The document outlines various methods of family planning, divided into natural methods, physical barriers, chemical barriers, intrauterine devices (IUDs), oral pills, and post-conceptional methods. It discusses strategies such as coitus interruptus, safe period, abstinence, diaphragm use, and various IUDs including first to third generation types. Terminal sterilization methods for both females and males, including laparoscopic procedures and vasectomies, are also mentioned.

1. Presented by:
S.Suriya.

2. They are 2 methods
1.Spacing method
2.Terminal method

3. 1. Spacing method
A. Natural methods.
 Natural methods don’t involve the use of
any of the manmade devices. These
methods are quite useful for timing and
spacing of pregnancies.
These include:
i. Coitus Interruptus
ii. Safe period
iii. Abstinence
iv. Others.

4. Coitus Interrupts.
 This method is also called as withdrawal
method. In this method the penis (male
organ) is withdrawn from the vagina before
ejaculation (Discharge).
 This presents the semen from the entering
the women.

5. Safe period/rhythm method/ Calendar
method.
 First described by orgino in 1930
 The method is based on the fact that
ovulation occurs from 12 to 16 days before
the onset of menstruation.
 The shortest cycle minus 18 days gives the
first day of the fertile period. The longest
cycle minus 10 days gives the last day of the
fertile period

6. Abstinence.
 Abstinence is not having any kind of sex i.e.
Oral, anal or Vaginal and not engaging in any
activity that puts you or your partner in
contact with either of your body fluids such
as semen, vaginal fluids and blood.

7. Others
Basal body temperature method.
 Normally there is slight rise of BBT(0.3 to 0.5℃) at
the time of ovulation because of increased
production of progesterone.
 This ovulation period is to be recognised by the
woman by recording the temperature daily in the
morning after waking before doing any activity.
 The temperature is taken by BBT thermometer
which measures in 0.1 calibration. Abstinence is
required until the 3rd day after the temperature
rises.
 This means the infertile period starts 3 days after
the rise in temperature due to ovulation.

8. Cervical Mucus Method.
 This is also known as “billing method”.
 This method is based on the observation of
changes in the characteristic of cervical
mucus.
 At the time of ovulation ,cervical mucus
becomes watery clear resembling raw egg
white,smooth,slippery,and profuse.

9. Symptothermic method.
 This method is the combination of BBT
method, cervical mucus method and the safe
period method to determining the exact
infertile period to prevent births.
 This are applicable to educated couples.

10. Physical Barrier method
1.Condom
Male Condom:
 Condom is popularly known as Nirodh which means
prevention.
 It is a thin rubber sheath which is used by men. It is
rolled on to erect penis before having sex.
 A small air less pouch is left at the end so as to
receive the semen and prevent it from tearing it.
 This rubber sheath prevents the entry of semen into
the woman’s genital tract.
 The condom must be held carefully when taking out
penis from the vagina to prevent spelling of semen
into the vagina.

11. Female condom:
 The female condom is a pouch made of
polyurethane, which lines the vagina.
 An internal ring in the close end of the pouch
covers the cervix and an external ring remains
outside the vagina.
 It is prelubricated with silicon, and a spermicide
need not be used.

12. 2. Diaphragm
 The Diaphragm is a vaginal barrier.
 It was invented by a German physician in
1882. Also known as “Dutchcap” the
Diaphragm is a shallow cup made of synthetic
rubber or plastic material.
 It ranges in Diameter from 5-10cm (2-4
inches). It has a flexible rim made of spring or
metal.
 The Diaphragm is inserted before sexual
intercourse and must remain in place for not
less than 6 hrs after sexual intercourse.

13.  It is a small polyurethane foam sponge, measuring
5cm by 2cm.
 It should be inserted before coitus.

14. Chemical Barrier method
 Chemical Barrier methods is usually kills the
sperms. It helps to preventing the pregnancy.
 a) Foams: Foam tablets, foam aerosols.
 b) Creams, Jellies and Pastes: Squeezed from a
tube.
 c) suppositories: Inserted manually.
 d) Soluble films: C-film inserted manually.
 All these spermicides are inserted deep into the
vagina 15min before coitus. They come in contact
with sperms deposited in the woman’s genital and
kill them and thus prevent the pregnancy.

16. C. Intra uterine devices
1.First generation IUDS:
 These IUDS are made of polyethylene and are non
medicated.
 It is made of polyethylene and contains barium
sulphate.
 The loop is double ‘S’ shaped and has an attached
tail made of fine nylon threads
Sizes 27.5mm and 30mm.
 The loop is placed in the uterus with the help of an
inserted by a trained heal the worker or a doctor.

17. 2. Second generation IUDS:
Copper -7 and copper T-200
 It has been recommended by ICMR for use in the National family
planning programme in place of lippes loop. Copper T-200 has
to be replaced after 3 years.
Variants of T Devices
 These include TCU-220c and TCU-380A or Ag. Replaced after 5
years.
Multiload Devices
 These include ML-CU-250, ML-CU-375. Replaced after 5 years.
Nova T
 Like T cu-380Ag. It has a silver core wrapped with copper and is
thereafter more effective.

18. 3. Third generation IUDS.
Progestasert
 It is also a “T” shaped device and contains
progesterone which is a natural hormones.
Levonorgestrel Devices.
 This is also a “T” shaped device which has
levonorgestrel a synthetic steroid.

20. Oral Pills
 Combined Pill
 Progestogen-only pill
 Once month pill
 Male Pill.
Depot formulations
 Injectable
 SUBDERMAL Implants
 Vaginal ring
 Patch

23. Post conceptional methods.
 These methods help in regulating or in
ducting menstruation & terminating
pregnancy or aborting the foetus.
1. Menstrual regulation
2. Menstrual Induction
3. Abortion

24. 2.Terminal
sterilization.
Female sterilization:
1.Laproscopy 2. Mini-lap

25. Male Sterilization:
1. Vasectomy 2. No scalpel Vasectomy