern control engineering uses state-space and eigenvector approaches to model multi-input multi-output systems as sets of first-order differential equations.
3) Automatic control systems are commonly used, where a controlled variable is measured and compared to a setpoint to generate an output that achieves the desired result. This reduces costs and improves quality and productivity over manual control.
This document provides an introduction to control systems. It defines a control system as a system used to achieve a desired output. The basic components of a control system are identified as a plant, controller, actuator, sensor, and disturbance. Control systems are classified as open-loop or closed-loop based on whether feedback is used. A brief history of control is provided, highlighting early examples and the development of modern control theory. Requirements for control systems like stability, quickness, and accuracy are also discussed.
This document provides an overview of biocontrol systems. It begins with basic definitions, explaining that a biocontrol system maintains or alters a biological quantity through desired control. It then covers classifications of control systems including open-loop and closed-loop systems. Open-loop systems do not use feedback while closed-loop systems do. Examples of biocontrol systems given include fluid level control, incubator temperature control, and heat control in the body. The document provides terminology and descriptions of basic elements in control systems including controllers, plants, feedback, and more.
Basic Elements of Control System, Open loop and Closed loop systems, Differential
equations and Transfer function, Modeling of Electric systems, Translational and rotational
mechanical systems, Block diagram reduction Techniques, Signal flow graph
LECTURE 1. Control Systems Engineering_MEB 4101.pdfMUST
This document provides an overview of the course "Control Systems Engineering". It discusses key topics that will be covered, including control systems terminology and definitions, modeling and performance, dynamic response, stability criteria and analysis, feedback control system analysis and design, practical aspects of control systems, and measuring systems. The course content is divided into 7 modules that will cover these essential control systems engineering concepts and applications. Students will be continuously assessed and have an end of semester exam.
This document discusses control systems. It defines a control system as a means to maintain or alter a quantity of interest in accordance with a desired manner. Control systems can be classified in various ways, including as open-loop or closed-loop depending on whether feedback is present, and as continuous or discrete depending on the type of signals used. Open-loop systems are simple but inaccurate, while closed-loop systems are complex but accurate due to feedback correcting any errors. Feedback affects the stability and overall gain of a system. Common examples of control systems discussed include temperature control, motor position control, and liquid level control in a tank.
The document provides an introduction to control system design. It discusses that a control system manages the behavior of devices through feedback loops. The summary discusses the main types of control system designs:
1. Open loop and closed loop systems, with closed loop using feedback to regulate outputs based on inputs.
2. Adaptive control systems that can adapt to uncertain or changing parameters.
3. Nonlinear control systems that can handle systems with nonlinear characteristics.
The document outlines common control system components like inputs, outputs, and processing devices. It also provides examples of control systems for applications like temperature control and vehicle cruise control.
This document discusses the damping ratio of unit step responses in control systems. It defines damping ratio as the ratio of the actual damping coefficient to the critical damping coefficient. It describes the different types of damping including underdamped, overdamped, and critically damped systems. It discusses using a unit step function as a common test input and analyzing the step response to identify system properties. MATLAB coding examples are provided to simulate step responses and the document discusses applications in identification from step response testing.
Control systems engineering encompasses a wide range of techniques and methodologies for designing and analyzing control systems. These include classical control methods such as proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control, which relies on simple algebraic equations and is widely used in industrial applications due to its simplicity and robustness. Another approach is modern control theory, which leverages advanced mathematical tools such as state-space representation, frequency domain analysis, and optimal control theory to design more sophisticated controllers with improved performance and stability.
At its core, control systems engineering seeks to manipulate the behavior of dynamic systems to achieve desired outputs. These dynamic systems can range from simple mechanical systems like a pendulum to complex electrical networks, chemical processes, and even biological systems. The fundamental principle underlying control systems is feedback – the ability to measure the system's output, compare it to a desired reference value, and adjust the system's inputs accordingly to minimize the error between the desired and actual outputs.
The document provides an introduction to automatic control systems. It discusses:
1. The objectives of understanding basic control concepts, mathematical modeling using block diagrams, and studying systems in time and frequency domains.
2. The differences between manual and automatic control systems, with examples of driverless cars versus manual driving.
3. A brief history of automatic control, including James Watt's flyball governor and Ivan Polzunov's water-level regulator.
