The document describes the design and construction of an autonomous mobile mini-sumo robot. Key components of the robot include an Arduino Uno board for control, line and distance sensors for navigation, and two DC motors powered by a motor driver shield. The robot was designed using Fritzing software and programmed using the Arduino language to follow the regulations of sumo robot competitions.
This paper presents the use of ARDUINO board to control an autonomous mobile robot (AMR) for navigation purpose. The wheeled robot is capable to perform two tasks. The first task is to move autonomously to the north direction. And the second task is to avoid collision with unexpected static and moveable obstacles. The robot uses two sensors to navigate and avoid the obstacle, a digital compass HMC5883L uses to detect the north direction and update the situation of the robot during its movement. And the ultrasonic sensor uses to avoid nearest obstacles on the robot way. C language used to program the system to do its mission and installed to the ARDUINO board. The results obtained show that the robot was able to navigate and move to the north and avoid obstacles in the outdoor environment.
An Experimental Study on a Pedestrian Tracking Deviceoblu.io
The implemented navigational algorithm of an inertial
navigation system (INS), along with the hardware configuration, decides its tracking performance. Besides, operating conditions also influence its tracking performance. The aim of this study is to demonstrate robust performance of a multiple Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) based foot-mounted INS, The Osmium MIMU22BTP, under varying operating conditions. The device, which performs zero-velocity-update (ZUPT) aided navigation, is subjected to different conditions which could potentially influence gait of its wearer, its hardware configuration etc. The gait-influencing factors chosen for study are shoe type, walking surface, path profile and walking speed. Besides, the tracking performance of the device is also studied for different number of on-board IMUs and the ambient temperature. The tracking performance of MIMU22BTP is reported for all these factors and benchmarked using identified performance metrics. We observe very robust tracking performance of MIMU22BTP. The average relative errors are less than 3 to 4% under all the conditions, with respect to drift, distance and height, indicating a potential for a variety of location based services based on foot mounted inertial sensing and dead reckoning.
Osmium MIMU22BT: A Micro Wireless Multi-IMU (MIMU) Inertial Navigation Moduleoblu.io
The Osmium MIMU22BT is a miniaturized MIMU based wireless inertial navigation module suitable for foot mounted indoor positioning and other applications based on wearable sensors. An on-board Bluetooth module provides a wireless data link. Presence of on-board floating point processing capability, along with four IMUs, makes navigational computation possible inside the module itself, which in turn results in very accurate tracking of wearer.
Vehicle density sensor system to manage trafficeSAT Journals
Abstract The aim of this study is to solve traffic congestion which is a severe problem in many modern cities all over the world. To solve this problem, we have a framework for a dynamic and automatic traffic light control system. Generally, each traffic light on an intersection is assigned a constant green signal time. It is possible to propose a dynamic time-based coordination schemes where the green signal time of the traffic lights is assigned based on the present conditions of the traffic. In this study, we adapt the approach to take data/input/image from object/ subject/vehicle and to process the input data by Computer and Microcontroller and finally display it on the traffic light signal to control the Closed Loop System.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Humans have evolved to better survive and have evolved their invention. In today’s age, a
large number of robots are placed in many areas replacing manpower in severe or dangerous
workplaces. Moreover, the most important thing is to take care of this technology for developing
robots progresses. This paper proposes an autonomous moving system which automatically finds its
target from a scene, lock it and approach towards its target and hits through a shooting mechanism.
The main objective is to provide reliable, cost effective and accurate technique to destroy an unusual
threat in the environment using image processing.
The Osmium MIMU4444, with 32 IMUs, is a massive inertial sensory array module with two mirrored 4x4 square IMU arrays. MIMU4444 is an ideal platform for carrying out research in motion sensing by using Sensor Fusion and Array Signal Processing methods. MIMU4444 is an easy to use and highly configurable hardware platform, serves the needs for niche applications, such as gait analysis, 3D motion capture, Structure from Motion (SfM) etc.
This paper presents the use of ARDUINO board to control an autonomous mobile robot (AMR) for navigation purpose. The wheeled robot is capable to perform two tasks. The first task is to move autonomously to the north direction. And the second task is to avoid collision with unexpected static and moveable obstacles. The robot uses two sensors to navigate and avoid the obstacle, a digital compass HMC5883L uses to detect the north direction and update the situation of the robot during its movement. And the ultrasonic sensor uses to avoid nearest obstacles on the robot way. C language used to program the system to do its mission and installed to the ARDUINO board. The results obtained show that the robot was able to navigate and move to the north and avoid obstacles in the outdoor environment.
