Control of diseases 3
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Control of a disease means reducing it to a level where it is no longer a public health problem. Control must meet population demands, be nationwide, permanent, affordable, acceptable, and implemented like a military operation. Disease control is based on scientific evidence and research, and carried out like a scientific military project with defined targets and timelines. Control aims to modify root environmental causes of disease and generate wealth, not just eliminate illness.
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Communicable DiseaseChapter 12Chapter 12 Communicab.docx
Communicable Disease
Chapter 12
Chapter 12: Communicable Disease
1
The Importance of Communicable Diseases
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Relevance to MDGs.
Burden of communicable disease is unnecessary, many can be prevented or treated.
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Communicable disease account for 31% of the disease burden in low and middle income countries. This burden is disproportionately high in Africa and in low income people. People with higher education are more likely to protect themselves from the disease in compare to low income and less educated people. The economic consequences of infectious diseases are high. In addition to the high cost of the treatment which forces people to live below the poverty level, it also has negative consequences of the economic growth of the country. This high burden of the disease in unnecessary because many of these condition could easily be prevented with low cost interventions like vaccinations.
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Key Terms, Definitions, and Concepts
Communicable diseases are the ones that are transmitted from human to human, animal to animal, and animal to human. They could be transmitted directly such as through inhalation or indirectly through a vector like mosquito. The control of communicable disease also depends on a number of factors. Among them are vaccination, vector control, improved sanitation, chemotherapy, disease recognition and improved care seeking, and behavioral change.
3
Communicable disease- transmitted from animal to animal, animal to human, or human to human
Spread (direct and indirect) and contracted through food, water, bodily fluids, vector, inhalation, non-traumatic contact, and traumatic contact
Controlled with vaccination, mass chemotherapy, vector control, improved water and sanitation, improved care seeking and disease recognition, case management, and behavioral change
This table contains communicable disease key terms which we need to be familiar with as it relates to the discussion on communicable diseases.
4
The Burden of Communicable Diseases
31% of total deaths, 40% of total DALYs lost annually in low- and middle-income countries
Relative importance compared to non-communicable diseases and injuries varies by region (refer to slide 6-7).
South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa have highest relative burden of deaths from communicable diseases.
Relative importance of specific communicable diseases varies by age, too.
In low and middle income countries, 36% of total deaths and 40% of total DALYs lost annually because of communicable diseases.
5
Deaths from Selected Infections and Parasitic Diseases, as Percent of Total Deaths, by Region 2008
Source: http://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare/ Accessed Jan 19 2016, .
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3
Communicable disease- transmitted from animal to animal, animal to human, or human to human
Spread (direct and indirect) and contracted through food, water, bodily fluids, vector, inhalation, non-traumatic contact, and traumatic contact
Controlled with vaccination, mass chemotherapy, vector control, improved water and sanitation, improved care seeking and disease recognition, case management, and behavioral change
This table contains communicable disease key terms which we need to be familiar with as it relates to the discussion on communicable diseases.
4
The Burden of Communicable Diseases
31% of total deaths, 40% of total DALYs lost annually in low- and middle-income countries
Relative importance compared to non-communicable diseases and injuries varies by region (refer to slide 6-7).
South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa have highest relative burden of deaths from communicable diseases.
Relative importance of specific communicable diseases varies by age, too.
In low and middle income countries, 36% of total deaths and 40% of total DALYs lost annually because of communicable diseases.
5
Deaths from Selected Infections and Parasitic Diseases, as Percent of Total Deaths, by Region 2008
Source: http://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare/ Accessed Jan 19 2016, .
South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa shares the highes.
WGHA Discovery Series: Peter Hotez
Washington Global Health Alliance Discovery Series
Peter Hotez, MD, PhD
June 9, 2008
'Innovation for the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases'
Dengue epidemiology
This document provides an overview of dengue epidemiology. It begins with an introduction describing dengue as a rapidly spreading mosquito-borne viral disease. Key points include that dengue incidence has increased dramatically in recent decades and is now endemic in over 100 countries.