4. An overview of control system components and their representation in block diagrams.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Control Systems From the book (Ogata Modern Control Engineering 5th).
1-1 introduction to control systems.
1-2 examples of control systems.
1-3 open loop vs. close loop.
1-4 design and compensation of control systems.
Industrial automation uses control devices like PLCs and DCS to automatically control industrial operations without significant human intervention. It aims to reduce costs, improve quality and productivity, and increase flexibility and safety. An industrial automation system has three layers - a sensor level that collects process data, a control level that uses devices like PLCs to control processes, and a supervisory level that stores data and provides human-machine interfaces. Closed-loop control systems use feedback to accurately control outputs by comparing actual outputs to desired outputs and adjusting inputs accordingly.
basic of open and closed loop control systemSACHINNikam39
This document provides an introduction to control systems. It defines a control system as a system that manages or directs other systems to achieve desired results. The key types of control systems discussed are:
1. Open loop and closed loop systems. Open loop systems operate independently of output, while closed loop systems use feedback to adjust input based on output.
2. Electrical, pneumatic, hydraulic, and computer control systems which use different driving mediums.
3. Mechanical, electronic, and computer-based systems which can incorporate control systems. Accuracy, stability, sensitivity, speed, oscillation, and bandwidth are discussed as important characteristics of good control systems.
This document provides an overview of control systems. It defines a control system as an arrangement of components designed to achieve a specific objective. The document discusses open loop and closed loop systems. Open loop systems do not provide feedback, while closed loop systems constantly monitor and adjust the output based on feedback. Examples are given of each type of system. The key requirements, terms, types of systems, their comparison and design process are outlined over the course of the document.
This document provides an introduction to an advanced control systems course. The course outline covers topics such as state space representation, design of PID controllers, pole placement, estimators, adaptive control systems, and multivariable systems analysis and design. It recommends textbooks and defines different types of control systems such as open-loop, closed-loop, linear, nonlinear, time-invariant, sampled data, deterministic, and stochastic systems. Examples of control systems include temperature regulation systems, vehicles, airplanes, and modern systems like antenna positioning. The document also reviews basic concepts like transfer functions, stability analysis using pole-zero plots, and examples calculating transfer functions from differential equations.
This document provides an overview of a control systems engineering course. It outlines the course syllabus which covers classical and modern control techniques including modeling, analysis in the time and frequency domains, and controller design methods. The general content includes system modeling, analysis of open and closed loop systems, stability analysis, and compensation techniques. Recommended textbooks are provided and prerequisites of differential equations, linear algebra, and basic physics systems are listed. Finally, basic definitions of elements in a control system including controllers, actuators, sensors, and the design process are introduced.
This presentation contains,
i. Basics of Control Systems,
ii. Wind Turbine Controls
iii. Basics about Wind Farm and Control
iv. Wind Turbine Gearbox
v. Wind Turbine Generator
vi. Grids
This document contains a lesson plan for Module 1 of a control systems course. The module covers topics such as introduction to control systems, types of control systems, effect of feedback systems, and differential equations of physical, mechanical, and electrical systems. Examples of various control systems like thermostats, traffic signals, and aircraft are provided. Terminology used in control systems like command input, reference input, and disturbance are defined. The types of control systems - open loop and closed loop - are described along with their characteristics. General considerations for designing control systems like stability, accuracy, and speed of response are also outlined.
This document provides an introduction to control systems engineering. It defines the basic components of a control system as an input, control system, and output. It describes open and closed loop control systems, with open loop systems having no feedback and closed loop using feedback to compensate for disturbances. Examples of open and closed loop antenna positioning systems are given. The document also discusses different types of feedback control systems including SISO, MIMO, linear, nonlinear, continuous, discrete, time-varying, and time-invariant systems.
Okay, let's solve this step-by-step:
* Set point (Io) = 12 rpm
* Range = 15 - 10 = 5 rpm
* Initial controller output = 22%
* KI = -0.15%/s/% error
* Error = Actual - Set point = ?
* Given: Initial output is 22%
* To find: What is the actual speed?