An Experimental Study on a Pedestrian Tracking Deviceoblu.io
The implemented navigational algorithm of an inertial
navigation system (INS), along with the hardware configuration, decides its tracking performance. Besides, operating conditions also influence its tracking performance. The aim of this study is to demonstrate robust performance of a multiple Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) based foot-mounted INS, The Osmium MIMU22BTP, under varying operating conditions. The device, which performs zero-velocity-update (ZUPT) aided navigation, is subjected to different conditions which could potentially influence gait of its wearer, its hardware configuration etc. The gait-influencing factors chosen for study are shoe type, walking surface, path profile and walking speed. Besides, the tracking performance of the device is also studied for different number of on-board IMUs and the ambient temperature. The tracking performance of MIMU22BTP is reported for all these factors and benchmarked using identified performance metrics. We observe very robust tracking performance of MIMU22BTP. The average relative errors are less than 3 to 4% under all the conditions, with respect to drift, distance and height, indicating a potential for a variety of location based services based on foot mounted inertial sensing and dead reckoning.
Osmium MIMU22BT: A Micro Wireless Multi-IMU (MIMU) Inertial Navigation Moduleoblu.io
The Osmium MIMU22BT is a miniaturized MIMU based wireless inertial navigation module suitable for foot mounted indoor positioning and other applications based on wearable sensors. An on-board Bluetooth module provides a wireless data link. Presence of on-board floating point processing capability, along with four IMUs, makes navigational computation possible inside the module itself, which in turn results in very accurate tracking of wearer.
Vehicle density sensor system to manage trafficeSAT Journals
Abstract The aim of this study is to solve traffic congestion which is a severe problem in many modern cities all over the world. To solve this problem, we have a framework for a dynamic and automatic traffic light control system. Generally, each traffic light on an intersection is assigned a constant green signal time. It is possible to propose a dynamic time-based coordination schemes where the green signal time of the traffic lights is assigned based on the present conditions of the traffic. In this study, we adapt the approach to take data/input/image from object/ subject/vehicle and to process the input data by Computer and Microcontroller and finally display it on the traffic light signal to control the Closed Loop System.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Humans have evolved to better survive and have evolved their invention. In today’s age, a
large number of robots are placed in many areas replacing manpower in severe or dangerous
workplaces. Moreover, the most important thing is to take care of this technology for developing
robots progresses. This paper proposes an autonomous moving system which automatically finds its
target from a scene, lock it and approach towards its target and hits through a shooting mechanism.
The main objective is to provide reliable, cost effective and accurate technique to destroy an unusual
threat in the environment using image processing.
The Osmium MIMU4444, with 32 IMUs, is a massive inertial sensory array module with two mirrored 4x4 square IMU arrays. MIMU4444 is an ideal platform for carrying out research in motion sensing by using Sensor Fusion and Array Signal Processing methods. MIMU4444 is an easy to use and highly configurable hardware platform, serves the needs for niche applications, such as gait analysis, 3D motion capture, Structure from Motion (SfM) etc.
Evolution of a shoe-mounted multi-IMU pedestrian dead reckoning PDR sensoroblu.io
Shoe-mounted inertial navigation systems, aka pedestrian dead reckoning or PDR sensors, are being preferred for pedestrian navigation because of the accuracy offered by them. Such shoe sensors are, for example, the obvious choice for real time location systems of first responders. The opensource platform OpenShoe has reported application of multiple IMUs in shoe-mounted PDR sensors to enhance noise performance. In this paper, we present an experimental study of the noise performance and the operating clocks based power consumption of multi-IMU platforms. The noise performances of a multi-IMU system with different combinations of IMUs are studied. It is observed that four-IMU system is best optimized for cost, area and power. Experiments with varying operating clocks frequency are performed on an in-house four-IMU shoe-mounted inertial navigation module (the Oblu module). Based on the outcome, power-optimized operating clock frequencies are obtained. Thus the overall study suggests that by selecting a well-designed operating point, a multi-IMU system can be made cost, size and power efficient without practically affecting its superior positioning performance.
Multi Inertial Measurement Units (MIMU) Platforms: Designs & Applicationsoblu.io
There are typically three categories of multi-sensor systems. First, classical sensors system with different types of collocated sensors, e.g. a positioning system making use of a collocated inertial sensor, a pressure sensor and a GPS. Second, sensor joint systems wherein multiple same type of sensors coordinate to predict state of a system, e.g. estimating motion of a robotic or a human arm using multiple sensors attached to different positions, for capturing a versatile motion. The third kind of multi sensors system consists of collocated sensors with the same properties. The redundancy due to multiple sensors, results not only in enhanced noise performance of the system, but also allows the multi sensor system to achieve what single sensor system can not, e.g. a two dimensional array of accelerometers on a rigid circuit board can produce rotational information. On the one hand enhancing capabilities, shrinking size and reducing cost of MEMS sensors favor redundancy, but on the other hand data communication, processing and calibration compensation pose system level challenges.
The talk focused on technical merits of such multi-sensor systems. Talk covered the architecture of massive multi-IMU arrays with up to 288 measurement channels at 1 kHz, the engineering challenges associated with them including the requirements on on-node data processing, their merits and some applications.