It then covers the epidemiological determinants of dengue including the dengue virus agent with its four serotypes, the Aedes aegypti mosquito vector and its breeding/feeding habits, and environmental factors such as temperature, rainfall and urbanization that influence transmission.
The document also reviews the case definition for dengue infection and disease classification. It describes the typical phases of classical dengue fever and the more severe dengue hemorrhagic fever
Epidemic investigation
The document defines key terms related to epidemics such as epidemic, endemic, outbreak, sporadic, and pandemic. It discusses the iceberg concept of infectious disease and explains that only a small portion of cases are clinically apparent. The levels of response to different disease triggers are outlined. The document also covers the objectives and steps of an epidemic investigation including developing a case definition, confirming the existence of an epidemic, defining the population at risk, rapidly searching for cases, analyzing data through epidemiological curves, and formulating and testing hypotheses. Control measures and the importance of forecasting and preventing future epidemics are also summarized.
Pandemic management at district level
this ppt is made by shrikrishna kesharwani , student of urban planning,4th year, Manit , Bhopal,
in this ppt, I have discussed how to do pandemic or epidemic management in detail.,
Presentation (8) (1)
The document discusses National AIDS Control Programmes in India. It provides information on AIDS, its transmission through unprotected sex and blood transmission, and symptoms like weight loss, fevers, and opportunistic infections. It then summarizes India's National AIDS Control Programme (NACP) which aims to prevent and control HIV/AIDS. NACP has been implemented in phases (NACP I-III) and focuses on awareness, targeted interventions, counseling, testing, and treatment programs. It also discusses State AIDS Control Societies which help implement programs at the state level.
Yaws eradication programme
Yaws is a bacterial infection that affects skin, bone, and cartilage, especially in remote, tribal areas of India. It can be cured by a single dose of penicillin. India launched a Yaws Eradication Programme in 1996 to interrupt transmission of the disease and achieve eradication, as defined by no seropositivity in children, by mass treatment of affected communities. The programme is coordinated nationally and implemented in endemic states, using existing healthcare systems to detect cases and provide penicillin treatment to cases and contacts in order to eliminate the disease from the country.
Neglected Tropical Diseases - Sustaining the Drive
My Guest Lecture at Mahamicron 2014 - XX Maharashtra Chapter Conference of the Indian Association of Medical Microbiologists, Nagpur, 19/09/2014 to 21/09/2014.
Dr Rajesh Karyakarte Delivered this Guest Lecture on 21/09/2014 at 9:30 AM.
Arun epidemio
This document provides an overview of epidemiological methods and concepts. It defines epidemiology as the study of disease distribution, determinants, and control in populations. Key concepts discussed include agents, hosts, and environments that influence disease occurrence. Descriptive epidemiology aims to describe disease distribution by time, place and person, while analytical epidemiology identifies risk factors. Observational and experimental study designs are classified. The document outlines the scope, aims, history and uses of epidemiology to understand and control health problems.
Addressing Neglected Parasitic Diseases: Moving towards the development agend...
This presentation was given by Prof David Molyneux at the British Society of Parasitology Autumn Symposium, held at the Linnean Society in London on 28th September 2017.
http://bsp.uk.net/2016/10/04/bsp-autumn-symposium-2017/
Infection prevention and safety measures
This document discusses infection, infection prevention and control in a hospital setting. It covers topics such as the definition of infection, types of isolation precautions, sterilization methods, the roles of an infection control committee and team, and the importance of developing an infection control program and manual in a hospital. The key aspects are establishing standard precautions and transmission-based precautions to prevent the spread of infections among patients and healthcare workers.
COVID-19 OUTHIINK ANALYSIS: DATA SCIENCE MEETS COMMON SENSE - WHERE WE GO FRO...