Using the integral control equation:
Iout = Io - KI * ∫edt
22% = 12rpm - 0.15%/s/% * ∫e dt
∫e dt = (22% - 12rpm)/0.15%/s/% = 40%*
Modern Control - Lec 01 - Introduction to Control SystemAmr E. Mohamed
This document provides an introduction to control systems. It begins by stating the objectives of describing the process of designing a control system and examining examples. It then defines what is meant by "control" and provides everyday examples. Automatic control is discussed as playing a vital role in engineering applications like robotics, transportation and industrial processes. The key difference between open-loop and closed-loop control systems is explained, with closed-loop systems being able to account for disturbances but being more complex. Key terms are defined and examples of control systems for liquid level, CD player speed, temperature and antenna position are described.
This document provides a syllabus for a course on Control System Engineering-I. It covers various topics related to control systems including an introduction to control systems, feedback characteristics and sensitivity measures, control system components, time domain performance analysis, stability analysis, root locus technique, and frequency domain analysis. The syllabus is intended to teach students the basic concepts, classifications, components, analysis techniques, and design aspects of control systems. It disclaims any original content and states that the information is a collection from various sources for teaching purposes only.
This document provides a syllabus for a course on Control System Engineering-I. It covers various topics related to control systems including an introduction to control systems, feedback characteristics and sensitivity measures, control system components, time domain performance analysis, stability analysis, root locus technique, and frequency domain analysis. The syllabus is intended to teach students the basic concepts, classifications, components, analysis techniques, and design aspects of linear control systems. It disclaims any original content and states that the information is a collection from various sources for teaching purposes only.
The document provides a syllabus for the course "Control System Engineering-I". It covers topics such as introduction to control systems, feedback characteristics, control system components, time domain performance analysis, stability analysis, root locus technique, and frequency domain analysis. The syllabus aims to teach students about modeling and analyzing linear time-invariant control systems. Key concepts covered include transfer functions, block diagrams, time response analysis, stability criteria, root locus plots, and frequency response methods. The overall goal is for students to understand analysis and design of basic linear feedback control systems.
This document discusses control systems. It defines a control system as a means to maintain or alter a quantity of interest in accordance with a desired manner. Control systems can be classified in various ways, including as open-loop or closed-loop depending on whether feedback is present, and as continuous or discrete depending on the type of signals used. Open-loop systems are simple but inaccurate, while closed-loop systems are complex but accurate due to feedback correcting any errors. Feedback affects the stability and overall gain of a system. Common examples of control systems discussed include temperature control, motor position control, and liquid level control in a tank.
The document provides an introduction to control system design. It discusses that a control system manages the behavior of devices through feedback loops. The summary discusses the main types of control system designs:
1. Open loop and closed loop systems, with closed loop using feedback to regulate outputs based on inputs.
2. Adaptive control systems that can adapt to uncertain or changing parameters.
3. Nonlinear control systems that can handle systems with nonlinear characteristics.
The document outlines common control system components like inputs, outputs, and processing devices. It also provides examples of control systems for applications like temperature control and vehicle cruise control.
This document discusses the damping ratio of unit step responses in control systems. It defines damping ratio as the ratio of the actual damping coefficient to the critical damping coefficient. It describes the different types of damping including underdamped, overdamped, and critically damped systems. It discusses using a unit step function as a common test input and analyzing the step response to identify system properties. MATLAB coding examples are provided to simulate step responses and the document discusses applications in identification from step response testing.
Control systems engineering encompasses a wide range of techniques and methodologies for designing and analyzing control systems. These include classical control methods such as proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control, which relies on simple algebraic equations and is widely used in industrial applications due to its simplicity and robustness. Another approach is modern control theory, which leverages advanced mathematical tools such as state-space representation, frequency domain analysis, and optimal control theory to design more sophisticated controllers with improved performance and stability.
At its core, control systems engineering seeks to manipulate the behavior of dynamic systems to achieve desired outputs. These dynamic systems can range from simple mechanical systems like a pendulum to complex electrical networks, chemical processes, and even biological systems. The fundamental principle underlying control systems is feedback – the ability to measure the system's output, compare it to a desired reference value, and adjust the system's inputs accordingly to minimize the error between the desired and actual outputs.
The document provides an introduction to automatic control systems. It discusses:
1. The objectives of understanding basic control concepts, mathematical modeling using block diagrams, and studying systems in time and frequency domains.
2. The differences between manual and automatic control systems, with examples of driverless cars versus manual driving.
3. A brief history of automatic control, including James Watt's flyball governor and Ivan Polzunov's water-level regulator.