Autonomous Driving Control of Automatic Guided Vehicle using Tablet PCCSCJournals
In recent years, mobile terminals are inexpensive, but have high performance in both calculation and display, are equipped with many input / output devices, and are easy to develop software. Therefore, we thought that it could be used for control devices in the embedded field, and tried to apply it to control of autonomous guided vehicles (AGVs). The control method is as follows; after taking a picture of the front passage with a camera and detecting the edge, the points at the boundary between the passage surface and other objects (walls and shelves) are extracted, and the left and right approximate straight lines are calculated from the points. Then, it runs with the intersection of the lines as the center of the passage. The problems were the influence of floor noise and the detection of incorrect road boundary lines. Therefore, we were able to reduce the detection of erroneous wall-floor boundary points by applying a noise removal method that makes the best use of the characteristics of the image, and to improve the detection accuracy of road boundary lines. With this improvement, the AGV, which initially traveled only about 10m, can be run to the last 100m of the test course, and as a result of measurement, the average error in the running direction is reduced to 20%, the maximum error is reduced to 21%, and the variation of running direction is reduced to 1.4%. The processing time is also about 250 milliseconds, which is a time that does not hinder the running control every second. From the above results, it is confirmed that the mobile terminal can be used stably on a relatively wide road, and it is shown that the mobile terminal can be applied to the embedded system.
Abstract - Positioning is a fundamental component of human life to make meaningful interpretations of the environment. Without knowledge of position, human beings are like machines and have very limited capabilities to interact with the environment. Even machines in today’s world can be made smarter if positioning information is made available to them. Indoor positioning of pedestrians is the broad area considered in this thesis. A foot mounted pedestrian tracking device has been studied for this purpose. Systems which utilize foot mounted inertial navigation system has been in the literature for more than two decades. However very few real time implementations have been possible. The purpose of this thesis is to benchmark and improve the performance of one such implementation.
Massive Sensors Array for Precision Sensingoblu.io
More than a billion smartphones being sold annually and growing with CAGR of 16%, the smartphone industry has become a driving force in the development of ultralow-cost inertial sensors. Unfortunately, these ultra low-cost sensors do not yet meet the needs of more demanding applications like inertial navigation and biomedical motion tracking systems. However, by adapting a wisdom of the crowd’s thinking and design arrays consisting of hundreds of sensing elements, one can capitalize on the decreasing cost, size, and power-consumption of the sensors to construct virtual high-performance low-cost inertial sensors. Team at KTH, Sweden and WUSTL, USA share findings and challenges.
Waypoint Flight Parameter Comparison of an Autonomous Uavijaia
The present paper compares the effect of different waypoint parameters on the flight performance of a
special autonomous indoor UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) fusing ultrasonic, inertial, pressure and optical
sensors for 3D positioning and controlling. The investigated parameters are the acceptance threshold for
reaching a waypoint as well as the maximal waypoint step size or block size. The effect of these parameters
on the flight time and accuracy of the flight path is investigated. Therefore the paper addresses how the
acceptance threshold and step size influence the speed and accuracy of the autonomous flight and thus
influence the performance of the presented autonomous quadrocopter under real indoor navigation
circumstances. Furthermore the paper demonstrates a drawback of the standard potential field method for
navigation of such autonomous quadrocopters and points to an improvement
Despite being around for almost two decades, footmounted inertial navigation only has gotten a limited spread. Contributing factors to this are lack of suitable hardware platforms and difficult system integration. As a solution to this, we present an open-source wireless foot-mounted inertial navigation module with an intuitive and significantly simplified dead reckoning interface. The interface is motivated from statistical properties of the underlying aided inertial navigation and argued to give negligible information loss. The module consists of both a hardware platform and embedded software. Details of the platform and the software are described, and a summarizing description of how to reproduce the module are given. System integration of the module is outlined and finally, we provide a basic performance assessment of the module. In summary, the module provides a modularization of the foot-mounted inertial navigation and makes the technology significantly easier to use.
Design of a Low-cost Autonomous Mobile RobotWaqas Tariq
Detection of obstacles during navigation of a mobile robot is considered difficult due to varying nature in terms of size, shape and location of the obstacle as well as ambient light that interferes with infra-red (IR) signals of the robot. In this paper, we propose a novel low-cost method that successfully guides a robot along a path using image processing and IR sensor circuits. A high continuous IR signal is converted into a low continuous IR signal by means of a demodulation circuit that enables a peripheral interface controller to receive this low continuous IR signal and take relevant decisions based on the signal. The images taken from a web camera are preprocessed to remove noise and detect edges. Subsequently, an image processing routine effectively calculates the angle to be rotated of the front wheels using a scan line algorithm. A minimum mean distance error of 2.45 was observed in tracking the path at a signal-to-nose ratio of 26.50. The accuracy of speech recognition was 92% for two voice training sessions.
This document describes the data processing flow in oblu. It also describes communication protocol using which one can access & control the data, set internal parameters and the processing at various stages, through an external
application platform.
---
Oblu is an opensource development board for wearable motion sensing. It is also an Arduino compatible programmable IMU for diverse inertial sensing applications. It comes pre-programmed as a shoe-mounted pedestrian dead reckoning PDR sensor for indoor navigation and personnel tracking. Real time tracking of first responders, robot navigation, geo-survey, understanding physics of motion, activity monitoring of elderly, gaming, VR etc are only few from the long list of applications which have been demonstrated using oblu.