Perspectives to Inform Public Policy And Anyone With An Interest In Approchable Data Science
This paper looks at the key public policy options to minimize avoidable casualties and other adverse impacts until a vaccine becomes part of the equation.
This paper also attempts to get a little closer to the truth on some of the metrics on which we will base the most important decisions moving forward: proper estimation of the risk of death by age profile / health condition as well as developing a capacity to estimate accurately Sars-coV-2 infection levels in the population.
You can download a complimentary copy of the report at https://www.outhiink.com/covid19 and also sign-up to receive our Whitepaper on the future of Healthcare that we will publish in the coming weeks.
and pandemic definition essay.docx
An endemic refers to the usual presence of a disease within a geographic area, such as chickenpox among children in the US. An epidemic is when an infectious disease spreads rapidly to many people in excess of normal rates, like SARS in 2003. A pandemic is a global epidemic, such as HIV/AIDS or influenza that has occurred throughout history. Prevention methods include vaccinations, hand washing, and avoiding mosquito bites to prevent the spread of diseases from endemic to epidemic or pandemic levels.
Coronavirus07
The document summarizes information about the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) including where it is present, symptoms, how it spreads, comparisons to the flu, economic impacts, and pandemic history. It notes that as of March 10, 2020 there were over 118,000 cases and over 4,000 deaths globally, with the virus present in over 100 countries. The virus can spread through droplets from coughs or sneezes within 6 feet, or by touching contaminated surfaces. Proper hand washing and avoiding contact with infected individuals are recommended.
NSG MGNT IN COMMUNICABLE DISEAES.ppt
This document provides an overview of nursing management of communicable diseases in emergency situations. It discusses the major causes of morbidity and mortality in emergencies like diarrheal diseases, respiratory infections, measles, and malaria. It outlines the fundamental principles of communicable disease control, including rapid assessment, prevention, surveillance, outbreak control, and disease management. It also summarizes the prevention and control of specific communicable diseases like respiratory infections, tuberculosis, measles, cholera, and diarrhea.
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Molecular forensics 2
This document proposes adapting a molecular forensics case study involving HIV sequences from a dentist accused of infecting patients for use in courses at different levels. For upper-level courses, students would analyze HIV sequences from the case and other studies to interpret phylogenetic trees. For lower-level courses, students would use trees from the case data to create a mobile depicting relationships between samples. The goal is to introduce bioinformatics and show that science evolves through new tools and analysis.
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This document discusses various methods for identifying and characterizing prokaryotes, including phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Identification using phenotypic characteristics involves microscopic analysis, staining techniques like Gram stain, culture characteristics on selective media, and biochemical tests of metabolic differences. Genotypic identification uses techniques like nucleic acid probes, PCR, sequencing ribosomal RNA genes. Characterizing strain differences can be done through biochemical and serological typing, genomic typing methods like PFGE and ribotyping, phage typing, and antibiograms.
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Antibiotics lecture may 2010
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Bls 107 general microbiology
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Bacteriophage 1
This document discusses bacteriophages and their biology. It describes that bacteriophages can have either a lytic or lysogenic life cycle. It focuses on T-even bacteriophages that infect E. coli, describing their complex structure including a head and tail. The document explains the process of phage infection including adsorption of the phage to host receptors and separation of the phage nucleic acid from its protein coat upon entry into the host cell.
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Control of diseases 3
- 28. AGE STANDARDIZED DEATH RATE DUE TO CORONARY HEART DISEASE PER 100,000 IN VARIOUS INDUSTRILIZED COUNTRIES IN MALES AND FEMALES YEAR TOTAL MALE FEMALE SCOTLAND 1983 192 284 124 FINLAND 1980 177 284 102 SWEDEN 1982 158 232 98 AUSTRALIA 1981 156 224 100 ENGALES 1982 155 231 95 USA 1980 155 220 104 DENMARK 1982 153 221 97 CANADA 1982 145 205 95 ITALY 1980 80 114 52 FRANCE 1981 47 72 28 JAPAN 1982 30 39 22