4. An overview of control system components and their representation in block diagrams.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Control Systems From the book (Ogata Modern Control Engineering 5th).
1-1 introduction to control systems.
1-2 examples of control systems.
1-3 open loop vs. close loop.
1-4 design and compensation of control systems.
Industrial automation uses control devices like PLCs and DCS to automatically control industrial operations without significant human intervention. It aims to reduce costs, improve quality and productivity, and increase flexibility and safety. An industrial automation system has three layers - a sensor level that collects process data, a control level that uses devices like PLCs to control processes, and a supervisory level that stores data and provides human-machine interfaces. Closed-loop control systems use feedback to accurately control outputs by comparing actual outputs to desired outputs and adjusting inputs accordingly.
basic of open and closed loop control systemSACHINNikam39
This document provides an introduction to control systems. It defines a control system as a system that manages or directs other systems to achieve desired results. The key types of control systems discussed are:
1. Open loop and closed loop systems. Open loop systems operate independently of output, while closed loop systems use feedback to adjust input based on output.
2. Electrical, pneumatic, hydraulic, and computer control systems which use different driving mediums.
3. Mechanical, electronic, and computer-based systems which can incorporate control systems. Accuracy, stability, sensitivity, speed, oscillation, and bandwidth are discussed as important characteristics of good control systems.
This document provides an overview of control systems. It defines a control system as an arrangement of components designed to achieve a specific objective. The document discusses open loop and closed loop systems. Open loop systems do not provide feedback, while closed loop systems constantly monitor and adjust the output based on feedback. Examples are given of each type of system. The key requirements, terms, types of systems, their comparison and design process are outlined over the course of the document.
This document provides an introduction to an advanced control systems course. The course outline covers topics such as state space representation, design of PID controllers, pole placement, estimators, adaptive control systems, and multivariable systems analysis and design. It recommends textbooks and defines different types of control systems such as open-loop, closed-loop, linear, nonlinear, time-invariant, sampled data, deterministic, and stochastic systems. Examples of control systems include temperature regulation systems, vehicles, airplanes, and modern systems like antenna positioning. The document also reviews basic concepts like transfer functions, stability analysis using pole-zero plots, and examples calculating transfer functions from differential equations.
This document provides an overview of a control systems engineering course. It outlines the course syllabus which covers classical and modern control techniques including modeling, analysis in the time and frequency domains, and controller design methods. The general content includes system modeling, analysis of open and closed loop systems, stability analysis, and compensation techniques. Recommended textbooks are provided and prerequisites of differential equations, linear algebra, and basic physics systems are listed. Finally, basic definitions of elements in a control system including controllers, actuators, sensors, and the design process are introduced.
This presentation contains,
i. Basics of Control Systems,
ii. Wind Turbine Controls
iii. Basics about Wind Farm and Control
iv. Wind Turbine Gearbox
v. Wind Turbine Generator
vi. Grids
This document contains a lesson plan for Module 1 of a control systems course. The module covers topics such as introduction to control systems, types of control systems, effect of feedback systems, and differential equations of physical, mechanical, and electrical systems. Examples of various control systems like thermostats, traffic signals, and aircraft are provided. Terminology used in control systems like command input, reference input, and disturbance are defined. The types of control systems - open loop and closed loop - are described along with their characteristics. General considerations for designing control systems like stability, accuracy, and speed of response are also outlined.
This document provides an introduction to control systems engineering. It defines the basic components of a control system as an input, control system, and output. It describes open and closed loop control systems, with open loop systems having no feedback and closed loop using feedback to compensate for disturbances. Examples of open and closed loop antenna positioning systems are given. The document also discusses different types of feedback control systems including SISO, MIMO, linear, nonlinear, continuous, discrete, time-varying, and time-invariant systems.
Okay, let's solve this step-by-step:
* Set point (Io) = 12 rpm
* Range = 15 - 10 = 5 rpm
* Initial controller output = 22%
* KI = -0.15%/s/% error
* Error = Actual - Set point = ?
* Given: Initial output is 22%
* To find: What is the actual speed?