Oblu is battery operable and uses Bluetooth Low Energy BLE for wireless data transmission. It is easily configurable and comes along with an Android application Xoblu for personnel tracking, a PC-based tool MIMUscope for detailed analysis and hardware accessories for ease of usage. It is based on opensource OpenShoe platform. Since beginning, Oblu has been distributed in 22 countries, to students, DIY enthusiasts, industrial & academic researchers, entrepreneurs etc. Oblu comes from the makers of Inertial Elements which is a famous for making multi-IMU array modules available commercially.
Inertial Sensor Array Calibration Made Easy !oblu.io
Ultra-low-cost single-chip inertial measurement units (IMUs) combined into IMU arrays are opening up new possibilities for inertial sensing. However, to make these systems practical, calibration and misalignment compensation of low-cost IMU arrays are necessary and a simple calibration procedure that aligns the sensitivity axes of the sensors in the array is needed. Team at KTH suggests a novel mechanical-rotation-rig-free calibration procedure based on blind system identification and a platonic solid (Icosahedron) printable by a contemporary 3D-printer. Matlab-scripts for the parameter estimation and production files for the calibration device are made available.
Wall follower autonomous robot development applying fuzzy incremental controllerrajabco
This paper presents the design of an autonomous robot as a basic development of an intelligent wheeled mobile robot for air duct or corridor cleaning. The robot navigation is based on wall following algorithm. The robot is controlled us- ing fuzzy incremental controller (FIC) and embedded in PIC18F4550 microcontroller. FIC guides the robot to move along a wall in a desired direction by maintaining a constant distance to the wall. Two ultrasonic sensors are installed in the left side of the robot to sense the wall distance. The signals from these sensors are fed to FIC that then used to de- termine the speed control of two DC motors. The robot movement is obtained through differentiating the speed of these two motors. The experimental results show that FIC is successfully controlling the robot to follow the wall as a guid- ance line and has good performance compare with PID controller.
Efficient and secure real-time mobile robots cooperation using visual servoing IJECEIAES
This paper deals with the challenging problem of navigation in formation of mobiles robots fleet. For that purpose, a secure approach is used based on visual servoing to control velocities (linear and angular) of the multiple robots. To construct our system, we develop the interaction matrix which combines the moments in the image with robots velocities and we estimate the depth between each robot and the targeted object. This is done without any communication between the robots which eliminate the problem of the influence of each robot errors on the whole. For a successful visual servoing, we propose a powerful mechanism to execute safely the robots navigation, exploiting a robot accident reporting system using raspberry Pi3. This reporting system testbed is used to send an accident notification, in the form of a specifical message. Experimental results are presented using nonholonomic mobiles robots with on-board real time cameras, to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Design of a controller for wheeled mobile robots based on automatic movement ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
There are many kinds of robots and among them the wheeled mobile robots (WMR) stand out, because they are relatively cheap and easy to build. These features make WMRs the test prototypes for control strategies or motion generation. In general, the controllers developed are based on sensory schemes that give an WMR the ability to travel through flat or obstructed environments. However, these strategies are highly reactive, i.e. they are based on the control-action scheme and are not adaptive; or, they are motion schemes built from simulations that assume the environmental conditions to determine the robot's path. In both cases, WMRs do not adapt perfectly to the change of environment, since the controller does not find appropriate movements for the robot to move from one point to another. Therefore, this article proposesapartial solution to this problem, with a controller that generates sets of adaptive movements for an WMR to travel around its environment from the sensory perception information.
Design and Implementation of a Real Time Obstacle Avoiding Subsumption Contro...ijsrd.com
in Reactive robotic system, behaviors serves as the basic building block for robotic actions. A reactive control system tightly couples perception to action without the use of intervening abstract representations or time history. A simple wheeled vehicle is easy in mechanical design, controlling, and the construction part. But it doesn't work efficiently in all kind of surface. On a rough terrain, it performs poorly. The radius of a wheel could pass only a certain height of obstacle. To pass most of the obstacle that it meets, larger wheel radius need to be designed. In this paper the design & implementation of Subsumption based architecture, a reactive control system for real time obstacle avoidance which is compatible with low cost ultrasonic sensor, infrared sensors and fast enough to be implemented using microcontroller based development board is introduced with a legged robot.
High-Speed Neural Network Controller for Autonomous Robot Navigation using FPGAiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Evolution of a shoe-mounted multi-IMU pedestrian dead reckoning PDR sensoroblu.io
Shoe-mounted inertial navigation systems, aka pedestrian dead reckoning or PDR sensors, are being preferred for pedestrian navigation because of the accuracy offered by them. Such shoe sensors are, for example, the obvious choice for real time location systems of first responders. The opensource platform OpenShoe has reported application of multiple IMUs in shoe-mounted PDR sensors to enhance noise performance. In this paper, we present an experimental study of the noise performance and the operating clocks based power consumption of multi-IMU platforms. The noise performances of a multi-IMU system with different combinations of IMUs are studied. It is observed that four-IMU system is best optimized for cost, area and power. Experiments with varying operating clocks frequency are performed on an in-house four-IMU shoe-mounted inertial navigation module (the Oblu module). Based on the outcome, power-optimized operating clock frequencies are obtained. Thus the overall study suggests that by selecting a well-designed operating point, a multi-IMU system can be made cost, size and power efficient without practically affecting its superior positioning performance.
Multi Inertial Measurement Units (MIMU) Platforms: Designs & Applicationsoblu.io
There are typically three categories of multi-sensor systems. First, classical sensors system with different types of collocated sensors, e.g. a positioning system making use of a collocated inertial sensor, a pressure sensor and a GPS. Second, sensor joint systems wherein multiple same type of sensors coordinate to predict state of a system, e.g. estimating motion of a robotic or a human arm using multiple sensors attached to different positions, for capturing a versatile motion. The third kind of multi sensors system consists of collocated sensors with the same properties. The redundancy due to multiple sensors, results not only in enhanced noise performance of the system, but also allows the multi sensor system to achieve what single sensor system can not, e.g. a two dimensional array of accelerometers on a rigid circuit board can produce rotational information. On the one hand enhancing capabilities, shrinking size and reducing cost of MEMS sensors favor redundancy, but on the other hand data communication, processing and calibration compensation pose system level challenges.
The talk focused on technical merits of such multi-sensor systems. Talk covered the architecture of massive multi-IMU arrays with up to 288 measurement channels at 1 kHz, the engineering challenges associated with them including the requirements on on-node data processing, their merits and some applications.
Autonomous Driving Control of Automatic Guided Vehicle using Tablet PCCSCJournals
In recent years, mobile terminals are inexpensive, but have high performance in both calculation and display, are equipped with many input / output devices, and are easy to develop software. Therefore, we thought that it could be used for control devices in the embedded field, and tried to apply it to control of autonomous guided vehicles (AGVs). The control method is as follows; after taking a picture of the front passage with a camera and detecting the edge, the points at the boundary between the passage surface and other objects (walls and shelves) are extracted, and the left and right approximate straight lines are calculated from the points. Then, it runs with the intersection of the lines as the center of the passage. The problems were the influence of floor noise and the detection of incorrect road boundary lines. Therefore, we were able to reduce the detection of erroneous wall-floor boundary points by applying a noise removal method that makes the best use of the characteristics of the image, and to improve the detection accuracy of road boundary lines. With this improvement, the AGV, which initially traveled only about 10m, can be run to the last 100m of the test course, and as a result of measurement, the average error in the running direction is reduced to 20%, the maximum error is reduced to 21%, and the variation of running direction is reduced to 1.4%. The processing time is also about 250 milliseconds, which is a time that does not hinder the running control every second. From the above results, it is confirmed that the mobile terminal can be used stably on a relatively wide road, and it is shown that the mobile terminal can be applied to the embedded system.
Abstract - Positioning is a fundamental component of human life to make meaningful interpretations of the environment. Without knowledge of position, human beings are like machines and have very limited capabilities to interact with the environment. Even machines in today’s world can be made smarter if positioning information is made available to them. Indoor positioning of pedestrians is the broad area considered in this thesis. A foot mounted pedestrian tracking device has been studied for this purpose. Systems which utilize foot mounted inertial navigation system has been in the literature for more than two decades. However very few real time implementations have been possible. The purpose of this thesis is to benchmark and improve the performance of one such implementation.
Massive Sensors Array for Precision Sensingoblu.io
More than a billion smartphones being sold annually and growing with CAGR of 16%, the smartphone industry has become a driving force in the development of ultralow-cost inertial sensors. Unfortunately, these ultra low-cost sensors do not yet meet the needs of more demanding applications like inertial navigation and biomedical motion tracking systems. However, by adapting a wisdom of the crowd’s thinking and design arrays consisting of hundreds of sensing elements, one can capitalize on the decreasing cost, size, and power-consumption of the sensors to construct virtual high-performance low-cost inertial sensors. Team at KTH, Sweden and WUSTL, USA share findings and challenges.
Waypoint Flight Parameter Comparison of an Autonomous Uavijaia
The present paper compares the effect of different waypoint parameters on the flight performance of a
special autonomous indoor UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) fusing ultrasonic, inertial, pressure and optical
sensors for 3D positioning and controlling. The investigated parameters are the acceptance threshold for
reaching a waypoint as well as the maximal waypoint step size or block size. The effect of these parameters
on the flight time and accuracy of the flight path is investigated. Therefore the paper addresses how the
acceptance threshold and step size influence the speed and accuracy of the autonomous flight and thus
influence the performance of the presented autonomous quadrocopter under real indoor navigation
circumstances. Furthermore the paper demonstrates a drawback of the standard potential field method for
navigation of such autonomous quadrocopters and points to an improvement
Despite being around for almost two decades, footmounted inertial navigation only has gotten a limited spread. Contributing factors to this are lack of suitable hardware platforms and difficult system integration. As a solution to this, we present an open-source wireless foot-mounted inertial navigation module with an intuitive and significantly simplified dead reckoning interface. The interface is motivated from statistical properties of the underlying aided inertial navigation and argued to give negligible information loss. The module consists of both a hardware platform and embedded software. Details of the platform and the software are described, and a summarizing description of how to reproduce the module are given. System integration of the module is outlined and finally, we provide a basic performance assessment of the module. In summary, the module provides a modularization of the foot-mounted inertial navigation and makes the technology significantly easier to use.