Using the integral control equation:
Iout = Io - KI * ∫edt
22% = 12rpm - 0.15%/s/% * ∫e dt
∫e dt = (22% - 12rpm)/0.15%/s/% = 40%*
Modern Control - Lec 01 - Introduction to Control SystemAmr E. Mohamed
This document provides an introduction to control systems. It begins by stating the objectives of describing the process of designing a control system and examining examples. It then defines what is meant by "control" and provides everyday examples. Automatic control is discussed as playing a vital role in engineering applications like robotics, transportation and industrial processes. The key difference between open-loop and closed-loop control systems is explained, with closed-loop systems being able to account for disturbances but being more complex. Key terms are defined and examples of control systems for liquid level, CD player speed, temperature and antenna position are described.
This document provides a syllabus for a course on Control System Engineering-I. It covers various topics related to control systems including an introduction to control systems, feedback characteristics and sensitivity measures, control system components, time domain performance analysis, stability analysis, root locus technique, and frequency domain analysis. The syllabus is intended to teach students the basic concepts, classifications, components, analysis techniques, and design aspects of control systems. It disclaims any original content and states that the information is a collection from various sources for teaching purposes only.
This document provides a syllabus for a course on Control System Engineering-I. It covers various topics related to control systems including an introduction to control systems, feedback characteristics and sensitivity measures, control system components, time domain performance analysis, stability analysis, root locus technique, and frequency domain analysis. The syllabus is intended to teach students the basic concepts, classifications, components, analysis techniques, and design aspects of linear control systems. It disclaims any original content and states that the information is a collection from various sources for teaching purposes only.
The document provides a syllabus for the course "Control System Engineering-I". It covers topics such as introduction to control systems, feedback characteristics, control system components, time domain performance analysis, stability analysis, root locus technique, and frequency domain analysis. The syllabus aims to teach students about modeling and analyzing linear time-invariant control systems. Key concepts covered include transfer functions, block diagrams, time response analysis, stability criteria, root locus plots, and frequency response methods. The overall goal is for students to understand analysis and design of basic linear feedback control systems.
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Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
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https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
7. Control system
• A control system is defined as a system of devices that manages,
commands, directs, or regulates the behavior of other devices or
systems to achieve a desired result.
• A control system can be simplified as a system, which controls other
systems.
10. Need of control system
One needs to be pro-active!
No one wants to find a fault after it had occurred!
11. Need of control system
One needs to be pro-active!
No one wants to find a fault after it had occurred!
One has to expect the unexpected!
12. Need of control system
• In order to modify the behavior of a system so it behaves in a
specific desirable way over time, control is introduced.
13. Control System : Definition and Representation
• A system, which provides the desired response by controlling
the output.
• A collection of devices/systems which function together to
drive things in a desired direction, either from external input
or sensed conditions.
• Today are a central part of industry and of automation.
14. Control system
• eliminates the redundant manual controls.
• reduces human errors that can cost loss.
• certifies that there is a strategic method to improving
productivity.
• ensures enhancement of the best practices.
15. Control system
• should be evaluated frequently to ensure that the processes
are where they need to be and functioning efficiently and
effectively.
16. Basic components of Control System
• Input : Source of power to the system.
• Process being controlled : Function of the system.
• Output : Result of function of the system.
• Sensing elements : To sense the output quantities/errors.
• Controller & Actuating devices : System that controls &
system that is controlled.
17. Control System characteristics
• Accuracy: is the measurement tolerance of the instrument and defines the
limits of the errors made when the instrument is used in normal operating
conditions.
• Sensitivity: is changing with the change in surrounding conditions, internal
disturbance or any other parameters.
• Noise: an undesired input signal.
• Stability: the output must be bounded for bounded input signal and
output must be zero if the input is zero.
• Bandwidth: operating frequency range decides the bandwidth of the
control system.
• Speed: time taken by the control system to achieve its stable output.
• Oscillation: small numbers of oscillation or constant oscillation of output
tend to indicate the system to be stable.
18. Classifications of control systems
• Open loop control systems
• Those systems in which the output has no effect on the control action are
called open-loop control systems.
• the output is neither measured nor feedback for comparison with the input.
• The practical examples are washing machine, light switches, gas ovens,
automatic coffee server, electric lift, traffic signals, theater lamp dimmer,
etc.
19.
20. • In any open-loop control system the output is not compared with the reference input.