Design of a Low-cost Autonomous Mobile RobotWaqas Tariq
Detection of obstacles during navigation of a mobile robot is considered difficult due to varying nature in terms of size, shape and location of the obstacle as well as ambient light that interferes with infra-red (IR) signals of the robot. In this paper, we propose a novel low-cost method that successfully guides a robot along a path using image processing and IR sensor circuits. A high continuous IR signal is converted into a low continuous IR signal by means of a demodulation circuit that enables a peripheral interface controller to receive this low continuous IR signal and take relevant decisions based on the signal. The images taken from a web camera are preprocessed to remove noise and detect edges. Subsequently, an image processing routine effectively calculates the angle to be rotated of the front wheels using a scan line algorithm. A minimum mean distance error of 2.45 was observed in tracking the path at a signal-to-nose ratio of 26.50. The accuracy of speech recognition was 92% for two voice training sessions.
This document describes the data processing flow in oblu. It also describes communication protocol using which one can access & control the data, set internal parameters and the processing at various stages, through an external
application platform.
---
Oblu is an opensource development board for wearable motion sensing. It is also an Arduino compatible programmable IMU for diverse inertial sensing applications. It comes pre-programmed as a shoe-mounted pedestrian dead reckoning PDR sensor for indoor navigation and personnel tracking. Real time tracking of first responders, robot navigation, geo-survey, understanding physics of motion, activity monitoring of elderly, gaming, VR etc are only few from the long list of applications which have been demonstrated using oblu.
Oblu is battery operable and uses Bluetooth Low Energy BLE for wireless data transmission. It is easily configurable and comes along with an Android application Xoblu for personnel tracking, a PC-based tool MIMUscope for detailed analysis and hardware accessories for ease of usage. It is based on opensource OpenShoe platform. Since beginning, Oblu has been distributed in 22 countries, to students, DIY enthusiasts, industrial & academic researchers, entrepreneurs etc. Oblu comes from the makers of Inertial Elements which is a famous for making multi-IMU array modules available commercially.
Inertial Sensor Array Calibration Made Easy !oblu.io
Ultra-low-cost single-chip inertial measurement units (IMUs) combined into IMU arrays are opening up new possibilities for inertial sensing. However, to make these systems practical, calibration and misalignment compensation of low-cost IMU arrays are necessary and a simple calibration procedure that aligns the sensitivity axes of the sensors in the array is needed. Team at KTH suggests a novel mechanical-rotation-rig-free calibration procedure based on blind system identification and a platonic solid (Icosahedron) printable by a contemporary 3D-printer. Matlab-scripts for the parameter estimation and production files for the calibration device are made available.
Wall follower autonomous robot development applying fuzzy incremental controllerrajabco
This paper presents the design of an autonomous robot as a basic development of an intelligent wheeled mobile robot for air duct or corridor cleaning. The robot navigation is based on wall following algorithm. The robot is controlled us- ing fuzzy incremental controller (FIC) and embedded in PIC18F4550 microcontroller. FIC guides the robot to move along a wall in a desired direction by maintaining a constant distance to the wall. Two ultrasonic sensors are installed in the left side of the robot to sense the wall distance. The signals from these sensors are fed to FIC that then used to de- termine the speed control of two DC motors. The robot movement is obtained through differentiating the speed of these two motors. The experimental results show that FIC is successfully controlling the robot to follow the wall as a guid- ance line and has good performance compare with PID controller.
Efficient and secure real-time mobile robots cooperation using visual servoing IJECEIAES
This paper deals with the challenging problem of navigation in formation of mobiles robots fleet. For that purpose, a secure approach is used based on visual servoing to control velocities (linear and angular) of the multiple robots. To construct our system, we develop the interaction matrix which combines the moments in the image with robots velocities and we estimate the depth between each robot and the targeted object. This is done without any communication between the robots which eliminate the problem of the influence of each robot errors on the whole. For a successful visual servoing, we propose a powerful mechanism to execute safely the robots navigation, exploiting a robot accident reporting system using raspberry Pi3. This reporting system testbed is used to send an accident notification, in the form of a specifical message. Experimental results are presented using nonholonomic mobiles robots with on-board real time cameras, to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Design of a controller for wheeled mobile robots based on automatic movement ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
There are many kinds of robots and among them the wheeled mobile robots (WMR) stand out, because they are relatively cheap and easy to build. These features make WMRs the test prototypes for control strategies or motion generation. In general, the controllers developed are based on sensory schemes that give an WMR the ability to travel through flat or obstructed environments. However, these strategies are highly reactive, i.e. they are based on the control-action scheme and are not adaptive; or, they are motion schemes built from simulations that assume the environmental conditions to determine the robot's path. In both cases, WMRs do not adapt perfectly to the change of environment, since the controller does not find appropriate movements for the robot to move from one point to another. Therefore, this article proposesapartial solution to this problem, with a controller that generates sets of adaptive movements for an WMR to travel around its environment from the sensory perception information.
Design and Implementation of a Real Time Obstacle Avoiding Subsumption Contro...ijsrd.com
in Reactive robotic system, behaviors serves as the basic building block for robotic actions. A reactive control system tightly couples perception to action without the use of intervening abstract representations or time history. A simple wheeled vehicle is easy in mechanical design, controlling, and the construction part. But it doesn't work efficiently in all kind of surface. On a rough terrain, it performs poorly. The radius of a wheel could pass only a certain height of obstacle. To pass most of the obstacle that it meets, larger wheel radius need to be designed. In this paper the design & implementation of Subsumption based architecture, a reactive control system for real time obstacle avoidance which is compatible with low cost ultrasonic sensor, infrared sensors and fast enough to be implemented using microcontroller based development board is introduced with a legged robot.
High-Speed Neural Network Controller for Autonomous Robot Navigation using FPGAiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
Humans have evolved to better survive and have evolved their invention. In today’s age, a
large number of robots are placed in many areas replacing manpower in severe or dangerous
workplaces. Moreover, the most important thing is to take care of this technology for developing
robots progresses. This paper proposes an autonomous moving system which automatically finds its
target from a scene, lock it and approach towards its target and hits through a shooting mechanism.
The main objective is to provide reliable, cost effective and accurate technique to destroy an unusual
threat in the environment using image processing.
Autonomous Path Planning and Navigation of a Mobile Robot with Multi-Sensors ...CSCJournals
The mobile robot is applied widely and investigated deeply in industrial fields, meanwhile, mobile robot autonomous path planning and navigation algorithm is a hot research topic. In this paper, firstly mobile robot is introduced, the general path planning and navigation algorithms of the mobile robot are reviewed, then a fuzzy logic with filter smoothing is proposed based on the data from the laser scan sensor and GPS module, which is useful for mobile robot to find the best path to the destination automatically according to the position and size of the gaps between the obstacles in the dynamic environment, finally our designed mobile robot and corresponding Android APP are introduced, the path planning and navigation algorithms are tested on this mobile robot, the testing result shows that this algorithm is globally optimized, quickly responded, battery power and hardware cost saved compared with other algorithms, it is suitable for the mobile robot that is running on the embedded system and it can satisfy our design requirement.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
ROBOTOR AN AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE FOR TARGET DETECTION AND SHOOTINGIAEME Publication
Humans have evolved to better survive and have evolved their invention. In today’s age, a large number of robots are placed in many areas replacing manpower in severe or dangerous
workplaces. Moreover, the most important thing is to take care of this technology for developing robots progresses. This paper proposes an autonomous moving system which automatically finds its target from a scene, lock it and approach towards its target and hits through a shooting mechanism.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This paper is focused on developing a platform that
helps researchers to create verify and implement their
machine learning algorithms to a humanoid robot in real
environment. The presented platform is durable, easy to fix,
upgrade, fast to assemble and cheap. Also, using this platform
we present an approach that solves a humanoid balancing
problem, which uses only fully connected neural network as a
basic idea for real time balancing. The method consists of 3
main conditions: 1) using different types of sensors detect the
current position of the body and generate the input
information for the neural network, 2) using fully connected
neural network produce the correct output, 3) using servomotors make movements that will change the current position
to the new one. During field test the humanoid robot can
balance on the moving platform that tilts up to 10 degrees to
any direction. Finally, we have shown that using our platform
we can do research and compare different neural networks in
similar conditions which can be important for the researchers
to do analyses in machine learning and robotics.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2. ACTA TEHNICA CORVINIENSIS Fascicule 3 [July – September]
– Bulletin of Engineering Tome VIII [2015]
| 118 |
butlesspowerful.Atransferrateof298:1meansthatfor298rotations
of the motor, the wheel turns once. The robot will be slow, but very
powerful. Other factors that influence the complexity and efficiency of
therobotare:
≡ thetypeofdistanceandlinesensorsused(infrared,ultrasound);
≡ theresponsetimeofthesensors;
≡ adherenceandthetypeoflocomotion;
≡ thetypeofchassis;
≡ the duration of motor feeding (the robot should stay “alive” all
alongthefight,uptoitsend);
≡ thestrategyofchoiceinprogrammingtherobot;
Further on, a robot is presented, built to simulate a sumo fight, taking
intoconsiderationtheabove-mentionedelements.
Such robots can be used in various domains, as they are adaptable to
the exploration of narrow or dangerous spaces, or even as a military
application. Here is, next, the description of the robot and its main
hardware elements. This is an autonomous mobile robot, which does
notrequireitsremotecontrolbymeansofmobilephoneapplications.
The robot is fed by a set of 6 batteries located in a special case and
connectedtotheGND(Ground)pinandtothe5V(Volt)pin[11].