• Open-loop control can be used, in practice, only if the relationship between the input and output is known
and if there are neither internal nor external disturbances
Advantages
I. They are simple in construction and design.
II. They are economic.
III. Easy for maintenance.
IV. Not much problems of stability.
V. Convenient to use when output is difficult to measure
Disadvantages
I. Inaccurate and unreliable because accuracy is dependent on calibration.
II. Error in results due to parameter variations, internal disturbances.
III. To maintain quality and accuracy, recalibration of controller is necessary in regular time interval.
21. 2. Closed loop control systems
• A system that maintains a prescribed relationship between the output and the reference inputby
comparing them and using the difference as a means of control is called a closed loop control
systems.
• Sometimes, we may use the output of the control system to adjust the input signal. This iscalled
feedback.
• Feedback control systems are often referred to as closed-loop controlsystems.
22. • The practical examples are air conditioner, automatic electric iron, missile launched and auto tracked by radar, servo
voltage stabilizer, sun-seeker solar system, water level controller, etc.
• The term closed-loop control always implies the use of feedback control action in order to reduce system error.
Advantages:
I. Accuracy is very high as errors are corrected.
II. It senses changes in output due to parametric changes, internal disturbances, etc. and corrects them.
III. Reduced effect of non-linearties.
IV. High bandwidth means large operating frequency range.
V. Facilitates and supports automation.
Disadvantages:
I. Complicated in design and costlier maintenance.
II. This system is generally higher in cost and power.
III. Stability is a major problem in this system.
23. Comparison between open loop and closed loop control systems
Open loop system Closed loop system
No feedback and elements of feedback. Feedback and elements of feedback exists.
No error detector. Error detector is present.
Inaccurate. Accurate.
Highly sensitive to parameter changes. Less sensitive to parameter changes.
Small bandwidth. Large bandwidth.
No issue of stability. Issue of stability.
Lower in cost and power. Higher in cost and power.
Examples: washing machine, light switches,
gas ovens, automatic coffee server, electric
lift, traffic signals, theater lamp dimmer,
etc.
Examples: air conditioner, automatic electric
iron, missile launched and auto tracked by
radar, servo voltage stabilizer, sun-seeker
solar system, water level controller, etc.
24. Concept of superposition for linear systems
• Before understanding concept of superposition for linear systems, we have to understand concept of linearity.
• Linearity:
• Basically, a mathematical equation is said to be linear if the following properties hold
• homogeneity
• additivity
• Homogeneity requires that if the input (excitation) of a system (equation) is multiplied by a constant, thenthe
output should be obtained by multiplying by the
same constant to obtain the correct solution. Does homogeneity hold for the following equation?
y = 4x
If x = 1, y = 4. If we double x to x = 2 and substitute this value into above equation, we get y = 8.
25. • Now for homogenity to hold, scaling should hold for y. That is, y has a value of 4 when x = 1. If we
increase x by a factor of 2, when we should be able to multiply y by the same factor and get the same
answer and when we substitute into the right side of the equation for x = 2.
• Additivity property is equivalent to the statement that the response of a system to a sum of inputs is the
same as the responses of the system when each input is applied separately and the individual responses
summed (added together). This can be explained by considering the following illustrations.
Given, y = 4x
Let x = x1, then y1 = 4x1 Let x = x2, then y2 = 4x2
Then y = y1 + y2 = 4x1 + 4x2 …. Eq 1.1
Also, we note,
y = f(x1 + x2) = 4(x1 + x2) = 4x1 + 4x2 …. Eq 1.2
Since Equations (1.1) and (1.2) are identical, the additivity property holds.
26. Concept of Superposition
• The mathematical model of a system is linear if it obeys principle of superposition. The concept of
superposition implies that if y1 = f(x1) and y2 = f(x2) then f(x1+x2) = y1+y2.
• This is called the Superposition principle. What does that mean? It means that if we know that our
system responds to a certain input (x1) with a certain output (y1), and we also know that it responds to
another input (x2) with some other output (y2), then it response to the sum of these inputs should be the
sum of the two outputs.
• Usually your inputs, and consequently your output vary over time (or over space), so a better way to
write the above is:
if y1 (t) = f(x1(t)) and y2(t) = f(x2(t))
then f(x1(t)+x2(t)) = y1(t)+y2(t)
• Which is exactly what we wrote above, but with x replaced by x(t), and y replaced by y(t).
27. ControlSystem:
Classification
Types : Considering I/P-O/P
1. SISO (single input single output)
2. MIMO (multiple input multiple output)
Types : Considering Signal Types
1. Continuous time control system
2. Discrete time control system