Figure1.Robotoverallviewandtherobotinthering
The main hardware components used in building this robot are: the
Arduino Uno board; 2 (line) reflection sensors; a distance sensor; the
L298Nshield;2c.c.motors
ARDUINO UNO
The moni sumo robot needs a brain. The best option in this sense is an
Arduino UNO board. Arduino UNO is an open-source processing
platform,basedonaflexibleanduser-friendlyhardwareandsoftware.
It consists of a small platform (6.8 cm / 5.3 cm – in the most common
version) built around a signal processor and capable of taking in data
from the environment through several sensors and of performing
actions upon it by means of lights, motors, power drives and other
types of mechanical devices. The processor is able to run code written
inaprogramminglanguagethatisverysimilartoC++[9][10].
(LINE) REFLECTION SENSORS
These sensors consist of two components: an IR LED and an IR
photosensitive transistor. When a voltage of 5V is applied to the VCC
and GND pin, the IR LED will emit infrared light. A 100 Ohm resistor is
connected in series to the IR LED, in order to limit the current. A 10
kOhm resistor sets the output pin to HIGH, but when the light emitted
by the IR LED is reflected back towards the phototransistor, the output
pin switches to LOW. The more light the phototransistor receives, the
lowerthevoltageontheoutputpin[1].
Figure2.ARDUINOMicrocontrollerandLinesensors
DISTANCE SENSOR
In order for the robot to “see” its opponent, it needs at least one
distancesensor.TheSharpdistancesensorisacomponentthatcanbe
usedwithArduinoformeasuringthedistancetovariousobjectsinthe
surrounding area. They are the most suitable for this kind of robot, as
they have a very fast response. The ultrasound sensors are not so
efficientforsumo,astheirresponseisrelativelyslow.
The principle underlying the functioning of the robot is the following:
thesensoremitsapulseofinfraredlightofacertainwavelengthandif
the object is in the action area and on the trajectory of the IR beam, it
willreflecttheraytothesensor.Thesensorperformsthereadingswith
a certain frequency and reports the data as voltages. The Sharp
distance sensors are available in three variants, according to their
efficiencyarea.Therearesensorsthatproveefficientwithin3cmto40
cm, others between 10 cm and 80 cm, and also others between 15 cm
and 150 cm. The sensor values cannot be used outside their efficiency
area. The sensor of choice was in this case the one that is efficient
between10cmand80cm[1][9].
C.C. MOTORS
TherobothastwohighpowerC.C.Pololu-typemotors,withatransfer
rate of 100:1. The transfer rate refers to the gear that transfers the
movement fromthe motor to the wheels. A 100:1 transferrate means
that for 100 rotations of the motor, the wheel will turn once. If the
strategyfocusesonapowerfulandslowrobot,thenmotorswithahigh
transfer rate are recommended. If, on the contrary, a swift and agile
robotisneeded,thenthemotorsofchoicewillhavealowtransferrate.
Inthiscase,thetransferratechosenofferstherobotabalancebetween
speedandpower.
Figure3.C.C.motorandSHARPDistanceSensor
L298N MOTOR DRIVERS
Arduinoisaverycapablebrainforthistypeofrobots,but,asanybrain,
it can only perform precision operations. Arduino was not designed to
offer high power for motors, but precise control signals. The motor
driver is connected directly to the energy source (the battery) and it
controls the motors according to the control signals received from
Arduino.
3. ACTA TEHNICA CORVINIENSIS Fascicule 3 [July – September]
– Bulletin of Engineering Tome VIII [2015]
| 119 |
Based on the L298N circuit, this motor driver can control 2 C.C. motors
atamaximumcurrentof2amperes.Thedriverisentirelyassembledas
an Arduino shield, which enables its simple usage. The connection to
Arduino is done by plugging the shield board to Arduino and
connectingtheVINandGNDpinstothemotorpowersource.ThePWM
pins controlling the L298 driver are 3, 5, 6 and 9 (also see the test
programgivenfurtheron).Thetwomotorsareconnectedtothescrew
pins marked "MOTOR1" and "MOTOR2". For this mini sumo robot the
power needs to be high and continuously dissipated, so a radiator was
used [11] [12]. The connection of the components that make up the
mini-sumomobilesystemisgivenhereinafter.
Figure4.Motordriver
Figure5.L298NArduinoconnectiondiagram
Figure6.Theconnectionsoftherobotcomponents
Figure7.Connectiondiagram
SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION
The programming language used with the mini-sumo robot is similar
totheC++languageandiscalledArduino.
The window shown below is a programming editor used only for the
Arduino development boards. To this purpose, it is needed to choose
from the tools the board to be working with, as well as the port
selectedbythecomputer.
Figure8.ChoosingtheArduinoboard
Figure9.Portselection
Any code line has to be checked with the button that will check
for errors in the program structure and, once the message “Done
compiling”isdisplayed,theprogramcanberunbypressingtheupload
button that sends through port COM3 the instructions to the
microcontroller,whichprocessesitandsendsitontotheoutputpins.
Figure10.Programcompiling
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